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through the nervous system."},{"text":"Glial cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glial cells mainly support, protect and nourish nervous tissue rather than carrying rapid messages. Neurons are the specialised cells that transmit information through electrical and chemical signalling."},{"text":"Muscle cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Muscle cells contract in response to nervous stimulation, but they do not transmit messages around the nervous system. That communication is performed by specialised cells called neurons."},{"text":"Endocrine cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Endocrine cells release hormones into the bloodstream, producing relatively slow and widespread communication. Neurons instead send the rapid messages associated with the nervous system."}]},{"id":"c899f41d-4a5f-456f-8140-125d1ad2f719","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The nervous system sends rapid [ ] and [ ] messages around the body.","back":"The nervous system sends rapid electrical and chemical messages around the body.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The nervous system sends rapid electrical and chemical messages around the body.","correct":true,"explanation":"Signals travel electrically along neurons and chemically across most synapses using neurotransmitters. Together, these two forms of signalling allow rapid communication throughout the nervous system."},{"text":"The nervous system sends rapid electrical and hormonal messages around the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormonal signalling belongs primarily to the endocrine system and is generally slower. The nervous system uses electrical impulses along neurons and chemical neurotransmitters across synapses."},{"text":"The nervous system sends rapid mechanical and chemical messages around the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mechanical movement can stimulate receptors but is not the form in which neurons transmit impulses. Nervous communication uses electrical signals along neurons and chemical signals across synapses."},{"text":"The nervous system sends rapid mechanical and hormonal messages around the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses nervous communication with physical stimulation and endocrine signalling. The nervous system carries electrical impulses along neurons and uses chemical neurotransmitters at synapses."}]},{"id":"8d54c870-d9b2-4bd7-857c-de5700bc608b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The CNS consists of the [ ] and [ ].","back":"The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.","correct":true,"explanation":"The central nervous system is formed by the brain and spinal cord. These structures process information and coordinate responses received from the peripheral nervous system."},{"text":"The CNS consists of the brain and peripheral nerves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Peripheral nerves connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body but are not part of it. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord."},{"text":"The CNS consists of the cerebellum and spinal cord.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cerebellum is only one region within the brain, so this omits the brain’s other structures. The CNS consists of the entire brain and the spinal cord."},{"text":"The CNS consists of the brainstem and motor neurons.","correct":false,"explanation":"The brainstem is only part of the brain, while motor neurons extend through the peripheral nervous system. The complete CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord."}]},{"id":"5203e1cb-c78f-4037-bb0b-0cf3680e8f8d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the CNS called “central”?","back":"It is the main processing and coordination centre.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is the main processing and coordination centre.","correct":true,"explanation":"The CNS receives information, processes it and coordinates appropriate responses. Its central role in controlling communication and behaviour gives rise to the name “central” nervous system."},{"text":"It is the main sensory detection centre.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sensory receptors throughout the body detect stimuli, while the CNS processes the information they send. It is called “central” because it is the main processing and coordination centre."},{"text":"It is located at the centre of the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"The word “central” describes the CNS’s coordinating role, not its physical position. The brain and spinal cord form the main processing and coordination centre of the nervous system."},{"text":"It controls only the central organs of the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"The CNS coordinates activity throughout the body rather than controlling only centrally located organs. It is “central” because it acts as the main processing and coordination centre."}]},{"id":"025b4dfd-df69-4306-af9b-47648f1fed2f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which CNS structure handles complex processing, such as decision-making?","back":"The brain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The brain.","correct":true,"explanation":"The brain performs complex information processing involved in cognition, planning and decision-making. Different brain regions integrate information to select and coordinate appropriate behaviour."},{"text":"The spinal cord.","correct":false,"explanation":"The spinal cord relays information and can coordinate simple reflexes, but complex decision-making requires higher-level processing in the brain, particularly within the cerebral cortex."},{"text":"The cerebellum.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cerebellum is part of the brain but is mainly associated with balance and movement coordination. Complex decision-making depends particularly on processing within the cerebral cortex."},{"text":"The medulla oblongata.","correct":false,"explanation":"The medulla regulates automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate rather than complex decisions. Higher cognitive processing and decision-making are functions of the brain’s cortical regions."}]},{"id":"32d5a527-1c0f-41cf-b3ec-f0d687ab5abe","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which CNS structure can coordinate a withdrawal reflex rapidly?","back":"The spinal cord.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The spinal cord.","correct":true,"explanation":"The spinal cord can process sensory input and activate motor neurons in a reflex arc without waiting for conscious brain processing, producing a rapid withdrawal response."},{"text":"The brain.","correct":false,"explanation":"The brain becomes aware of the painful stimulus, but the initial withdrawal can be coordinated before conscious processing occurs. The spinal cord serves as the reflex centre."},{"text":"The peripheral nerves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Peripheral nerves carry sensory and motor impulses during a reflex, but they do not coordinate the response. Integration occurs within the spinal cord, which activates the motor pathway."},{"text":"The motor neurons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Motor neurons carry instructions from the reflex centre to the muscles but do not coordinate the reflex. The spinal cord links sensory input to the appropriate motor response."}]},{"id":"99a80d7b-5a19-4387-b271-685d98581f4b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If nerves are outside the brain and spinal cord, which division are they in?","back":"The peripheral nervous system.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The peripheral nervous system.","correct":true,"explanation":"The peripheral nervous system includes all nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord. It connects the central nervous system with receptors, muscles and glands."},{"text":"The central nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The central nervous system contains only the brain and spinal cord. Nerves outside those structures belong to the peripheral nervous system and connect the CNS to the body."},{"text":"The somatic nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The somatic nervous system is only one subdivision of the peripheral nervous system and mainly controls voluntary actions. All nerves outside the CNS are classified broadly as peripheral."},{"text":"The autonomic nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The autonomic nervous system is a peripheral subdivision controlling involuntary functions, so it does not include every external nerve. The broader division is the peripheral nervous system."}]},{"id":"bf85c616-6e19-4ef9-8756-39eb0ceb4715","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A nerve is a bundle of [ ].","back":"A nerve is a bundle of neuron fibres.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"neuron fibres","correct":true,"explanation":"A nerve contains many bundled neuron fibres, mainly axons, enclosed within protective connective tissue. These fibres carry electrical impulses between the central nervous system and the body."},{"text":"glial cells","correct":false,"explanation":"Glial cells support and protect neurons but do not form the impulse-carrying bundles that define nerves. A nerve is a bundle of neuron fibres, mainly axons."},{"text":"muscle fibres","correct":false,"explanation":"Muscle fibres form muscle tissue and contract when stimulated; they are not the components bundled into nerves. Nerves consist of neuron fibres that transmit electrical impulses."},{"text":"hormone molecules","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormone molecules travel through the bloodstream as part of endocrine communication rather than forming nerves. A nerve is a physical bundle of impulse-carrying neuron fibres."}]},{"id":"1024d0c6-b4a5-41d6-9bd9-df4ed833f1bd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What direction does a sensory neuron carry information?","back":"From receptors towards the CNS.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"From receptors towards the CNS.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sensory neurons transmit afferent information from receptors that detect internal or external stimuli towards the central nervous system for processing."},{"text":"From the CNS towards effectors.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the pathway and describes motor neurons. Sensory neurons carry information from receptors towards the CNS, rather than carrying commands to effectors."},{"text":"From the CNS towards receptors.","correct":false,"explanation":"Receptors detect stimuli and send information rather than receiving neural commands from the CNS. Sensory neurons therefore carry information from receptors towards the CNS."},{"text":"From effectors towards the CNS.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses effectors with receptors. Sensory information originates at receptors and travels towards the CNS; effectors instead receive commands through motor neurons."}]},{"id":"522266ff-76e3-4f3b-b71c-ae2bfd737024","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What direction does a motor neuron carry commands?","back":"From the CNS to effectors.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"From the CNS to effectors.","correct":true,"explanation":"Motor neurons carry efferent commands away from the central nervous system to effectors, such as muscles or glands, which then produce a response."},{"text":"From effectors to the CNS.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the direction of motor transmission. Motor neurons carry commands from the CNS to effectors, rather than carrying information back from effectors."},{"text":"From receptors to the CNS.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes the direction of sensory neurons, which carry afferent information. Motor neurons instead transmit commands from the CNS to effectors."},{"text":"From the CNS to receptors.","correct":false,"explanation":"This correctly begins at the CNS but identifies the wrong destination. Motor commands travel to effectors, while receptors detect stimuli and initiate sensory information."}]},{"id":"10b3fa08-0265-49be-8550-b51358d57507","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The PNS has two main divisions: the [ ] and the [ ].","back":"The PNS has two main divisions: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The PNS has two main divisions: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.","correct":true,"explanation":"The peripheral nervous system divides into the somatic nervous system, associated with skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates internal organs and glands."},{"text":"The PNS has two main divisions: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sympathetic and parasympathetic are subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system, not the whole PNS. The PNS divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems."},{"text":"The PNS has two main divisions: the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The central nervous system is separate from the peripheral nervous system, not one of its divisions. The PNS divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems."},{"text":"The PNS has two main divisions: the sensory nervous system and the motor nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sensory and motor pathways describe directions or functions of neural transmission, not the two main divisions required here. Those divisions are the somatic and autonomic nervous systems."}]},{"id":"5e2297d5-972a-4bcf-bdcc-26cef450673b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What target identifies the somatic nervous system?","back":"Skeletal muscles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Skeletal muscles.","correct":true,"explanation":"The somatic nervous system is identified by its control of skeletal muscles, including voluntary movements and automatic somatic responses such as withdrawal reflexes."},{"text":"Cardiac muscle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cardiac muscle is controlled automatically by the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system instead targets skeletal muscles, whether their movement is voluntary or reflexive."},{"text":"Smooth muscles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Smooth muscle in organs and blood vessels is an autonomic effector. The defining target of the somatic nervous system is skeletal muscle."},{"text":"Endocrine glands.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glands are regulated through autonomic and hormonal mechanisms rather than somatic motor pathways. The somatic nervous system is identified by its targeting of skeletal muscles."}]},{"id":"3f776844-2133-4b5d-8fc4-88760a6ed5ba","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which PNS division is mainly involved in choosing to walk or raise your hand?","back":"The somatic nervous system.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The somatic nervous system.","correct":true,"explanation":"Choosing to walk or raise a hand requires voluntary control of skeletal muscles, which is the principal motor function of the somatic nervous system."},{"text":"The autonomic nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary internal functions such as heart rate and digestion. Chosen movement of skeletal muscles is controlled by the somatic nervous system."},{"text":"The sympathetic nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sympathetic division coordinates physiological arousal rather than chosen skeletal movement. Walking or raising a hand mainly involves the somatic nervous system."},{"text":"The parasympathetic nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The parasympathetic division supports rest-and-digest activity and does not directly control voluntary skeletal movement. Such movement is mainly governed by the somatic nervous system."}]},{"id":"129089dd-fa6e-479a-ab85-4768a9d1033c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a withdrawal reflex classed as somatic even if automatic?","back":"It uses skeletal muscles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It uses skeletal muscles.","correct":true,"explanation":"Somatic classification depends on the effector involved, not whether the action is conscious. A withdrawal reflex activates skeletal muscles, so it is somatic."},{"text":"It uses smooth muscles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Smooth muscle is an autonomic effector, so this would not explain a somatic classification. A withdrawal reflex is somatic because it activates skeletal muscles."},{"text":"It uses cardiac muscle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cardiac muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and is not responsible for withdrawing a limb. The reflex is somatic because it uses skeletal muscles."},{"text":"It uses endocrine glands.","correct":false,"explanation":"Endocrine glands release hormones and are not the effectors producing a withdrawal movement. The reflex is classed as somatic because skeletal muscles create the response."}]},{"id":"09066c5e-14c8-470b-bdc4-30a3064ac0c0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The autonomic nervous system controls effectors including [ ], smooth muscle and [ ].","back":"The autonomic nervous system controls effectors including glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The autonomic nervous system controls effectors including glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.","correct":true,"explanation":"The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary effectors: glands, smooth muscle in organs and blood vessels, and cardiac muscle in the heart."},{"text":"The autonomic nervous system controls effectors including receptors, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Receptors detect stimuli and are not effectors controlled to produce a response. The autonomic nervous system controls glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle."},{"text":"The autonomic nervous system controls effectors including glands, smooth muscle and skeletal muscle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Skeletal muscle is primarily the effector of the somatic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system instead controls glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle."},{"text":"The autonomic nervous system controls effectors including receptors, smooth muscle and skeletal muscle.","correct":false,"explanation":"This substitutes both a sensory structure and a somatic effector. Autonomic effectors are glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, not receptors or skeletal muscle."}]},{"id":"e4ef9e96-ab80-49a8-91ed-77ac5b218370","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"During stress, which PNS division controls faster heart rate and sweating?","back":"The autonomic nervous system, especially sympathetic.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The autonomic nervous system, especially sympathetic.","correct":true,"explanation":"Stress activates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, increasing heart rate and stimulating sweating as part of the fight-or-flight response."},{"text":"The autonomic nervous system, especially parasympathetic.","correct":false,"explanation":"This selects the correct broad division but reverses its branches. Stress responses are driven especially by sympathetic activity, while parasympathetic activity supports rest and recovery."},{"text":"The somatic nervous system, especially motor pathways.","correct":false,"explanation":"Somatic motor pathways control skeletal muscles rather than heart rate or sweat glands. These stress responses are autonomic and are produced especially by the sympathetic branch."},{"text":"The somatic nervous system, especially sensory pathways.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sensory pathways convey information and do not directly control the heart or sweat glands. Faster heart rate and sweating are sympathetic responses of the autonomic nervous system."}]},{"id":"2bfe7fb5-590c-4950-9c3b-588c57985fca","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Homeostasis means keeping the body’s internal environment [ ].","back":"Homeostasis means keeping the body’s internal environment stable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"stable","correct":true,"explanation":"Homeostasis maintains internal conditions within narrow limits despite external or internal changes, so the body’s internal environment remains stable."},{"text":"fluctuating","correct":false,"explanation":"Fluctuating conditions indicate that internal variables are changing rather than being regulated. Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal environment stable within narrow limits."},{"text":"unregulated","correct":false,"explanation":"Unregulated conditions would mean control systems were not maintaining internal variables. Homeostasis uses physiological mechanisms to keep the internal environment stable."},{"text":"unstable","correct":false,"explanation":"Instability is the opposite of homeostasis and could prevent cells from functioning effectively. Homeostasis means keeping the body’s internal environment stable."}]},{"id":"489ed90f-834a-4ca8-8995-ae0c7ab923e1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which ANS branch arouses the body for action?","back":"The sympathetic nervous system.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The sympathetic nervous system.","correct":true,"explanation":"The sympathetic nervous system produces physiological arousal for action, including increasing heart rate and breathing rate as part of the fight-or-flight response."},{"text":"The parasympathetic nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The parasympathetic branch reduces arousal and restores normal functioning after a threat. The sympathetic nervous system is the branch that arouses the body for action."},{"text":"The somatic nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The somatic nervous system controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements rather than autonomic arousal. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action."},{"text":"The central nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, not a branch of the ANS. The sympathetic nervous system produces bodily arousal."}]},{"id":"eda4d76c-9b21-4cd5-9636-0d7dd4b675a0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which ANS branch calms the body after arousal?","back":"The parasympathetic nervous system.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The parasympathetic nervous system.","correct":true,"explanation":"The parasympathetic nervous system returns the body towards its resting state by reducing arousal, such as slowing heart rate after a threat has passed."},{"text":"The sympathetic nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sympathetic branch increases arousal during the fight-or-flight response rather than calming the body. The parasympathetic nervous system restores the resting state."},{"text":"The somatic nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The somatic nervous system primarily controls voluntary skeletal muscles, not recovery from autonomic arousal. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body after arousal."},{"text":"The central nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord and is not an ANS branch. The parasympathetic nervous system reduces arousal after action."}]},{"id":"ada8e82b-1642-4baa-b33c-227cce976d8b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is one strength of dividing the nervous system into CNS and PNS?","back":"It organises a complex biological system into understandable parts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It organises a complex biological system into understandable parts.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dividing the nervous system into the CNS and PNS provides a clear framework, making its complex structures and different functions easier to describe and study."},{"text":"It proves that each division functions entirely independently.","correct":false,"explanation":"The divisions interact extensively rather than functioning in isolation. The genuine strength is that the CNS-PNS distinction organises a complex biological system into understandable parts."},{"text":"It shows that all behaviour originates within the spinal cord.","correct":false,"explanation":"Behaviour does not originate solely in the spinal cord; the brain and peripheral nerves also have essential roles. The division is useful because it organises complexity."},{"text":"It establishes that the PNS controls all conscious behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Conscious behaviour depends heavily on processing within the CNS, so it is not controlled entirely by the PNS. The distinction instead makes the system easier to understand."}]},{"id":"114f0813-161e-499f-80cf-ec3c62ad8c73","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is it too simplistic to say one behaviour is controlled by only one division?","back":"Real behaviour often uses several divisions working together.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Real behaviour often uses several divisions working together.","correct":true,"explanation":"Behaviours usually involve communication between multiple nervous-system divisions, such as CNS processing alongside somatic movement and autonomic changes, rather than one division acting alone."},{"text":"Real behaviour usually uses one division working independently.","correct":false,"explanation":"This repeats the oversimplification by treating divisions as independent. Real behaviour often requires several divisions working together and exchanging information."},{"text":"Real behaviour always uses only the central nervous system.","correct":false,"explanation":"The CNS processes information, but behaviour also commonly requires peripheral sensory, motor and autonomic pathways. Real behaviour therefore often uses several divisions working together."},{"text":"Real behaviour depends on divisions taking turns separately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nervous-system divisions do not simply operate one at a time; they communicate and act simultaneously. Real behaviour often uses several divisions working together."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Divisions of the nervous system","title":"Divisions of the nervous system Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/psychology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"24842abb-5bd0-56e1-aabe-8dea6f734785","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]