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behaviour or beliefs."},{"text":"independent evaluation of the available evidence","correct":false,"explanation":"Independent evaluation produces a personal judgement rather than conformity. The correct definition involves real or imagined pressure from a group changing behaviour or beliefs."},{"text":"direct instructions from a legitimate authority","correct":false,"explanation":"Following instructions from an authority is obedience, not conformity. Conformity results from real or imagined pressure exerted by a group of peers."},{"text":"observation and imitation of a role model","correct":false,"explanation":"Observation and imitation describe social learning rather than conformity. Conformity specifically involves changing behaviour or beliefs because of real or imagined group pressure."}]},{"id":"69511ce4-c22b-48e5-94d4-9d6ab9402998","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In compliance, a person [ ] but [ ].","back":"In compliance, a person publicly agrees with the group but privately disagrees.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In compliance, a person publicly agrees with the group but privately disagrees.","correct":true,"explanation":"Compliance produces a public change in behaviour without a corresponding private change in beliefs, often because the person wants approval or acceptance."},{"text":"In compliance, a person publicly agrees with the group but privately accepts its view.","correct":false,"explanation":"Private acceptance indicates internalisation rather than compliance. In compliance, the person publicly agrees with the group while continuing to disagree in private."},{"text":"In compliance, a person publicly disagrees with the group but privately accepts its view.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the public-private pattern associated with compliance. Compliance means outwardly agreeing with the group while privately retaining a different belief."},{"text":"In compliance, a person publicly disagrees with the group but privately disagrees.","correct":false,"explanation":"Public and private disagreement represents resistance to conformity. In compliance, the individual displays public agreement even though private disagreement remains."}]},{"id":"a9d3b2ca-e657-4986-a7cf-4e4e679fd6ec","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A student laughs at an unfunny joke because everyone else laughs. What type of conformity is this?","back":"Compliance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Compliance.","correct":true,"explanation":"The student publicly follows the group by laughing, but there is no evidence that they privately find the joke funny, indicating compliance."},{"text":"Internalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Internalisation requires genuine private acceptance of the group’s view. Laughing only because others laugh suggests outward agreement without a corresponding private belief, which is compliance."},{"text":"Identification.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identification involves adopting behaviour because membership of a valued group matters. This student simply follows the immediate group response, making compliance the better classification."},{"text":"Independence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Independence would involve resisting group pressure and responding according to personal judgement. Copying everyone else’s laughter despite finding the joke unfunny demonstrates compliance."}]},{"id":"40a6b37d-b0c1-4fc1-a25c-5a413e330e0f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In internalisation, a person publicly agrees and [ ], so change is often [ ].","back":"In internalisation, a person publicly agrees and privately accepts the group view, so change is often longer-lasting.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In internalisation, a person publicly agrees and privately accepts the group view, so change is often longer-lasting.","correct":true,"explanation":"Internalisation involves genuine public and private acceptance, so the changed belief or behaviour often continues even after the group is no longer present."},{"text":"In internalisation, a person publicly agrees and privately rejects the group view, so change is often longer-lasting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Private rejection characterises compliance, not internalisation, and usually produces temporary change. Internalisation involves private acceptance, making the change more likely to last."},{"text":"In internalisation, a person publicly agrees and privately accepts the group view, so change is often shorter-lived.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genuine private acceptance makes internalised change persistent rather than short-lived. The belief often remains after group pressure has disappeared, so it is longer-lasting."},{"text":"In internalisation, a person publicly agrees and privately accepts only while observed, so change is often temporary.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acceptance limited to periods of observation resembles compliance rather than internalisation. Internalisation involves genuine private acceptance and therefore tends to produce longer-lasting change."}]},{"id":"e7971d30-9535-4925-92f8-11005ba952f5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which explanation fits conformity driven by wanting to be right?","back":"Informational social influence (ISI).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Informational social influence (ISI).","correct":true,"explanation":"ISI occurs when someone conforms because they believe others have accurate information and want to reach the correct judgement, especially in uncertain situations."},{"text":"Normative social influence (NSI).","correct":false,"explanation":"NSI is driven by the desire for approval and acceptance, not accuracy. Wanting to be right is explained by informational social influence."},{"text":"Identification with a valued group.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identification is motivated by valuing membership of a particular group. Conformity motivated by the belief that others provide correct information is informational social influence."},{"text":"Compliance with majority pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compliance describes a type of public conformity rather than the motivation to be accurate. Wanting guidance toward the correct answer reflects informational social influence."}]},{"id":"9b70b20e-30b4-471c-86e0-bf5bfe790e0e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which explanation fits conformity driven by wanting to be liked or accepted?","back":"Normative social influence (NSI).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Normative social influence (NSI).","correct":true,"explanation":"NSI occurs when people conform to gain social approval, avoid rejection or fit in, even when they may privately disagree with the group."},{"text":"Informational social influence (ISI).","correct":false,"explanation":"ISI is motivated by wanting to make an accurate judgement, particularly under uncertainty. Wanting to be liked or accepted is normative social influence."},{"text":"Internalisation of the group view.","correct":false,"explanation":"Internalisation describes genuine private acceptance rather than the social motive causing conformity. Seeking approval or avoiding rejection is explained by normative social influence."},{"text":"Identification with an expert group.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identification depends on valuing membership of a group, while expertise is usually relevant to ISI. A general desire to be liked or accepted reflects NSI."}]},{"id":"72565d31-2b24-4cd5-9aa7-83602f6f6755","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"ISI is most likely when the situation is [ ] or the group seems [ ].","back":"ISI is most likely when the situation is ambiguous, difficult or unfamiliar or the group seems expert.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ISI is most likely when the situation is ambiguous, difficult or unfamiliar or the group seems expert.","correct":true,"explanation":"Uncertainty increases reliance on others for information, while perceived experts appear more likely to know the correct answer, making ISI more influential."},{"text":"ISI is most likely when the situation is clear, easy or familiar or the group seems expert.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clear, easy and familiar tasks reduce uncertainty and therefore reduce the need for informational guidance. ISI is strongest when situations are ambiguous, difficult or unfamiliar."},{"text":"ISI is most likely when the situation is ambiguous, difficult or unfamiliar or the group seems popular.","correct":false,"explanation":"Popularity may create normative pressure but does not establish informational accuracy. ISI is particularly likely when the group appears expert and therefore knowledgeable."},{"text":"ISI is most likely when the situation is public, visible or embarrassing or the group seems popular.","correct":false,"explanation":"Public visibility and group popularity primarily increase concern about social approval, which relates to NSI. ISI is encouraged by uncertainty or perceived expertise."}]},{"id":"4b51672f-8653-4a08-9ccb-e706c4c1b84b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can ISI lead to internalisation?","back":"The person believes the group is correct.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The person believes the group is correct.","correct":true,"explanation":"ISI creates genuine acceptance because the person treats the group as a reliable source of information, leading them to believe its judgement is correct."},{"text":"The person wants the group’s social approval.","correct":false,"explanation":"Seeking social approval describes normative social influence and often produces compliance. ISI can cause internalisation because the person genuinely believes the group is correct."},{"text":"The person fears being rejected by the group.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fear of rejection is a normative motive that encourages public agreement. ISI leads to internalisation when the group’s information is privately accepted as correct."},{"text":"The person pretends to share the group’s view.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pretending to agree while privately disagreeing is compliance, not internalisation. ISI can produce internalisation because the individual genuinely believes the group is correct."}]},{"id":"d5125235-2185-47fe-abc8-75f35f5bf1aa","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"NSI usually leads to [ ] because the person may not [ ].","back":"NSI usually leads to compliance because the person may not privately agree.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"NSI usually leads to compliance because the person may not privately agree.","correct":true,"explanation":"Normative social influence produces compliance because behaviour changes publicly to gain approval or avoid rejection, even though the individual does not necessarily accept the group’s view privately."},{"text":"NSI usually leads to internalisation because the person may not privately agree.","correct":false,"explanation":"Internalisation involves genuine private agreement, so it cannot result from failing to agree privately. NSI usually causes compliance: public conformity without necessarily changing private beliefs."},{"text":"NSI usually leads to compliance because the person may not publicly agree.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compliance specifically involves publicly agreeing or behaving like the group while privately disagreeing. NSI leads to compliance because the person may not privately agree."},{"text":"NSI usually leads to identification because the person may not identify with the group.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identification requires valuing membership of, or association with, a group. NSI usually produces compliance because people seek approval despite not necessarily agreeing privately."}]},{"id":"4ee1e504-7a9e-4498-9dd2-fed9c0d52a24","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does Jenness’s bean jar study support ISI?","back":"Participants changed private estimates towards the group estimate.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Participants changed private estimates towards the group estimate.","correct":true,"explanation":"Moving later private judgements towards the group estimate suggests participants accepted the group as a source of accurate information, demonstrating the internal belief change associated with ISI."},{"text":"Participants copied public estimates but privately disagreed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Public agreement combined with private disagreement would demonstrate compliance caused by NSI. Jenness supports ISI because participants changed their private estimates towards the group estimate."},{"text":"Participants kept private estimates away from the group estimate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Maintaining estimates that differed from the group would show resistance rather than informational influence. Participants instead shifted private estimates towards the group’s judgement."},{"text":"Participants changed public estimates to avoid group rejection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing publicly to avoid rejection describes NSI and compliance. Jenness supports ISI because participants later moved their private estimates towards the group estimate."}]},{"id":"2efc68f4-3690-467e-92de-a49c1f9cf61f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did Asch’s interviews suggest about NSI?","back":"Some participants knew the group was wrong but conformed to avoid standing out.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Some participants knew the group was wrong but conformed to avoid standing out.","correct":true,"explanation":"These participants publicly followed an answer they privately recognised as incorrect because they feared appearing different, directly supporting NSI as an explanation of conformity."},{"text":"Some participants believed the group was right and conformed because they doubted their eyesight.","correct":false,"explanation":"Believing the group and doubting one’s own judgement would indicate ISI. Asch’s interviews supported NSI because some knew the group was wrong but avoided standing out."},{"text":"Some participants knew the group was wrong and refused to give the incorrect answer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Refusing the incorrect answer would demonstrate independence, not normative influence. Some participants conformed despite knowing the group was wrong because they wanted to avoid standing out."},{"text":"Some participants thought the task was ambiguous and used the group as a source of information.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using others when a task seems ambiguous is ISI. Asch’s task was clear, and interviews showed some participants knowingly conformed to avoid standing out."}]},{"id":"e0fc36fe-03e8-4b7d-8d41-61800b21110c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In Asch’s study, a [ ] worked for the researcher; the [ ] did not know the true aim.","back":"In Asch’s study, a confederate worked for the researcher; the naive participant did not know the true aim.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In Asch’s study, a confederate worked for the researcher; the naive participant did not know the true aim.","correct":true,"explanation":"Confederates were instructed by the researcher to give predetermined answers, whereas the naive participant believed the situation was genuine and remained unaware of the study’s true purpose."},{"text":"In Asch’s study, a naive participant worked for the researcher; the confederate did not know the true aim.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the roles. The confederates worked with the researcher and knew the procedure, while the naive participant was the genuine participant unaware of the true aim."},{"text":"In Asch’s study, a researcher worked for the researcher; the confederate did not know the true aim.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confederates were part of the research team and knew what answers to give. The naive participant, not the confederate, was unaware of the true aim."},{"text":"In Asch’s study, a confederate worked for the researcher; the researcher did not know the true aim.","correct":false,"explanation":"The researcher necessarily knew the study’s purpose and directed the confederates. It was the naive participant who did not know the true aim."}]},{"id":"a89e4ad5-8b13-4d9b-a40b-2c4bf4293475","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"On Asch’s critical trials, what did the confederates do before the naive participant answered?","back":"They gave the same wrong answer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They gave the same wrong answer.","correct":true,"explanation":"On critical trials, the confederates unanimously stated the same clearly incorrect comparison line before the naive participant responded, creating pressure to conform to the majority."},{"text":"They gave the same correct answer.","correct":false,"explanation":"The confederates agreed unanimously, but their answer was deliberately incorrect rather than correct. This created conflict between the clear visual evidence and the group judgement."},{"text":"They gave different wrong answers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different answers would have broken unanimity and reduced majority pressure. On critical trials, all confederates gave the same wrong answer before the naive participant responded."},{"text":"They gave different correct answers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Only one comparison line was objectively correct, so different correct answers were impossible. The confederates instead unanimously gave the same predetermined wrong answer."}]},{"id":"937f9ea3-5169-4c22-93bc-42737c8ba777","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In Asch’s baseline, participants conformed on [ ] of critical trials; control errors were about [ ].","back":"In Asch’s baseline, participants conformed on 36.8% of critical trials; control errors were about 0.7%.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In Asch’s baseline, participants conformed on 36.8% of critical trials; control errors were about 0.7%.","correct":true,"explanation":"Asch found conformity on 36.8% of critical trials, compared with only about 0.7% errors in the control condition, showing that majority pressure caused the increased errors."},{"text":"In Asch’s baseline, participants conformed on 32% of critical trials; control errors were about 0.7%.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 32% figure is associated with conformity in the three-confederate group-size condition. Baseline conformity across critical trials was 36.8%, while control errors were about 0.7%."},{"text":"In Asch’s baseline, participants conformed on 36.8% of critical trials; control errors were about 7%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This decimal-place slip makes control errors ten times too high. Control participants made errors on only about 0.7% of trials, compared with 36.8% conformity in the baseline."},{"text":"In Asch’s baseline, participants conformed on 75% of critical trials; control errors were about 0.7%.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 75% figure refers approximately to participants who conformed at least once, not the proportion of critical trials. Trial-by-trial conformity was 36.8%, with 0.7% control errors."}]},{"id":"b0f6b4f7-ca88-4d88-870b-4aab733a40a2","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What pattern did Asch find for group size and conformity?","back":"

Increased quickly from one to three confederates.
Three confederates: about 32% conformity.
After three: little extra increase.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Increased quickly from one to three confederates.
Three confederates: about 32% conformity.
After three: little extra increase.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Conformity rose steeply as the majority increased from one to three confederates, reaching about 32%. Further increases in group size produced little additional conformity."},{"text":"

Increased steadily from one to fifteen confederates.
Three confederates: about 12% conformity.
After three: continued substantial increase.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Asch did not find a steady rise across all group sizes. Conformity increased quickly up to three confederates, reached about 32%, and then showed little extra increase."},{"text":"

Increased quickly from one to two confederates.
Three confederates: about 32% conformity.
After three: conformity fell sharply.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The main rise continued until the majority reached three, and conformity did not fall sharply afterwards. Instead, adding more than three confederates produced little further increase."},{"text":"

Changed very little from one to three confederates.
Three confederates: about 5% conformity.
After three: conformity peaked at fifteen.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Conformity changed substantially between one and three confederates and was about 32% with three, not 5%. Beyond three, larger majorities added little further influence."}]},{"id":"4086087e-dcfa-4ee9-a648-a1539758c3d2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happened when Asch broke unanimity?","back":"

Correct dissenter: conformity fell to about 5.5%.
Different wrong dissenter: conformity also reduced.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Correct dissenter: conformity fell to about 5.5%.
Different wrong dissenter: conformity also reduced.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A correct dissenter reduced conformity to about 5.5%, while even a dissenter giving another wrong answer reduced conformity. Breaking unanimity weakens majority pressure."},{"text":"

Correct dissenter: conformity rose to about 36.8%.
Different wrong dissenter: conformity was unchanged.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A dissenter did not increase conformity or leave it unchanged. A correct dissenter lowered it to about 5.5%, and a different wrong dissenter also reduced conformity."},{"text":"

Correct dissenter: conformity fell to about 5.5%.
Different wrong dissenter: conformity increased.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The first result is accurate, but a different wrong dissenter also reduced conformity rather than increasing it. Agreement with the participant was less important than breaking unanimity."},{"text":"

Correct dissenter: conformity fell to about 15.5%.
Different wrong dissenter: conformity also reduced.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This overstates conformity in the correct-dissenter condition. It fell to about 5.5%, while a dissenter giving a different wrong answer also weakened conformity by breaking unanimity."}]},{"id":"e748c434-bfe6-480d-9c47-8a3f5a16ff0d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did harder line judgements increase conformity in Asch’s research?","back":"Participants were less certain, so used the group as evidence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Participants were less certain, so used the group as evidence.","correct":true,"explanation":"Greater task difficulty made the correct answer more ambiguous. This uncertainty increased informational social influence because participants treated the majority as a useful source of evidence."},{"text":"Participants were more certain, so used the group as evidence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater certainty would make participants more confident in their own perception and less dependent on others. Harder judgements increased conformity because uncertainty encouraged them to use the group as evidence."},{"text":"Participants were less certain, so ignored the group’s evidence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ignoring the group would reduce rather than increase conformity. Difficult judgements made participants less certain, causing them to treat the group’s responses as evidence about the correct answer."},{"text":"Participants were more certain, so trusted their own judgements.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confidence in personal judgement would help participants resist majority pressure. The harder task instead created uncertainty, so participants relied more heavily on the group’s apparent knowledge."}]},{"id":"c63e00b3-b0d5-4d6b-b707-ab6f16942fa5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did Asch’s controlled lab procedure strengthen the research?","back":"It allowed cause and effect by changing one variable at a time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It allowed cause and effect by changing one variable at a time.","correct":true,"explanation":"Controlling the procedure allowed Asch to manipulate specific factors while holding others constant. Differences in conformity could therefore be attributed more confidently to the variable that was changed."},{"text":"It improved ecological validity by making the task more realistic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Laboratory control generally reduces realism rather than increasing it because the setting and line task are artificial. Its main strength was establishing cause and effect through controlled manipulation."},{"text":"It improved population validity by using a representative sample.","correct":false,"explanation":"A controlled procedure does not make a sample representative, and Asch’s participants were a restricted group of American men. Control strengthened causal conclusions, not population validity."},{"text":"It prevented demand characteristics by revealing the study’s true aim.","correct":false,"explanation":"Revealing the true aim would probably increase demand characteristics because participants could alter their behaviour accordingly. Control strengthened the study by isolating variables and supporting cause-and-effect conclusions."}]},{"id":"bfc14c4d-6e17-4696-976e-b45d6bfc773f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does Asch’s task have low ecological validity?","back":"

Line judgements are artificial.
Low-stakes task unlike real conformity.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Line judgements are artificial.
Low-stakes task unlike real conformity.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Judging line lengths in a laboratory is unlike most everyday situations involving social pressure. The trivial consequences also limit how well the findings represent meaningful real-world conformity."},{"text":"

Line judgements occur frequently.
High-stakes task like real conformity.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The line task was artificial rather than a frequent everyday activity, and no important outcome depended on participants’ answers. These features make it unlike high-stakes real-world conformity."},{"text":"

Male participants limit the sample.
US participants limit cultural generalisation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are limitations of population validity because they concern how widely findings generalise across genders and cultures. Ecological validity is low because the task was artificial and low-stakes."},{"text":"

Standardised instructions improved consistency.
Controlled conditions supported replication.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Standardisation and experimental control improve reliability and replicability rather than explaining low ecological validity. The artificial line judgements and trivial consequences are what reduce everyday realism."}]},{"id":"22463808-a37a-462b-8d43-0d9f6f59b286","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Bond and Smith (1996) suggest about culture and conformity?","back":"Collectivist cultures showed generally higher conformity than individualist cultures.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Collectivist cultures showed generally higher conformity than individualist cultures.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bond and Smith’s cross-cultural meta-analysis found stronger conformity in collectivist societies, where group harmony and interdependence are emphasised more than personal independence."},{"text":"Individualist cultures showed generally higher conformity than collectivist cultures.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the reported cultural pattern. Conformity was generally higher in collectivist cultures because their social norms place greater emphasis on group cohesion and interdependence."},{"text":"Collectivist cultures showed identical conformity to individualist cultures.","correct":false,"explanation":"The meta-analysis identified a general cultural difference rather than identical levels. Collectivist cultures tended to produce higher conformity than individualist cultures, although results varied between studies."},{"text":"Western cultures showed universally higher conformity than non-Western cultures.","correct":false,"explanation":"This both reverses and overstates the evidence: no cultural pattern was universal. Bond and Smith found generally higher conformity in collectivist rather than individualist cultures."}]},{"id":"40f1fdf0-3342-41b6-987b-910b4586a7a5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What finding challenged the temporal validity of Asch’s results?","back":"Perrin and Spencer found very little conformity among British engineering students.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Perrin and Spencer found very little conformity among British engineering students.","correct":true,"explanation":"Their later British replication produced almost no conformity, unlike Asch’s 1950s findings. This suggests conformity levels may change over time, weakening temporal validity."},{"text":"Perrin and Spencer found very high conformity among British engineering students.","correct":false,"explanation":"Their British engineering students showed very little conformity, not very high conformity. The contrast with Asch’s earlier results suggested that his findings might not remain valid over time."},{"text":"Lucas and colleagues found very little conformity among British engineering students.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lucas and colleagues investigated task difficulty and self-efficacy rather than conducting this British engineering replication. Perrin and Spencer obtained the very low conformity result that challenged temporal validity."},{"text":"Perrin and Spencer found very little conformity among American psychology students.","correct":false,"explanation":"The relevant participants were British engineering students, not American psychology students. Perrin and Spencer’s later finding of very little conformity in that British sample challenged Asch’s temporal validity."}]},{"id":"6d17d9b4-0a90-4a60-9239-142993031382","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What ethical problem was caused by deception in Asch’s study?","back":"Fully informed consent was not possible.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fully informed consent was not possible.","correct":true,"explanation":"Participants were unaware that the other group members were confederates and that conformity was being investigated. They therefore could not consent beforehand with full knowledge of the study."},{"text":"Confidentiality was not maintained.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deception does not itself mean participants’ identities or data were disclosed. The specific ethical problem was that concealing the true procedure prevented fully informed consent."},{"text":"Protection from physical harm was not provided.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study did not expose participants to physical injury. Deception created an informed-consent problem because they were not told the group consisted largely of confederates."},{"text":"Participants were forced to remain in the study.","correct":false,"explanation":"There is no evidence that participants were physically compelled to continue. The deception mattered ethically because participants could not give fully informed consent without knowing the study’s true nature."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Conformity","title":"Conformity Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/psychology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"c073155a-9c3d-512a-aab8-7959cb7c5b0f","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]