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such as avoidance, crying, compulsions or reduced activity."},{"text":"Emotional characteristic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Emotional characteristics concern feelings, such as fear or sadness, rather than observable actions. An observable action is therefore a behavioural characteristic."},{"text":"Cognitive characteristic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cognitive characteristics involve thoughts, beliefs and mental processes, not actions visible to others. An observable action is classified as a behavioural characteristic."},{"text":"Physiological characteristic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Physiological characteristics are bodily responses, such as sweating or increased heart rate. An observable action is instead classified as a behavioural characteristic."}]},{"id":"c80efc58-91d2-4e62-b7f1-65d8d3a93d96","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Feelings such as sadness or anxiety are [ ] characteristics; thoughts and beliefs are [ ] characteristics.","back":"Feelings such as sadness or anxiety are emotional characteristics; thoughts and beliefs are cognitive characteristics.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Feelings such as sadness or anxiety are emotional characteristics; thoughts and beliefs are cognitive characteristics.","correct":true,"explanation":"Emotional characteristics describe feelings and moods, whereas cognitive characteristics concern mental processes, including a person’s thoughts, beliefs and expectations."},{"text":"Feelings such as sadness or anxiety are behavioural characteristics; thoughts and beliefs are cognitive characteristics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sadness and anxiety are internal feelings, not observable actions, so they are emotional characteristics. Thoughts and beliefs are correctly classified as cognitive characteristics."},{"text":"Feelings such as sadness or anxiety are emotional characteristics; thoughts and beliefs are behavioural characteristics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thoughts and beliefs are mental processes, so they are cognitive rather than behavioural characteristics. Feelings such as sadness and anxiety are emotional characteristics."},{"text":"Feelings such as sadness or anxiety are cognitive characteristics; thoughts and beliefs are emotional characteristics.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the categories: sadness and anxiety are emotional experiences, while thoughts and beliefs are cognitive characteristics involving mental processes."}]},{"id":"54098fec-7aea-421e-a29c-d2e094f47bdd","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why is not every strong fear a phobia?","back":"

Extreme and persistent fear.
Disproportionate to real danger.
Interferes with normal life.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Extreme and persistent fear.
Disproportionate to real danger.
Interferes with normal life.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A phobia is distinguished from an ordinary strong fear by its extreme, persistent and disproportionate nature and by its harmful interference with everyday functioning."},{"text":"

Mild and temporary fear.
Proportionate to real danger.
Does not interfere with normal life.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These features describe an ordinary adaptive fear rather than a phobia. A phobia is extreme and persistent, disproportionate to danger and disruptive to normal life."},{"text":"

Always causes panic attacks.
Develops during childhood.
Targets physical objects.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Phobias need not cause panic attacks, begin in childhood or involve physical objects. They are defined by extreme, persistent, disproportionate fear that interferes with life."},{"text":"

Lasts at least two weeks.
Matches the real danger.
Improves through avoidance.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The two-week threshold is associated with depression, and phobic fear is disproportionate rather than realistic. A phobia is persistent and interferes with normal life."}]},{"id":"71ef07f6-01a7-4bf0-a4ca-b982b3880676","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which phobia behaviour means keeping away from the phobic stimulus?","back":"Avoidance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Avoidance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Avoidance occurs when someone changes their behaviour to prevent contact with the object or situation that triggers their phobic fear."},{"text":"Panic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Panic is an intense behavioural response that may include crying, screaming or fleeing. Deliberately keeping away from a phobic stimulus is avoidance."},{"text":"Endurance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Endurance means remaining near or in contact with the phobic stimulus despite experiencing intense distress. Keeping away from it is avoidance."},{"text":"Compulsion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A compulsion is a repetitive action performed to reduce anxiety in OCD. Keeping away from a phobic object or situation is avoidance."}]},{"id":"f44a55ff-92a8-4fe2-8669-001c764facf2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which phobia behaviour is shown by crying, screaming, running away or freezing?","back":"Panic.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Panic.","correct":true,"explanation":"Panic is an intense response to the phobic stimulus and can produce behaviours such as crying, screaming, running away or becoming frozen."},{"text":"Avoidance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoidance involves preventing contact with the phobic stimulus, rather than reacting intensely once threatened. Crying, screaming, fleeing or freezing indicate panic."},{"text":"Endurance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Endurance means staying in the presence of the phobic stimulus despite severe anxiety. Crying, screaming, running away or freezing instead demonstrate panic."},{"text":"Compulsion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compulsions are repetitive behaviours associated with OCD and are performed to reduce anxiety. These immediate, extreme reactions to a phobic stimulus indicate panic."}]},{"id":"2f1442b0-4a17-498e-b99c-a38a0763054f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which phobia behaviour means staying near the stimulus while highly distressed?","back":"Endurance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Endurance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Endurance occurs when a person remains in the presence of a phobic stimulus but experiences high levels of fear, anxiety and distress."},{"text":"Avoidance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoidance means keeping away from the phobic stimulus or altering behaviour to prevent contact. Remaining near it despite intense distress is endurance."},{"text":"Panic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Panic involves an intense reaction such as screaming, crying, fleeing or freezing. Staying near the stimulus while highly distressed is specifically called endurance."},{"text":"Escape.","correct":false,"explanation":"Escape involves leaving the phobic situation after encountering it. Continuing to remain near the stimulus despite severe distress is classified as endurance."}]},{"id":"90090668-ecf7-4f47-b288-de07c2878755","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In phobias, [ ] is an immediate response to a perceived threat; [ ] is unease about a possible future threat.","back":"In phobias, fear is an immediate response to a perceived threat; anxiety is unease about a possible future threat.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In phobias, fear is an immediate response to a perceived threat; anxiety is unease about a possible future threat.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fear responds to a threat perceived in the present, whereas anxiety is anticipatory unease concerning a threat that may occur in the future."},{"text":"In phobias, panic is an immediate response to a perceived threat; anxiety is unease about a possible future threat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Panic is an especially intense reaction rather than the general immediate response to threat. Fear is immediate, while anxiety concerns a possible future threat."},{"text":"In phobias, fear is an immediate response to a perceived threat; stress is unease about a possible future threat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stress is a broader response to demands or pressures and is not defined specifically by anticipation. Unease about a possible future threat is anxiety."},{"text":"In phobias, anxiety is an immediate response to a perceived threat; fear is unease about a possible future threat.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the distinction: fear is the immediate response to a present perceived threat, while anxiety anticipates a possible threat in the future."}]},{"id":"78d58804-40ee-4342-987a-05fdca0f84fa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A person with a spider phobia scans every room for spiders. Which cognitive characteristic is this?","back":"Selective attention.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Selective attention.","correct":true,"explanation":"Selective attention causes a person to focus disproportionately on threat-related information, such as repeatedly searching the surroundings for spiders while overlooking other stimuli."},{"text":"Irrational beliefs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Irrational beliefs involve unrealistic ideas about the danger posed by a stimulus. Actively scanning the environment for that stimulus demonstrates selective attention."},{"text":"Poor concentration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Poor concentration is difficulty sustaining attention and is commonly associated with depression. Consistently focusing attention on possible spiders demonstrates selective attention."},{"text":"Obsessive thoughts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Obsessive thoughts are recurring, intrusive and unwanted ideas associated with OCD. Searching each room specifically for spiders is an example of selective attention."}]},{"id":"007d1042-177c-4301-9bd9-b8bbd65badaa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A person believes a safe flight will definitely crash. Which phobia cognitive characteristic is this?","back":"Cognitive distortion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cognitive distortion.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cognitive distortion involves processing information unrealistically, such as exaggerating danger and predicting catastrophe despite evidence that the situation is safe."},{"text":"Selective attention.","correct":false,"explanation":"Selective attention means focusing disproportionately on threat-related cues. Predicting that a safe flight will certainly crash is instead a cognitive distortion because the danger is unrealistically exaggerated."},{"text":"Avoidance behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoidance behaviour means staying away from the feared object or situation. The unrealistic certainty that a safe flight will crash is a cognitive distortion."},{"text":"Panic response.","correct":false,"explanation":"A panic response is an intense emotional and physiological reaction to fear. An unrealistic catastrophic prediction about a safe flight is specifically a cognitive distortion."}]},{"id":"715ae479-b28a-4252-8e30-703cde9d0f96","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is depression more than ordinary sadness?","back":"

Persistent low mood or loss of interest.
Disrupts daily functioning.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Persistent low mood or loss of interest.
Disrupts daily functioning.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Clinical depression involves enduring low mood or anhedonia that significantly interferes with everyday life, rather than the temporary unhappiness that normally follows setbacks."},{"text":"

Brief low mood following a setback.
Preserves daily functioning.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A brief reaction to a setback that leaves functioning intact describes ordinary sadness. Depression is persistent, often involves loss of interest, and disrupts daily functioning."},{"text":"

Persistent fear or physical arousal.
Triggers fight-or-flight responses.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Fear and physiological arousal are characteristic of anxiety rather than the defining features of depression. Depression involves persistent low mood or lost interest and impaired daily functioning."},{"text":"

Rapid changes between different emotions.
Improves daily functioning.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Rapidly alternating emotions are not what distinguishes depression from ordinary sadness. Depression is defined by persistent low mood or loss of interest that disrupts everyday functioning."}]},{"id":"f2997089-4deb-46ea-ac7d-17a9ce747e56","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which depressive behaviour is shown by stopping hobbies, missing school or staying in bed?","back":"Reduced activity level.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Reduced activity level.","correct":true,"explanation":"Withdrawing from hobbies, missing school and remaining in bed all involve doing less than usual, so they demonstrate the reduced activity level associated with depression."},{"text":"Psychomotor agitation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Psychomotor agitation involves increased, restless movement such as pacing or fidgeting. Stopping activities and staying in bed instead demonstrate a reduced activity level."},{"text":"Compulsive behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compulsive behaviour consists of repetitive acts performed to reduce anxiety, particularly in OCD. Withdrawal from hobbies and school instead shows a reduced activity level."},{"text":"Increased activity level.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increased activity would involve becoming more active or restless. Abandoning hobbies, missing school and staying in bed indicate the opposite: a reduced activity level."}]},{"id":"43de8b7b-a107-4cad-bf7f-7b655af94d41","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In depression, restless pacing or fidgeting is [ ].","back":"In depression, restless pacing or fidgeting is psychomotor agitation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"psychomotor agitation","correct":true,"explanation":"Psychomotor agitation is heightened physical restlessness linked to mental distress, commonly appearing as repetitive pacing, fidgeting or an inability to remain still."},{"text":"psychomotor retardation","correct":false,"explanation":"Psychomotor retardation means slowed movement and speech, not restless movement. Pacing and fidgeting are signs of psychomotor agitation because physical activity is increased."},{"text":"anhedonia","correct":false,"explanation":"Anhedonia is the reduced ability to experience pleasure from normally enjoyable activities. Restless pacing and fidgeting instead indicate psychomotor agitation."},{"text":"avolition","correct":false,"explanation":"Avolition refers to diminished motivation to begin or sustain purposeful activities. Repetitive pacing or fidgeting reflects increased physical restlessness, known as psychomotor agitation."}]},{"id":"a1eca9e4-b350-4f6d-a0f1-8a18a9fc6af6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Depression can involve behavioural disruption to [ ] and [ ] patterns.","back":"Depression can involve behavioural disruption to sleep and eating patterns.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Depression can involve behavioural disruption to sleep and eating patterns.","correct":true,"explanation":"Depression commonly changes sleeping and eating behaviour, producing difficulties such as insomnia or oversleeping and either reduced or increased appetite."},{"text":"Depression can involve behavioural disruption to sleep and breathing patterns.","correct":false,"explanation":"Breathing disruption is more closely associated with physiological anxiety or respiratory problems. The recognised behavioural disruptions in depression concern sleep and eating patterns."},{"text":"Depression can involve behavioural disruption to heart-rate and eating patterns.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changes in heart rate are physiological signs often linked to arousal, not the behavioural pattern identified here. Depression commonly disrupts sleep and eating patterns."},{"text":"Depression can involve behavioural disruption to breathing and heart-rate patterns.","correct":false,"explanation":"Breathing and heart-rate changes are physiological arousal responses more characteristic of anxiety. The relevant behavioural disruptions in depression affect sleep and eating patterns."}]},{"id":"21e8a8c2-f47e-4ac9-bd3b-bacc3f91cd4d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which emotional characteristic of depression means loss of pleasure in usual activities?","back":"Anhedonia.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Anhedonia.","correct":true,"explanation":"Anhedonia is the loss or marked reduction of pleasure in activities that were previously enjoyable, making it a central emotional characteristic of depression."},{"text":"Avolition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avolition is a lack of motivation to initiate purposeful behaviour, which differs from losing pleasure. Loss of pleasure in usual activities is called anhedonia."},{"text":"Dysphoria.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dysphoria describes a general state of unease, dissatisfaction or low mood. The specific loss of pleasure from previously enjoyable activities is anhedonia."},{"text":"Psychomotor retardation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Psychomotor retardation refers to slowed movement, thought or speech in depression. The emotional loss of pleasure in usual activities is known as anhedonia."}]},{"id":"e8c1605f-c2f0-4c02-8c29-e05eec0897e4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which depressive cognitive style is shown by I always fail?","back":"Absolutist thinking.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Absolutist thinking.","correct":true,"explanation":"Words such as always express rigid, all-or-nothing conclusions without allowing exceptions, which is the depressive cognitive style called absolutist thinking."},{"text":"Selective attention.","correct":false,"explanation":"Selective attention involves disproportionately noticing negative information while overlooking positive information. The rigid use of always instead demonstrates absolutist thinking."},{"text":"Impaired concentration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Impaired concentration means difficulty focusing, making decisions or sustaining attention. A categorical claim using always is an example of absolutist thinking."},{"text":"Catastrophising.","correct":false,"explanation":"Catastrophising means expecting the worst possible outcome or magnifying consequences. The rigid, exceptionless claim I always fail instead demonstrates absolutist thinking."}]},{"id":"69063608-3d50-43b7-afd9-445dfdcce0f2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In OCD, what is a repeated unwanted intrusive thought, image or urge called?","back":"Obsession.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Obsession.","correct":true,"explanation":"An obsession is a recurrent, intrusive and unwanted thought, image or urge that causes anxiety or distress, even though the person may recognise it as unreasonable."},{"text":"Compulsion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A compulsion is a repetitive behaviour or mental act performed to reduce anxiety. The unwanted intrusive thought, image or urge that prompts it is an obsession."},{"text":"Delusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A delusion is a firmly held false belief that persists despite contradictory evidence. A repeated unwanted intrusive thought, image or urge in OCD is an obsession."},{"text":"Hallucination.","correct":false,"explanation":"A hallucination is a sensory perception occurring without an external stimulus. An unwanted intrusive thought, image or urge associated with OCD is called an obsession."}]},{"id":"7e245083-4d90-47d9-9cf4-43e53cb8c4d9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In OCD, what is a repetitive behaviour or mental act done to reduce anxiety called?","back":"Compulsion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Compulsion.","correct":true,"explanation":"Compulsions are repetitive behaviours or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessive thoughts, although the relief they provide is usually temporary."},{"text":"Obsession.","correct":false,"explanation":"An obsession is an intrusive, persistent thought or urge rather than the act performed in response. The anxiety-reducing behaviour or mental act is a compulsion."},{"text":"Intrusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"An intrusion is an unwanted thought entering consciousness, not the repetitive response intended to neutralise anxiety. That repetitive response is called a compulsion."},{"text":"Avoidance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoidance involves staying away from feared situations, whereas OCD commonly involves a repetitive behaviour or mental act used to reduce anxiety, called a compulsion."}]},{"id":"3373b4ba-c88d-4d41-86a8-32d5e87132af","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An intrusive thought enters the mind [ ] and is difficult to [ ].","back":"An intrusive thought enters the mind unwanted and is difficult to dismiss.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An intrusive thought enters the mind unwanted and is difficult to dismiss.","correct":true,"explanation":"Intrusive thoughts arise without being wanted and are difficult to dismiss, which helps explain why they can cause persistent distress or anxiety in OCD."},{"text":"An intrusive thought enters the mind wanted and is difficult to dismiss.","correct":false,"explanation":"Intrusive thoughts are not intentionally invited or desired; their unwanted nature is central to the experience. They enter the mind unwanted and are difficult to dismiss."},{"text":"An intrusive thought enters the mind unwanted and is difficult to retain.","correct":false,"explanation":"The difficulty lies in removing the intrusive thought from awareness, not retaining it. It enters the mind unwanted and is difficult to dismiss."},{"text":"An intrusive thought enters the mind voluntarily and is difficult to maintain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating intrusive thoughts as voluntary confuses them with deliberate thinking, while maintaining them is not the defining difficulty. They are unwanted and difficult to dismiss."}]},{"id":"8203895d-1579-46a6-92e1-3afa0dcac43f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In OCD, the obsession creates [ ] and the compulsion temporarily reduces [ ].","back":"In OCD, the obsession creates distress and the compulsion temporarily reduces anxiety.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In OCD, the obsession creates distress and the compulsion temporarily reduces anxiety.","correct":true,"explanation":"Obsessions produce distress through persistent intrusive thoughts, while compulsions are performed to obtain a temporary reduction in the resulting anxiety."},{"text":"In OCD, the obsession creates comfort and the compulsion temporarily reduces anxiety.","correct":false,"explanation":"Obsessions are unwanted and therefore create distress rather than comfort. Compulsions may then temporarily reduce the anxiety associated with those obsessions."},{"text":"In OCD, the obsession creates distress and the compulsion temporarily reduces danger.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compulsions reduce subjective anxiety temporarily, but they do not reliably reduce objective danger. The obsession creates distress and the compulsion temporarily reduces anxiety."},{"text":"In OCD, the obsession creates pleasure and the compulsion temporarily reduces risk.","correct":false,"explanation":"Obsessions do not typically create pleasure, and compulsions do not necessarily make real threats less likely. Obsessions create distress, while compulsions temporarily reduce anxiety."}]},{"id":"6875049b-1771-4480-a5e5-3a4d42adc78f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A person with OCD believes they must check a door to prevent burglary. Which cognitive characteristic is this?","back":"Inflated responsibility.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Inflated responsibility.","correct":true,"explanation":"Believing that checking is necessary to prevent a burglary reflects an exaggerated sense of personal responsibility for preventing harm, known as inflated responsibility."},{"text":"Thought-action fusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thought-action fusion is the belief that thinking about an event makes it more likely or morally equivalent to acting. Feeling responsible for preventing burglary shows inflated responsibility."},{"text":"Catastrophising.","correct":false,"explanation":"Catastrophising means imagining the worst possible outcome. The key feature here is believing one must personally check the door to prevent harm, which shows inflated responsibility."},{"text":"Intolerance of uncertainty.","correct":false,"explanation":"Intolerance of uncertainty involves finding doubt difficult to accept. The stated belief focuses specifically on personal duty to prevent burglary, so it demonstrates inflated responsibility."}]},{"id":"af8a9e84-43ba-43a2-ad90-b99f97530be6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which OCD cognitive characteristic means imagining the worst possible outcome?","back":"Catastrophising.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Catastrophising.","correct":true,"explanation":"Catastrophising is a cognitive distortion in which a person anticipates or imagines the worst possible outcome, often exaggerating the likely consequences of an event."},{"text":"Inflated responsibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Inflated responsibility is the exaggerated belief that one must prevent harm, not simply imagining the worst outcome. Imagining the worst possible result is catastrophising."},{"text":"Thought-action fusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thought-action fusion treats thoughts as morally equivalent to actions or as capable of causing events. Imagining the worst possible outcome is instead catastrophising."},{"text":"Intolerance of uncertainty.","correct":false,"explanation":"Intolerance of uncertainty is difficulty accepting doubt or ambiguity, rather than specifically expecting the worst possible outcome. The latter cognitive characteristic is catastrophising."}]},{"id":"c1109e13-73db-40c7-bcff-8a4104e79e99","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Comorbidity means having [ ] at the same time.","back":"Comorbidity means having two or more disorders at the same time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"two or more disorders","correct":true,"explanation":"Comorbidity is the simultaneous presence of two or more disorders in one person, such as OCD occurring alongside depression or another anxiety disorder."},{"text":"two or more symptoms","correct":false,"explanation":"A single disorder can involve several symptoms without being comorbid. Comorbidity specifically requires two or more distinct disorders to be present at the same time."},{"text":"one disorder with several symptoms","correct":false,"explanation":"Having multiple symptoms within one diagnosis does not establish comorbidity. The term refers to having two or more separate disorders at the same time."},{"text":"different disorders at separate times","correct":false,"explanation":"Disorders occurring at separate times are not necessarily comorbid because the diagnoses do not coexist. Comorbidity means having two or more disorders simultaneously."}]},{"id":"28f7cd8a-633f-483b-a0f0-10888d2d36e7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can symptom overlap make diagnosis harder?","back":"The same characteristic can appear in different disorders.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The same characteristic can appear in different disorders.","correct":true,"explanation":"Symptom overlap occurs because a characteristic such as low mood or disturbed sleep may be present in multiple disorders, making it harder to identify the correct diagnosis."},{"text":"The same characteristic always indicates one specific disorder.","correct":false,"explanation":"A characteristic may be shared by several disorders rather than pointing uniquely to one diagnosis. This overlap is precisely why diagnosis can become more difficult."},{"text":"Each characteristic appears in only one type of disorder.","correct":false,"explanation":"Psychological disorders can share characteristics such as anxiety, sleep disturbance or poor concentration. Symptom overlap makes diagnosis harder because characteristics are not exclusive to one disorder."},{"text":"The same characteristic cannot appear in different disorders.","correct":false,"explanation":"The defining problem is that the same characteristic can occur across different disorders. Assuming it cannot be shared overlooks the source of diagnostic uncertainty."}]},{"id":"5cfb6f6e-75d8-4e9a-a376-ec766fdfc382","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What risk can diagnostic labelling create if used carelessly?","back":"Stigma.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Stigma.","correct":true,"explanation":"A diagnostic label can produce stigma when others attach negative stereotypes or social disapproval to the person because of their identified psychological disorder."},{"text":"Remission.","correct":false,"explanation":"Remission means that symptoms have reduced or disappeared, so it is not a harmful consequence of diagnostic labelling. Careless labelling can instead create stigma."},{"text":"Comorbidity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Comorbidity means having two or more disorders simultaneously and is not created by attaching a diagnostic label. The relevant social risk is stigma."},{"text":"Reliability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reliability concerns the consistency of diagnosis between clinicians or occasions, rather than a social harm caused by labelling. Careless diagnostic labelling risks creating stigma."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Characteristics of phobias, depression and OCD","title":"Characteristics of phobias, depression and OCD Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/psychology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"bfbfef6d-28db-5b25-a7bb-c0310a4251dd","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]