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24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/as-level/politics/edexcel/as-parliament/flashcards","label":"Parliament","subjectCode":"as_level_politics","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"570484e2-b71f-4750-a323-e8679aee18a7","title":"Parliament Flashcards","topicId":"31b9b4fd-0c96-572e-9f1d-268f7df2ae69","topicSlug":"as-parliament","cards":[{"id":"aea031d0-984b-46d2-b317-fc5099690f29","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which three parts make up the UK Parliament?","back":"

House of Commons
House of Lords
Monarch

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

House of Commons
House of Lords
Monarch

","correct":true,"explanation":"The UK Parliament consists of the elected House of Commons, the appointed and partly hereditary House of Lords, and the monarch, who formally grants Royal Assent."},{"text":"

House of Commons
Supreme Court
Monarch

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Supreme Court belongs to the judiciary and is institutionally separate from Parliament. Parliament comprises the House of Commons, House of Lords and monarch."},{"text":"

House of Commons
House of Lords
Prime Minister

","correct":false,"explanation":"The prime minister leads the government but is not a separate component of Parliament. The three parts are the House of Commons, House of Lords and monarch."},{"text":"

Cabinet
House of Lords
Monarch

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Cabinet is part of the executive, although its ministers are normally parliamentarians. Parliament itself consists of the House of Commons, House of Lords and monarch."}]},{"id":"8c941b72-eb3b-44e5-9bc7-7f652d2525b1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The UK Parliament is [ ]: it has [ ].","back":"The UK Parliament is bicameral: it has two chambers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The UK Parliament is bicameral: it has two chambers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bicameral means having two legislative chambers. The UK Parliament fits this definition because it contains the House of Commons and the House of Lords."},{"text":"The UK Parliament is unicameral: it has one chamber.","correct":false,"explanation":"A unicameral legislature has only one chamber, whereas the UK Parliament has the House of Commons and House of Lords. It is therefore bicameral, with two chambers."},{"text":"The UK Parliament is tricameral: it has three chambers.","correct":false,"explanation":"The monarch is a component of Parliament but does not constitute a third legislative chamber. Parliament is bicameral because its two chambers are the Commons and Lords."},{"text":"The UK Parliament is federal: it has two chambers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Having two chambers describes a bicameral legislature, not necessarily a federal one. The UK Parliament is bicameral because it contains the Commons and Lords."}]},{"id":"6fd79683-b984-481c-9146-d0bc9b96bf94","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Commons has [ ] MPs, each representing a [ ].","back":"The Commons has 650 MPs, each representing a constituency.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Commons has 650 MPs, each representing a constituency.","correct":true,"explanation":"The House of Commons contains 650 elected MPs. Each MP represents one geographical constituency and is chosen by its voters at a general election or by-election."},{"text":"The Commons has 650 MPs, each representing a region.","correct":false,"explanation":"MPs do not each represent an entire region; they are elected for smaller geographical constituencies. The Commons has 650 MPs, each representing one constituency."},{"text":"The Commons has 646 MPs, each representing a constituency.","correct":false,"explanation":"The figure 646 reflects the number of Commons seats before boundary changes implemented in 2010. The present total is 650 MPs, each representing a constituency."},{"text":"The Commons has 800 MPs, each representing a county.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses Commons membership with the larger, fluctuating membership of the Lords and uses the wrong electoral area. There are 650 MPs, each representing a constituency."}]},{"id":"9261de64-f710-4202-8bb6-b1e67455ce73","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What system normally elects MPs at general elections?","back":"First Past the Post.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"First Past the Post.","correct":true,"explanation":"General elections normally use First Past the Post: voters select one constituency candidate, and the candidate receiving more votes than any rival wins the seat."},{"text":"Alternative Vote.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Alternative Vote would require voters to rank candidates and redistribute preferences, but it is not used for UK general elections. MPs are normally elected by First Past the Post."},{"text":"Additional Member System.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Additional Member System combines constituency and regional list representatives and is used for some devolved elections. UK general elections normally use First Past the Post."},{"text":"Single Transferable Vote.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Single Transferable Vote uses ranked preferences in multi-member constituencies and is used in some UK elections, but Westminster MPs are normally elected by First Past the Post."}]},{"id":"3989a504-dc15-4ee2-9965-0c6d836eee4f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Under First Past the Post, who wins a constituency seat?","back":"The candidate with the most votes wins.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The candidate with the most votes wins.","correct":true,"explanation":"First Past the Post awards the constituency seat to the candidate receiving more votes than any other candidate. No absolute majority of all votes is required."},{"text":"The candidate with over half the votes wins.","correct":false,"explanation":"First Past the Post does not require an absolute majority above 50%. The candidate with the most votes wins, even if most voters supported other candidates."},{"text":"The party with the most national votes wins.","correct":false,"explanation":"First Past the Post decides each constituency separately rather than awarding individual seats from the national vote. The candidate with the most votes in that constituency wins."},{"text":"The candidate with the fewest opponents wins.","correct":false,"explanation":"The number of rival candidates does not directly determine the result. Under First Past the Post, the seat goes to the candidate who receives the most votes."}]},{"id":"57971bc5-5021-41c5-a63d-f4f8cbefe2ff","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In 2019, the Conservatives won [ ] of votes and [ ].","back":"In 2019, the Conservatives won 43.6% of votes and 365 of 650 seats.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In 2019, the Conservatives won 43.6% of votes and 365 of 650 seats.","correct":true,"explanation":"At the 2019 general election, the Conservatives received 43.6% of the UK vote and won 365 of the 650 Commons constituencies, producing a substantial majority."},{"text":"In 2019, the Conservatives won 43.6% of votes and 326 of 650 seats.","correct":false,"explanation":"The figure 326 is the threshold for an overall Commons majority, not the Conservatives’ seat total. They secured 365 of 650 seats with 43.6% of votes."},{"text":"In 2019, the Conservatives won 36.9% of votes and 365 of 650 seats.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 36.9% figure comes from the Conservatives’ 2015 vote share rather than the 2019 result. In 2019 they won 43.6% and secured 365 seats."},{"text":"In 2019, the Conservatives won 56.2% of votes and 365 of 650 seats.","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakes the Conservatives’ share of Commons seats for their share of votes. They won 365 seats, about 56.2% of seats, from 43.6% of votes."}]},{"id":"2aa84b3e-9ada-462a-8fa5-e17b45eee645","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which peers are appointed for life under the Life Peerages Act 1958?","back":"Life peers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Life peers.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Life Peerages Act 1958 permits the creation of peerages lasting for the recipient’s lifetime. Their holders are therefore called life peers and cannot pass the title on."},{"text":"Hereditary peers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hereditary peers normally acquire their titles through inheritance rather than appointment for life. Those appointed under the Life Peerages Act 1958 are known as life peers."},{"text":"Lords Spiritual.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lords Spiritual sit in the Lords because they hold senior offices in the Church of England, not because they receive life peerages. Appointees under the 1958 Act are life peers."},{"text":"Baronets.","correct":false,"explanation":"Baronets hold hereditary titles but are not members of the peerage and do not automatically sit in the Lords. Appointments under the 1958 Act create life peers."}]},{"id":"fa6eb2ed-cda2-4f2b-962a-d0d343f1081e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Most hereditary peers were removed by the [ ], but [ ] remain.","back":"Most hereditary peers were removed by the House of Lords Act 1999, but 92 remain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Most hereditary peers were removed by the House of Lords Act 1999, but 92 remain.","correct":true,"explanation":"The House of Lords Act 1999 ended the automatic right of most hereditary peers to sit and vote in the Lords, while allowing 92 to remain."},{"text":"Most hereditary peers were removed by the Parliament Act 1911, but 92 remain.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Parliament Act 1911 restricted the Lords’ ability to block legislation but did not remove most hereditary peers. Their removal occurred under the House of Lords Act 1999."},{"text":"Most hereditary peers were removed by the House of Lords Act 1999, but 90 remain.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act retained 92 hereditary peers, not 90: 90 were selected by party groups and fellow hereditary peers, while two royal office-holders also remained."},{"text":"Most hereditary peers were removed by the Life Peerages Act 1958, but 92 remain.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Life Peerages Act 1958 introduced appointed life peers but did not remove hereditary members. Most hereditary peers were removed by the House of Lords Act 1999."}]},{"id":"dfed9ff3-73fd-4588-a7de-da49de208b56","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Who sits in the Lords as Lords Spiritual?","back":"26 senior Church of England bishops.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"26 senior Church of England bishops.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Lords Spiritual are 26 senior bishops from the established Church of England, including the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and 24 other diocesan bishops."},{"text":"26 senior Roman Catholic bishops.","correct":false,"explanation":"Roman Catholic bishops do not sit as Lords Spiritual. The correct answer is 26 senior Church of England bishops, reflecting the Church of England’s established status."},{"text":"12 senior Church of England bishops.","correct":false,"explanation":"This understates the number of reserved seats. The correct answer is 26 senior Church of England bishops, who sit in the Lords as Lords Spiritual."},{"text":"92 elected hereditary peers.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 92 remaining hereditary peers are Lords Temporal, not Lords Spiritual. The Lords Spiritual are 26 senior bishops from the Church of England."}]},{"id":"15a82fd5-4657-4931-b971-48e91ff01fa1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why does the Lords have weaker democratic legitimacy than the Commons?","back":"Peers are not elected.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Peers are not elected.","correct":true,"explanation":"Members of the Commons are elected by voters, whereas most peers are appointed and some inherit eligibility. This absence of election gives the Lords weaker democratic legitimacy."},{"text":"Peers are directly elected.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing peers with MPs reverses the constitutional position. Peers are not elected, so they lack the direct electoral mandate held by members of the Commons."},{"text":"Peers are appointed for fixed terms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Most appointed peers serve for life rather than fixed terms. The central legitimacy issue is that peers are not elected by the public."},{"text":"Peers are chosen by local councils.","correct":false,"explanation":"Local councils do not choose members of the Lords. Peers are not elected, which means the chamber lacks the Commons’ direct democratic mandate."}]},{"id":"87bb2850-0b29-4547-8e63-b6aaa4921e2e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can the Lords still provide detailed scrutiny?","back":"

Peers often have specialist expertise.
Peers face less party or re-election pressure.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Peers often have specialist expertise.
Peers face less party or re-election pressure.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Many peers contribute professional knowledge from fields such as law, science and public service. Their relative freedom from electoral pressure can also encourage detailed, independent examination."},{"text":"

Peers have a direct electoral mandate.
Peers must campaign for re-election.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These claims mistakenly treat peers like MPs. Peers are unelected and do not campaign for re-election; their specialist expertise and reduced electoral pressure support detailed scrutiny."},{"text":"

Peers can permanently veto public bills.
Peers control the government timetable.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Lords can usually delay rather than permanently veto public bills, and the government largely controls parliamentary time. Scrutiny instead benefits from peers’ expertise and reduced electoral pressure."},{"text":"

Peers all belong to governing parties.
Peers always follow strict party whips.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Lords includes opposition, crossbench and non-affiliated peers, while party discipline is often weaker than in the Commons. Expertise and greater independence help peers scrutinise legislation."}]},{"id":"90c2fcc2-03c0-4856-bd32-9b5235b88ab2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Only the [ ] decides confidence, and it has priority over [ ].","back":"Only the House of Commons decides confidence, and it has priority over taxation and public spending.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Only the House of Commons decides confidence, and it has priority over taxation and public spending.","correct":true,"explanation":"A government must retain the confidence of the elected Commons. The Commons also has financial privilege, giving it priority over taxation and public spending decisions."},{"text":"Only the House of Lords decides confidence, and it has priority over taxation and public spending.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Lords cannot determine whether a government retains confidence. Only the House of Commons decides confidence, and the Commons has priority over taxation and public spending."},{"text":"Only the House of Commons decides confidence, and it has priority over foreign policy and defence.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first completion is right, but financial privilege concerns taxation and public spending, not a general constitutional priority over foreign policy and defence."},{"text":"Only the Supreme Court decides confidence, and it has priority over taxation and public spending.","correct":false,"explanation":"Courts do not decide whether the government commands Parliament’s confidence. Only the House of Commons decides confidence and has priority over taxation and public spending."}]},{"id":"33b895b9-ed8b-40dd-837f-9c1b39d1ae38","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How long can the Lords delay a money bill?","back":"Only one month.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Only one month.","correct":true,"explanation":"Under the Parliament Act 1911, the Lords may delay a money bill for only one month before the Commons can present it for Royal Assent without Lords consent."},{"text":"Only one year.","correct":false,"explanation":"One year is the maximum delaying period for most public bills under the Parliament Acts. Money bills receive special treatment and may be delayed for only one month."},{"text":"Only two months.","correct":false,"explanation":"This doubles the legally permitted delay. The Lords can delay a certified money bill for only one month before the Commons can bypass it."},{"text":"Only fourteen days.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fourteen days is not the statutory delay for money bills. The Parliament Act 1911 permits the Lords to delay such a bill for one month."}]},{"id":"68cd767c-4f21-4856-9d70-9809a49500da","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What allows the Commons eventually to pass many public bills without Lords consent?","back":"The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Parliament Acts allow the Commons, after the required delay and procedural stages, to secure Royal Assent for most public bills without the Lords’ consent."},{"text":"The Life Peerages Act 1958.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Life Peerages Act created life peerages and widened membership of the Lords. The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 enable the Commons to bypass Lords opposition."},{"text":"The House of Lords Act 1999.","correct":false,"explanation":"The House of Lords Act removed most hereditary peers but did not create the Commons’ legislative override. That power comes from the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949."},{"text":"The Salisbury Convention.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Salisbury Convention discourages the Lords from blocking manifesto commitments, but it is not the legal override mechanism. That mechanism is provided by the Parliament Acts."}]},{"id":"1dd8fddb-2e94-4bb0-95f7-9953409361e0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How long can the Lords delay most public bills?","back":"Up to one year.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Up to one year.","correct":true,"explanation":"Under the Parliament Acts, the Lords can delay most public bills for approximately one year, after which the Commons may pass them without Lords consent."},{"text":"Up to two years.","correct":false,"explanation":"Two years was the original delaying period under the Parliament Act 1911. The Parliament Act 1949 reduced the maximum delay for most public bills to one year."},{"text":"Up to one month.","correct":false,"explanation":"One month is the special delaying period for money bills. For most other public bills, the Lords can delay legislation for up to one year."},{"text":"Up to six months.","correct":false,"explanation":"Six months is not the maximum period established by the Parliament Acts. The Lords may delay most public bills for up to one year."}]},{"id":"4c5ad2d5-465d-471e-8aac-780b910cbd28","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] says the Lords should not block clear governing-party [ ].","back":"The Salisbury Convention says the Lords should not block clear governing-party manifesto commitments.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Salisbury Convention says the Lords should not block clear governing-party manifesto commitments.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Salisbury Convention recognises the electoral mandate of a governing party by discouraging the unelected Lords from blocking legislation implementing clear commitments in its election manifesto."},{"text":"The Parliament Acts says the Lords should not block clear governing-party manifesto commitments.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Parliament Acts provide a legal procedure for bypassing Lords opposition; they do not establish this manifesto principle. The principle comes from the Salisbury Convention."},{"text":"The Salisbury Convention says the Lords should not block clear governing-party government amendments.","correct":false,"explanation":"The convention does not protect every amendment proposed by the government. It specifically discourages the Lords from blocking clear commitments contained in the governing party’s manifesto."},{"text":"The Sewel Convention says the Lords should not block clear governing-party manifesto commitments.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Sewel Convention concerns Westminster legislating in devolved areas, not relations between the Commons and Lords. The Salisbury Convention applies to governing-party manifesto commitments."}]},{"id":"eb41aa6c-63bd-4b59-9be7-a7c3a68dbe23","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"At which stage are a bill’s general principles debated?","back":"The second reading.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The second reading.","correct":true,"explanation":"Second reading is the stage at which MPs debate the bill’s overall purpose and general principles before detailed examination begins."},{"text":"The first reading.","correct":false,"explanation":"First reading is mainly a formal introduction of the bill, with little debate. The general principles are debated at second reading, when MPs decide whether the bill deserves further consideration."},{"text":"The committee stage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Committee stage examines the bill clause by clause and considers amendments. Debate on its general principles takes place earlier, during second reading."},{"text":"The report stage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Report stage allows the whole House to consider changes made in committee. The bill’s general principles are debated at second reading, before detailed scrutiny."}]},{"id":"b2f23439-33ca-46fb-8b2a-06c38901136c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"At which stage does line-by-line scrutiny of a bill take place?","back":"The committee stage.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The committee stage.","correct":true,"explanation":"During committee stage, a bill is examined clause by clause. MPs or peers scrutinise its wording and may propose and vote on amendments."},{"text":"The second reading.","correct":false,"explanation":"Second reading debates the bill’s broad principles rather than its detailed wording. Line-by-line examination and amendment take place during the committee stage."},{"text":"The report stage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Report stage considers the committee’s changes and allows the wider House to debate further amendments. The main line-by-line scrutiny occurs in committee."},{"text":"The third reading.","correct":false,"explanation":"Third reading is the final opportunity for debate before a bill moves to the other House or towards Royal Assent. Detailed scrutiny occurs at committee stage."}]},{"id":"e4271bfc-26ea-4430-ab2a-69da22e8d8af","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens if the Commons and Lords disagree over amendments?","back":"The bill goes through ping-pong between the Houses.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The bill goes through ping-pong between the Houses.","correct":true,"explanation":"When the Houses disagree, the bill and its amendments pass between the Commons and Lords in a process known as ping-pong until agreement is reached."},{"text":"The bill is automatically rejected after the first disagreement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Disagreement does not automatically reject a bill. The Houses send amendments back and forth in parliamentary ping-pong until they reach agreement or the bill fails."},{"text":"The monarch decides which House’s amendments will apply.","correct":false,"explanation":"The monarch does not resolve disagreements over amendments. The Commons and Lords continue exchanging the bill in ping-pong while seeking agreement."},{"text":"The bill is referred to a joint committee for a binding decision.","correct":false,"explanation":"A joint committee may sometimes support parliamentary work, but it does not normally impose a binding solution to amendment disputes. The usual process is ping-pong."}]},{"id":"04fbd82f-ea53-4dff-b2d2-23bdc60df667","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What formal step turns a bill into an Act?","back":"The monarch gives Royal Assent.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The monarch gives Royal Assent.","correct":true,"explanation":"Royal Assent is the monarch’s formal approval of a bill after it has passed through Parliament, turning it into an Act of Parliament."},{"text":"The Speaker gives formal approval.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Speaker manages Commons proceedings but does not turn a bill into law. That formal constitutional step is Royal Assent, given by the monarch."},{"text":"Both Houses approve the bill at third reading.","correct":false,"explanation":"Third reading is the final parliamentary debate and vote in each House, but it does not itself create an Act. Royal Assent is still required."},{"text":"The government publishes the bill as a government Act.","correct":false,"explanation":"Publication by the government has no power to enact legislation. A bill becomes an Act only after receiving Royal Assent from the monarch."}]},{"id":"a2f3d7ea-ed98-498b-9d3a-8a1e16cc810e","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How do select committees differ from public bill committees?","back":"

Select committees: investigate government policy and performance.
Public bill committees: examine specific bill wording.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Select committees: investigate government policy and performance.
Public bill committees: examine specific bill wording.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Select committees conduct broader investigations into government departments, policy and performance. Public bill committees focus on detailed scrutiny and amendment of particular bills."},{"text":"

Select committees: scrutinise individual bills clause by clause.
Public bill committees: investigate government policy and performance.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the committees’ main functions. Select committees investigate government policy and performance, while public bill committees examine the wording of specific bills."},{"text":"

Select committees: approve bills before second reading.
Public bill committees: choose the government’s ministers.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither committee has these constitutional roles. Select committees investigate policy and performance, while public bill committees scrutinise the wording of specific bills."},{"text":"

Select committees: settle disputes between the two Houses.
Public bill committees: conduct general debates on government policy.

","correct":false,"explanation":"House disputes are not normally settled by select committees, and public bill committees are not broad policy forums. Their functions are investigation and detailed bill scrutiny respectively."}]},{"id":"fe407c83-4a7a-43f0-9416-899b07aa4690","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does parliamentary privilege help scrutiny?","back":"It lets MPs and peers speak freely without legal retaliation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It lets MPs and peers speak freely without legal retaliation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Parliamentary privilege protects MPs and peers from certain legal consequences for what they say in parliamentary proceedings, allowing them to challenge ministers and expose problems openly."},{"text":"It lets MPs and peers ignore parliamentary rules during debates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parliamentary privilege does not remove the need to follow parliamentary rules. It protects certain speech and activities from legal action, enabling effective scrutiny."},{"text":"It lets MPs and peers avoid accountability for criminal conduct.","correct":false,"explanation":"Privilege is not a general immunity from criminal accountability. Its key scrutiny benefit is protecting parliamentary speech from legal retaliation, especially defamation claims."},{"text":"It lets MPs and peers force ministers to follow every recommendation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Privilege does not give Parliament direct power to compel ministers to accept recommendations. It supports scrutiny by protecting frank speech from legal retaliation."}]},{"id":"1b9e7bf1-5d61-4a3e-a3c2-e6cb05cf2547","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"When are backbenchers especially important in scrutinising government?","back":"When the government has a small majority or internal divisions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When the government has a small majority or internal divisions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Backbench votes become especially important when the government can win only narrowly or when governing-party MPs disagree, increasing pressure on ministers during scrutiny and legislation."},{"text":"When the government has a large majority and strong party unity.","correct":false,"explanation":"A large, united majority usually makes it easier for the government to control votes. Backbenchers have greater influence when the majority is small or the governing party is divided."},{"text":"When the government faces no opposition in the Commons.","correct":false,"explanation":"There is always an opposition presence in a functioning Commons, and no opposition would not explain backbench influence. Their importance rises with a small majority or internal divisions."},{"text":"When the government has complete control of every committee.","correct":false,"explanation":"Complete government control would generally reduce the leverage of backbenchers. They become more influential when party unity weakens or the government’s majority is small."}]},{"id":"3c909a68-59ea-49df-9dad-b8af831e91cb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which party becomes the Official Opposition?","back":"The largest Commons party not in government.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The largest Commons party not in government.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Official Opposition is the largest political party in the House of Commons that is not part of the government, normally led by its parliamentary leader."},{"text":"The largest Lords party not in government.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Official Opposition is determined by party strength in the elected Commons, not by the largest party in the Lords. The relevant party is the largest Commons party outside government."},{"text":"The largest Commons party in government.","correct":false,"explanation":"The largest Commons party in government is normally the governing party, not the Official Opposition. Opposition status belongs to the largest Commons party outside government."},{"text":"The party with the most votes nationwide.","correct":false,"explanation":"General election votes alone do not determine the Official Opposition. The role is based on Commons representation, specifically the largest party not forming the government."}]},{"id":"6483c7f9-0eea-4feb-81b8-e9cf9a7bb481","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"PMQs takes place [ ] when the Commons is sitting, but is often criticised as [ ].","back":"PMQs takes place weekly when the Commons is sitting, but is often criticised as theatrical.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"PMQs takes place weekly when the Commons is sitting, but is often criticised as theatrical.","correct":true,"explanation":"PMQs is normally held every Wednesday while the Commons is sitting. Its confrontational exchanges and emphasis on political performance lead critics to describe it as theatrical."},{"text":"PMQs takes place monthly when the Commons is sitting, but is often criticised as theatrical.","correct":false,"explanation":"PMQs is not a monthly event; it normally occurs every Wednesday when the Commons is sitting. Critics often call it theatrical because political performance can overshadow detailed scrutiny."},{"text":"PMQs takes place weekly when the Commons is sitting, but is often criticised as apolitical.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the weekly frequency is correct, PMQs is highly partisan rather than apolitical. Its adversarial exchanges and political point-scoring explain why it is often criticised as theatrical."},{"text":"PMQs takes place daily when the Commons is sitting, but is often criticised as consensual.","correct":false,"explanation":"PMQs may receive daily media coverage, but the session itself is held weekly while the Commons sits. It is adversarial, not consensual, and is frequently criticised as theatrical."}]},{"id":"8c644031-2ce0-41f0-87c3-1d558d2d2dee","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the biggest practical limit on Parliament controlling the Executive?","back":"The Executive controls the Commons through party discipline and agenda control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Executive controls the Commons through party discipline and agenda control.","correct":true,"explanation":"The government usually commands a Commons majority, while party whips encourage loyal voting and control of the parliamentary timetable restricts opportunities for effective scrutiny or resistance."},{"text":"The Opposition controls the Commons through whipping powers and timetable motions.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Opposition does not possess government whipping powers or control most Commons business. The Executive’s majority, party discipline and agenda control are the central practical obstacles to parliamentary control."},{"text":"The courts control the Commons through judicial review and legal precedent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Courts can review whether government action is lawful, but they do not prevent Parliament from scrutinising ministers. Executive dominance arises mainly from party discipline and control of Commons business."},{"text":"The House of Lords controls the Commons through legislative vetoes and electoral authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Lords can revise and delay legislation, but it neither commands nor controls the elected Commons. Executive dominance there depends primarily on party loyalty and agenda control."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-12","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Parliament","title":"Parliament Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/politics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"31b9b4fd-0c96-572e-9f1d-268f7df2ae69","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]