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others, control their behaviour and become corrupted by power itself."},{"text":"Authority protects, liberates and educates.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the anarchist criticism by presenting authority as beneficial. Anarchists instead argue that authority commands, controls and corrupts those subject to it."},{"text":"Authority cooperates, equalises and empowers.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses authority with voluntary cooperation. Anarchists reject imposed authority because authority commands, controls and corrupts rather than creating genuine equality."},{"text":"Authority guides, represents and serves.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes a limited or accountable form of government, not the anarchist view of authority. Anarchists maintain that authority commands, controls and corrupts."}]},{"id":"c1819d25-b220-4121-96d7-527e0c78625d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which anarchist term describes political action outside legal and constitutional channels?","back":"Direct action.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Direct action.","correct":true,"explanation":"Direct action means pursuing political aims outside established legal and constitutional procedures, often through strikes, protests, boycotts or other collective action."},{"text":"Civil disobedience.","correct":false,"explanation":"Civil disobedience is usually the deliberate, public breaking of specific laws to protest injustice. The broader anarchist term for action outside legal and constitutional channels is direct action."},{"text":"Revolutionary action.","correct":false,"explanation":"Revolutionary action aims to overthrow an existing system, but it is not the specific term for political action conducted outside legal and constitutional channels: direct action."},{"text":"Extra-parliamentary politics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Extra-parliamentary politics means activity beyond elected institutions, but the anarchist term identifying action outside legal and constitutional channels is direct action."}]},{"id":"c20a365e-c734-458e-bcc6-ed05f5f50408","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A revolutionary trade union uses mass strikes to express working-class power. Which anarchist type is this?","back":"Syndicalism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Syndicalism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Syndicalism is anarchist trade unionism. It uses organised workers, especially mass strikes and direct action, to challenge capitalism and express working-class power."},{"text":"Anarcho-communism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Anarcho-communism advocates communal ownership and distribution, but the trade-union strategy using mass strikes to express workers’ power is syndicalism."},{"text":"Collectivist anarchism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Collectivist anarchism supports collective ownership, but it does not specifically identify revolutionary trade unionism and mass strikes. That type is syndicalism."},{"text":"Individualist anarchism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Individualist anarchism emphasises personal autonomy rather than organised revolutionary trade unions. The anarchist type based on mass strikes is syndicalism."}]},{"id":"4851cd31-32a4-44ec-9fc2-affe61cc24e7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Kropotkin's [ ] says successful species rely more on [ ] than individualistic competition.","back":"Kropotkin's mutual aid says successful species rely more on cooperation and solidarity than individualistic competition.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Kropotkin's mutual aid says successful species rely more on cooperation and solidarity than individualistic competition.","correct":true,"explanation":"Kropotkin’s concept of mutual aid argues that cooperation and solidarity help species survive and succeed, challenging the idea that individualistic competition is the main evolutionary force."},{"text":"Kropotkin's social Darwinism says successful species rely more on competition and self-interest than individualistic competition.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly substitutes social Darwinism for Kropotkin’s argument and reverses the emphasis towards competition. His concept is mutual aid, based on cooperation and solidarity."},{"text":"Kropotkin's natural selection says successful species rely more on survival and adaptation than individualistic competition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection is a broader evolutionary theory and does not capture Kropotkin’s emphasis on cooperation. His argument is mutual aid through cooperation and solidarity."},{"text":"Kropotkin's individualism says successful species rely more on self-reliance and independence than individualistic competition.","correct":false,"explanation":"This wrongly presents species success as depending on isolated self-reliance. Kropotkin instead uses mutual aid to stress cooperation and solidarity."}]},{"id":"5f912600-73b5-4fce-a966-a9ce7c35f845","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"An ecologist trusts markets, technology and green consumers to solve ecological problems. Which term fits?","back":"Green capitalism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Green capitalism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Green capitalism argues that ecological problems can be addressed within capitalism through markets, technological innovation and environmentally conscious consumer choices."},{"text":"Green socialism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Green socialism seeks collective or state control of production rather than trusting markets and consumer choice. The term for the market-based approach is green capitalism."},{"text":"Deep ecology.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deep ecology challenges human-centred economic priorities and does not rely chiefly on markets or green consumers. That market-friendly approach is green capitalism."},{"text":"Eco-anarchism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eco-anarchism rejects hierarchical and capitalist structures, whereas trusting markets, technology and green consumers reflects green capitalism."}]},{"id":"47fe55fd-9757-42d5-acba-0dc76c4a70ea","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] argument says a [ ] restricts industrial expansion.","back":"The limits to growth argument says a finite Earth restricts industrial expansion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The limits to growth argument says a finite Earth restricts industrial expansion.","correct":true,"explanation":"The limits to growth argument holds that a finite Earth places physical constraints on continued industrial expansion, because resources and environmental capacity are limited."},{"text":"The sustainable development argument says an infinite Earth restricts industrial expansion.","correct":false,"explanation":"This wrongly identifies the argument as sustainable development and treats the planet as unlimited. The correct terms are limits to growth and finite Earth."},{"text":"The technological optimism argument says a limitless Earth restricts industrial expansion.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the argument by claiming that technological progress removes constraints. The limits to growth perspective instead refers to a finite Earth restricting expansion."},{"text":"The population bomb argument says a fragile ecosystem restricts industrial expansion.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses population pressure with the named environmental argument and changes the physical basis. The correct formulation is limits to growth and finite Earth."}]},{"id":"d3ac8991-8665-423b-a0ec-4e14ac13b3de","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do ecocentric values differ from anthropocentric values?","back":"

Ecocentric: ecological balance has priority.
Anthropocentric: nature has instrumental human value.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Ecocentric: ecological balance has priority.
Anthropocentric: nature has instrumental human value.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Ecocentrism gives priority to the health and balance of the whole ecosystem, whereas anthropocentrism judges nature mainly by its usefulness or instrumental value to humans."},{"text":"

Ecocentric: human prosperity has priority.
Anthropocentric: nature has intrinsic value.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two perspectives. Ecocentrism prioritises ecological balance, while anthropocentrism treats nature primarily as valuable for human purposes."},{"text":"

Ecocentric: economic growth has priority.
Anthropocentric: nature has ecological value.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly makes ecocentrism human-centred and anthropocentrism concerned with ecosystems for their own sake. The correct distinction concerns ecological priority versus instrumental human value."},{"text":"

Ecocentric: individual freedom has priority.
Anthropocentric: nature has equal intrinsic value.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both descriptions are misplaced: ecocentrism is not about individual rights, and anthropocentrism does not give nature independent priority. Their correct meanings are ecological balance and human use."}]},{"id":"614a1e63-3a8d-4b95-8d9f-88d4d8752723","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Naess says every being in the biotic community has equal intrinsic value. Which idea is this?","back":"Biocentric equality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Biocentric equality.","correct":true,"explanation":"Biocentric equality is Naess’s belief that every being within the biotic community possesses equal intrinsic value, rather than value determined by usefulness to humans."},{"text":"Ecological holism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ecological holism values the integrity of the whole ecosystem, not necessarily every being equally. Naess’s specific idea that all beings have equal intrinsic value is biocentric equality."},{"text":"Anthropocentrism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Anthropocentrism places humans at the centre of moral concern and therefore conflicts with equal intrinsic value for every being. Naess’s idea is biocentric equality."},{"text":"Speciesism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Speciesism gives greater moral standing to some species, especially humans, so it contradicts Naess’s equal valuation of beings. The correct concept is biocentric equality."}]},{"id":"6898fab0-675e-46da-9f26-c88705dd03ab","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Feminism identifies male power and dominance as the system to challenge. Which system is this?","back":"Patriarchy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Patriarchy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Patriarchy is a social system in which men collectively hold power and women are subordinated, making it the central structure that feminism seeks to analyse and challenge."},{"text":"Matriarchy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Matriarchy describes a system dominated by women, reversing the direction of power identified by feminism. The male-dominated system that feminism challenges is patriarchy."},{"text":"Capitalism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Capitalism organises society around private ownership and profit, although some feminists connect it to women's oppression. Male power and dominance specifically describe patriarchy."},{"text":"Paternalism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Paternalism involves authorities limiting freedom while claiming to act in people's interests. The broader system through which men dominate women is called patriarchy."}]},{"id":"5f5695cd-7fb5-449c-9a32-183a22e51bb1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] covers home, family and domestic life; the [ ] covers work, politics and civil society.","back":"The private sphere covers home, family and domestic life; the public sphere covers work, politics and civil society.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The private sphere covers home, family and domestic life; the public sphere covers work, politics and civil society.","correct":true,"explanation":"Feminist theory distinguishes the private sphere of home and family from the public sphere of employment, politics and wider civil society."},{"text":"The public sphere covers home, family and domestic life; the public sphere covers work, politics and civil society.","correct":false,"explanation":"This wrongly places domestic life in the public sphere. Home, family and domestic life form the private sphere, while work, politics and civil society form the public sphere."},{"text":"The private sphere covers home, family and domestic life; the private sphere covers work, politics and civil society.","correct":false,"explanation":"This wrongly treats work and politics as private activities. The private sphere concerns home and family, whereas the public sphere includes employment, politics and civil society."},{"text":"The public sphere covers home, family and domestic life; the private sphere covers work, politics and civil society.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two concepts. Domestic and family life belong to the private sphere, while work, politics and civil society belong to the public sphere."}]},{"id":"3100ec03-e4ab-4913-a3fc-077af099738b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which socialist feminist term describes women as a spare workforce used when capitalism needs them?","back":"Reserve army of labour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Reserve army of labour.","correct":true,"explanation":"Socialist feminists describe women as a reserve army of labour because capitalism can draw them into paid employment when needed and release them during downturns."},{"text":"Industrial proletariat.","correct":false,"explanation":"The industrial proletariat is the wage-earning working class generally, not a spare workforce brought in when required. Women used flexibly by capitalism form the reserve army of labour."},{"text":"Lumpenproletariat.","correct":false,"explanation":"The lumpenproletariat refers to marginalised people outside the organised working class. The flexible spare workforce used according to capitalism's needs is the reserve army of labour."},{"text":"Ruling bourgeoisie.","correct":false,"explanation":"The bourgeoisie own capital and control production rather than serving as a spare workforce. Socialist feminists call women used when needed the reserve army of labour."}]},{"id":"fd3fd676-aedb-4f2f-8d08-ce725c776322","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In de Beauvoir's [ ], men are treated as the [ ] while women are constructed as different.","back":"In de Beauvoir's otherness, men are treated as the norm while women are constructed as different.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In de Beauvoir's otherness, men are treated as the norm while women are constructed as different.","correct":true,"explanation":"De Beauvoir's concept of otherness explains how men are presented as the universal norm, while women are defined in relation to men as different or secondary."},{"text":"In de Beauvoir's equality, men are treated as the norm while women are constructed as different.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equality would imply equivalent status rather than constructing women as different and subordinate. De Beauvoir calls this relationship otherness, with men positioned as the norm."},{"text":"In de Beauvoir's otherness, men are treated as the exception while women are constructed as different.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the status assigned to men in de Beauvoir's analysis. Men are treated as the norm, while women are constructed as the different and secondary Other."},{"text":"In de Beauvoir's essentialism, men are treated as the other while women are constructed as different.","correct":false,"explanation":"De Beauvoir rejects fixed gender essences and argues that women are made into the Other. Her concept is otherness, and men are positioned as the norm."}]},{"id":"ed89d9df-4925-464b-ba5e-6e3aeb909e37","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A feminist analysis links gender with race, class and other identities. Which concept is being used?","back":"Intersectionality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Intersectionality.","correct":true,"explanation":"Intersectionality examines how gender interacts with race, class, sexuality and other identities, creating overlapping forms of privilege and disadvantage that cannot be understood separately."},{"text":"Identity politics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identity politics organises political claims around a group's shared identity, but it does not necessarily analyse overlapping disadvantages. Linking gender with race and class is intersectionality."},{"text":"Gender essentialism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gender essentialism assumes that women or men possess fixed, universal characteristics. An analysis of how gender overlaps with race, class and other identities uses intersectionality."},{"text":"Universal sisterhood.","correct":false,"explanation":"Universal sisterhood stresses women's shared experiences and can overlook differences between women. Examining how gender combines with race, class and other identities is intersectionality."}]},{"id":"e98f535e-7732-4c0c-a608-63cd5ee41f01","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A multiculturalist insists all citizens should have identical legal and political rights. Which equality is this?","back":"Formal equality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Formal equality.","correct":true,"explanation":"Formal equality means every citizen possesses the same legal and political rights, with the law applying equally regardless of cultural or group identity."},{"text":"Substantive equality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Substantive equality focuses on achieving genuinely equal social outcomes or conditions, which may require different treatment. Identical legal and political rights describe formal equality."},{"text":"Equality of outcome.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equality of outcome seeks a similar final distribution of resources or status, rather than merely identical rights. Equal legal and political citizenship is formal equality."},{"text":"Equality of opportunity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equality of opportunity concerns giving people comparable chances to succeed, often by removing barriers. Identical legal and political rights for all citizens constitute formal equality."}]},{"id":"18b929fa-0cfe-437a-9109-80ac46d8f2b9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does assimilation differ from multicultural integration?","back":"

Assimilation: minorities adopt majority values.
Multicultural integration: shared identity formed two-way.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Assimilation: minorities adopt majority values.
Multicultural integration: shared identity formed two-way.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Assimilation requires minorities to conform to the dominant culture, whereas multicultural integration creates a common civic identity through adaptation by both minority and majority communities."},{"text":"

Assimilation: majority adopts minority values.
Multicultural integration: minorities abandon distinct identities.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses who adapts under assimilation and makes integration one-sided. Assimilation requires minorities to adopt majority values, while multicultural integration forms a shared identity two-way."},{"text":"

Assimilation: cultures remain fully separate.
Multicultural integration: majority values imposed one-way.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural separation describes segregation, while one-way imposition resembles assimilation. Assimilation has minorities adopt majority values; multicultural integration develops a shared identity through mutual adaptation."},{"text":"

Assimilation: shared identity formed two-way.
Multicultural integration: minorities adopt majority values.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The definitions have been exchanged. Assimilation is one-way adoption of majority values by minorities, whereas multicultural integration builds a shared identity through two-way adjustment."}]},{"id":"6a133e36-2a2f-4c38-9d17-074443d8c33f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A policy gives preferential treatment to correct structural inequality. Which term fits?","back":"Positive discrimination.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Positive discrimination.","correct":true,"explanation":"Positive discrimination gives preferential treatment to members of disadvantaged groups to correct structural inequality, rather than treating every applicant in exactly the same way."},{"text":"Positive action.","correct":false,"explanation":"Positive action reduces disadvantage through measures such as targeted training or outreach without automatically preferring candidates. Preferential treatment itself is positive discrimination."},{"text":"Equal opportunities.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal opportunities seeks to remove barriers so individuals can compete fairly, but it does not necessarily grant preferential treatment. That stronger corrective policy is positive discrimination."},{"text":"Formal equality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Formal equality applies identical rights and rules to everyone, potentially leaving structural inequalities untouched. Preferential treatment designed to correct those inequalities is positive discrimination."}]},{"id":"9096d2a4-2a94-4414-8d9f-bcf0f2c33bde","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For [ ], there is no single absolute [ ].","back":"For value pluralism, there is no single absolute good life.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For value pluralism, there is no single absolute good life.","correct":true,"explanation":"Value pluralism holds that human beings pursue several valuable but conflicting ends, so no single absolute conception of the good life can be imposed on everyone."},{"text":"For value monism, there is no single absolute good life.","correct":false,"explanation":"Value monism claims that one ultimate value or conception of the good should guide society; value pluralism is the view that rejects a single absolute good life."},{"text":"For value pluralism, there is no single absolute moral truth.","correct":false,"explanation":"The key terminology is the good life, not moral truth. Value pluralism argues that competing values can all be legitimate, producing no single absolute conception of the good life."},{"text":"For cultural assimilation, there is no single absolute good life.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural assimilation concerns minorities adopting the dominant culture, not the plurality of values. Value pluralism is the concept that denies one absolute good life."}]},{"id":"28e8535d-ed28-4f13-8c36-5cd894eca78a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A minority group claims self-government rights rather than only individual rights. Which term fits?","back":"Group-differentiated rights.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Group-differentiated rights.","correct":true,"explanation":"Group-differentiated rights are rights granted to members of particular minority groups to protect their identity, interests or capacity for self-government beyond universal individual rights."},{"text":"Universal individual rights.","correct":false,"explanation":"Universal individual rights are held by people as individuals, regardless of group membership. The question describes group-differentiated rights, which recognise particular minority groups collectively."},{"text":"Majoritarian rights.","correct":false,"explanation":"Majoritarian rights would prioritise the preferences of the numerical majority, not a minority group’s claim to self-government. The relevant term is group-differentiated rights."},{"text":"Assimilation rights.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assimilation would encourage a minority to adopt the dominant society’s culture rather than preserve collective autonomy. Self-government claims are instead described as group-differentiated rights."}]},{"id":"3cbb0ac3-1f0e-4310-b9fc-ea4c011cbb07","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] rejects automatic liberal superiority; [ ] keeps some liberal values non-negotiable.","back":"Deep diversity rejects automatic liberal superiority; shallow diversity keeps some liberal values non-negotiable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Deep diversity rejects automatic liberal superiority; shallow diversity keeps some liberal values non-negotiable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Deep diversity refuses to assume that liberal values are automatically superior, whereas shallow diversity accepts cultural difference but retains certain liberal principles as non-negotiable."},{"text":"Shallow diversity rejects automatic liberal superiority; deep diversity keeps some liberal values non-negotiable.","correct":false,"explanation":"These definitions are reversed: deep diversity rejects automatic liberal superiority, while shallow diversity permits diversity within limits set by some non-negotiable liberal values."},{"text":"Deep diversity rejects automatic cultural equality; liberal pluralism keeps some liberal values non-negotiable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deep diversity challenges automatic liberal superiority, not the idea of cultural equality. The paired term for limited acceptance of difference is shallow diversity."},{"text":"Multicultural citizenship rejects automatic liberal superiority; shallow diversity keeps all liberal values negotiable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multicultural citizenship is not the specified term for rejecting automatic liberal superiority, and shallow diversity keeps some liberal values non-negotiable rather than making all of them negotiable."}]},{"id":"8f86f2e2-d491-4d88-aa4e-8d06f76691bb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A nation is built around active citizenship and shared political values rather than ethnicity. Which nationalism is this?","back":"Civic nationalism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Civic nationalism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Civic nationalism defines the nation through active citizenship, political participation and shared civic values, rather than ancestry, ethnicity or a common bloodline."},{"text":"Ethnic nationalism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethnic nationalism bases national membership on shared ancestry, ethnicity or descent. A nation built around citizenship and political values is an example of civic nationalism."},{"text":"Cultural nationalism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural nationalism emphasises a shared cultural heritage, language or traditions. The focus on active citizenship and common political values specifically indicates civic nationalism."},{"text":"Primordial nationalism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Primordial nationalism treats national identity as rooted in deep, inherited bonds such as kinship and ancestry. Civic nationalism instead makes political membership central."}]},{"id":"6da524e6-a9d8-4670-8bd0-6961b01e8a6a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] puts class solidarity above [ ].","back":"Socialist internationalism puts class solidarity above national identity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Socialist internationalism puts class solidarity above national identity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Socialist internationalism argues that workers share interests across national borders, so class solidarity should take priority over loyalty to a particular national identity."},{"text":"National conservatism puts class solidarity above national identity.","correct":false,"explanation":"National conservatism prioritises national unity, tradition and identity rather than cross-border class solidarity. Socialist internationalism is the term that places class above national identity."},{"text":"Socialist internationalism puts class solidarity above individual freedom.","correct":false,"explanation":"The defining contrast is between class solidarity and national identity, not individual freedom. Socialist internationalism is specifically international because class crosses national boundaries."},{"text":"Cosmopolitan nationalism puts class solidarity above national identity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cosmopolitan nationalism is not the relevant ideological term here. The concept that places international working-class solidarity above national identity is socialist internationalism."}]},{"id":"8811a141-25f5-4a8f-a0cc-0f8a14f9fb90","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does inclusive nationalism differ from exclusive nationalism?","back":"

Inclusive: membership is not mainly inherited.
Exclusive: membership depends on history, language or culture.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Inclusive: membership is not mainly inherited.
Exclusive: membership depends on history, language or culture.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Inclusive nationalism allows membership through civic participation or commitment rather than ancestry alone, while exclusive nationalism defines belonging through inherited historical, linguistic or cultural ties."},{"text":"

Inclusive: membership depends on ancestry.
Exclusive: membership is open through civic participation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the distinction: ancestry and inherited culture characterise exclusive nationalism, while inclusive nationalism allows membership beyond inherited identity, often through civic participation."},{"text":"

Inclusive: membership depends on ethnicity.
Exclusive: membership depends on shared political values.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethnic membership is a feature of exclusive nationalism, whereas shared political values can make nationalism inclusive. The correct distinction concerns inherited identity versus open membership."},{"text":"

Inclusive: membership is fixed by birthplace.
Exclusive: membership can be freely adopted.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Fixed birthplace criteria are restrictive and therefore exclusive, while freely adopted membership is more inclusive. The correct account contrasts non-inherited membership with inherited history, language or culture."}]},{"id":"1aa59b55-af8f-487d-8fd9-8898c24e2598","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When is nationalism chauvinistic?","back":"When it sees its own nation as superior and others as threats.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When it sees its own nation as superior and others as threats.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nationalism becomes chauvinistic when it combines an exaggerated belief in the superiority of one’s own nation with hostility or suspicion towards other nations."},{"text":"When it sees its own nation as equal and others as threats.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chauvinism requires a belief in national superiority, not equality. Nationalism is chauvinistic when it sees its own nation as superior and treats other nations as threats."},{"text":"When it sees its own nation as superior and others as partners.","correct":false,"explanation":"A belief in national superiority alone is insufficient here because the definition also includes viewing other nations as threats. Partnership is the opposite of that hostile outlook."},{"text":"When it sees its own nation as vulnerable and others as threats.","correct":false,"explanation":"Perceiving threats may encourage defensive nationalism, but chauvinism specifically involves believing that one’s own nation is superior to others as well as treating them as threats."}]},{"id":"11e1d342-2e71-44fb-b1a7-c5c4a55d7918","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which nationalist term describes extreme, often militaristic patriotism absorbing the individual into the nation?","back":"Integral nationalism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Integral nationalism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Integral nationalism demands intense loyalty to the nation, often through militarism and the subordination of individual interests to the collective national will."},{"text":"Ethnic nationalism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethnic nationalism defines membership through ancestry, ethnicity or descent, but it does not necessarily involve militaristic absorption of the individual into the nation. That is integral nationalism."},{"text":"Civic nationalism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Civic nationalism is based on citizenship and shared political values, usually allowing individual political participation. Extreme militaristic subordination to the nation describes integral nationalism."},{"text":"Cosmopolitan nationalism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cosmopolitan nationalism attempts to reconcile national identity with wider human commitments, rather than demanding total individual absorption into the nation. The correct term is integral nationalism."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-12","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Non-core Political Ideas key terminology","title":"Non-core Political Ideas key terminology Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/politics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"cf317238-1ad6-5b88-a09e-863630bb0aed","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]