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velocity’s direction."},{"text":"Kinetic energy ($E_k$)","correct":false,"explanation":"Kinetic energy depends on half the mass multiplied by the velocity squared, $E_k = \\frac{1}{2}mv^2$. The product $mv$ instead defines linear momentum."},{"text":"Resultant force ($F$)","correct":false,"explanation":"Force is the rate of change of momentum, $F = \\frac{\\Delta p}{\\Delta t}$, rather than mass multiplied by velocity. The required quantity is linear momentum."},{"text":"Angular momentum ($L$)","correct":false,"explanation":"Angular momentum includes the object’s position relative to an axis, commonly $L = r \\times p$. Mass multiplied by velocity alone defines linear momentum."}]},{"id":"85411b77-7d2e-43d3-b70f-e46336640d1c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Momentum is a [ ] quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction.","back":"Momentum is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"vector","correct":true,"explanation":"Momentum has a direction because velocity has a direction, while mass is scalar. It must therefore be combined using vector addition and is classified as a vector quantity."},{"text":"scalar","correct":false,"explanation":"A scalar has magnitude but no direction, which conflicts with momentum’s dependence on velocity. Momentum has both magnitude and direction, so it is a vector quantity."},{"text":"constant","correct":false,"explanation":"Momentum can change when a resultant force acts, so it is not inherently constant. The classification based on having magnitude and direction is vector."},{"text":"dimensionless","correct":false,"explanation":"Momentum is not dimensionless because it has dimensions of mass multiplied by velocity and units of kg m s⁻¹. Having magnitude and direction makes it a vector quantity."}]},{"id":"46637ab3-28a5-48c6-ab39-57adb99ace0b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Momentum is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and [ ].","back":"Momentum is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"direction","correct":true,"explanation":"Velocity supplies momentum with a direction as well as a magnitude. Consequently, momenta must be combined using vector addition, with signs or components representing their directions."},{"text":"mass","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass affects the magnitude of momentum through $p = mv$, but it is not the second defining property of a vector. A vector has magnitude and direction."},{"text":"energy","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy is a separate scalar physical quantity, not a defining feature of momentum. The two properties that characterise a vector quantity are magnitude and direction."},{"text":"speed","correct":false,"explanation":"Speed contributes to the magnitude of momentum, but speed has no directional information. Momentum is a vector because it possesses both magnitude and direction."}]},{"id":"0b0936bc-31f7-4bfa-ac1c-9c40a1d03241","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"State the principle of conservation of momentum.","back":"In an isolated system (no resultant external force), total momentum before an interaction equals total momentum after.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In an isolated system (no resultant external force), total momentum before an interaction equals total momentum after.","correct":true,"explanation":"With no resultant external force, there is no external impulse to change the system’s total momentum. Internal forces exchange momentum between objects but leave the total unchanged."},{"text":"In an isolated system (no resultant external force), total kinetic energy before an interaction equals total kinetic energy after.","correct":false,"explanation":"This substitutes kinetic energy for momentum and therefore describes an elastic interaction. In every isolated collision momentum is conserved, whereas kinetic energy is conserved only in elastic collisions."},{"text":"In an isolated system (no resultant external force), total momentum before an interaction is greater than total momentum after.","correct":false,"explanation":"Momentum does not systematically decrease during an isolated interaction. With no external impulse, total momentum before the interaction equals total momentum after it."},{"text":"In a non-isolated system (a resultant external force acts), total momentum before an interaction equals total momentum after.","correct":false,"explanation":"A resultant external force supplies an external impulse and can change the system’s total momentum. Equality of total momentum is guaranteed only for an isolated system."}]},{"id":"0271597a-6686-4551-877f-f1d60ea104ed","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A system is considered [ ] if there is no resultant external force acting on it.","back":"A system is considered isolated if there is no resultant external force acting on it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"isolated","correct":true,"explanation":"An isolated system experiences no resultant external force, so it receives no external impulse. Its objects may exert internal forces on one another without changing total momentum."},{"text":"closed","correct":false,"explanation":"A closed system does not exchange matter with its surroundings, but external forces may still act on it. The term for no resultant external force is isolated."},{"text":"open","correct":false,"explanation":"An open system can exchange matter or energy with its surroundings and is not protected from external forces. A system with no resultant external force is isolated."},{"text":"externally driven","correct":false,"explanation":"An externally driven system is acted on by its surroundings, so it generally experiences an external force or impulse. The required term is isolated."}]},{"id":"f58ce500-b51c-4f47-bf5c-4b3e542dc54d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A system is considered isolated if there is no [ ] acting on it.","back":"A system is considered isolated if there is no resultant external force acting on it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"resultant external force","correct":true,"explanation":"Only a resultant external force changes the total momentum of a system. Internal forces occur in action-reaction pairs and transfer momentum between objects without changing the total."},{"text":"resultant internal force","correct":false,"explanation":"Internal forces need not be absent in an isolated system; collisions depend on them. They cancel in action-reaction pairs, while isolation requires no resultant external force."},{"text":"individual external force","correct":false,"explanation":"Several external forces may act while cancelling to produce zero resultant force. Isolation requires the absence of a resultant external force, not every individual external force."},{"text":"resultant gravitational force","correct":false,"explanation":"Gravity is only one possible external force, so excluding its resultant does not exclude drag, tension or contact forces. The condition concerns the resultant external force overall."}]},{"id":"648f5cfc-a320-4c74-aebd-27c6f8599967","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the standard unit for momentum (and impulse)?","back":"$$\\text{kg m s}^{-1}$ (or $\\text{N s}$)","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$\\text{kg m s}^{-1}$ (or $\\text{N s}$)","correct":true,"explanation":"From $p = mv$, momentum has units kg multiplied by m s⁻¹, giving kg m s⁻¹. Impulse equals force multiplied by time, so N s is equivalent."},{"text":"$$\\text{kg m s}^{-2}$ (or $\\text{N}$)","correct":false,"explanation":"The extra factor of s⁻¹ gives the unit of force, reflecting the rate of change of momentum rather than momentum itself. Momentum uses kg m s⁻¹, equivalent to N s."},{"text":"$$\\text{kg m}^2\\text{ s}^{-2}$ (or $\\text{J}$)","correct":false,"explanation":"Squaring both velocity and length dimensions produces the unit of energy, not momentum. Momentum contains only one power of velocity and has units kg m s⁻¹ or N s."},{"text":"$$\\text{kg m}^2\\text{ s}^{-1}$ (or $\\text{J s}$)","correct":false,"explanation":"The additional factor of distance gives the unit of angular momentum, often obtained from radius multiplied by linear momentum. Linear momentum uses kg m s⁻¹ or N s."}]},{"id":"0684686c-2522-4b17-a082-13d5336b9af0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Define an inelastic collision in terms of conservation laws.","back":"

Momentum is conserved
Kinetic energy is NOT conserved

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Momentum is conserved
Kinetic energy is NOT conserved

","correct":true,"explanation":"In an isolated collision, total momentum is conserved. An inelastic collision converts some kinetic energy into forms such as thermal energy, sound or permanent deformation."},{"text":"

Momentum is conserved
Kinetic energy is conserved

","correct":false,"explanation":"Conservation of both momentum and kinetic energy defines an elastic collision, not an inelastic one. In an inelastic collision, momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not."},{"text":"

Momentum is NOT conserved
Kinetic energy is conserved

","correct":false,"explanation":"Kinetic energy conservation is associated with elastic collisions, while momentum remains conserved in any isolated collision. An inelastic collision conserves momentum but not kinetic energy."},{"text":"

Momentum is NOT conserved
Kinetic energy is NOT conserved

","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy conversion can make kinetic energy decrease, but it does not destroy momentum in an isolated system. An inelastic collision conserves momentum while failing to conserve kinetic energy."}]},{"id":"936dd01d-0561-4a09-87b8-e9ed1aa4d74d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In an inelastic collision, kinetic energy is transferred to other forms such as [ ], sound, or deformation.","back":"In an inelastic collision, kinetic energy is transferred to other forms such as internal energy, sound, or deformation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"internal energy","correct":true,"explanation":"Inelastic collisions increase the microscopic kinetic and potential energies of particles within the objects, so some of the initial kinetic energy becomes internal energy."},{"text":"momentum","correct":false,"explanation":"Momentum is a separately conserved quantity in an isolated collision, not a form of energy. The transferred kinetic energy can increase the objects’ internal energy."},{"text":"force","correct":false,"explanation":"Force describes an interaction and is not an energy store or transfer pathway. In an inelastic collision, some kinetic energy is converted into internal energy."},{"text":"pressure","correct":false,"explanation":"Pressure is force per unit area, not a form of energy. Heating during the collision raises the objects’ internal energy at the expense of kinetic energy."}]},{"id":"0b8798ec-7033-493e-9fc6-dd46fed365b7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In an inelastic collision, kinetic energy is transferred to other forms such as internal energy, [ ], or deformation.","back":"In an inelastic collision, kinetic energy is transferred to other forms such as internal energy, sound, or deformation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"sound","correct":true,"explanation":"Vibrations produced by an inelastic collision can travel through the objects and surroundings as sound waves, carrying away some of the initial kinetic energy."},{"text":"momentum","correct":false,"explanation":"Momentum is conserved in an isolated collision rather than being an energy transfer pathway. Some kinetic energy may instead be carried away by sound waves."},{"text":"impulse","correct":false,"explanation":"Impulse is the change in momentum caused by a force acting over time, not a form of transferred energy. Sound can carry energy away from the collision."},{"text":"pressure","correct":false,"explanation":"Pressure may become large at the contact surface, but it is not an energy form. Vibrations generated by the impact transfer some kinetic energy as sound."}]},{"id":"4ca43484-1143-4121-9af2-10c56f237bad","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In an inelastic collision, kinetic energy is transferred to other forms such as internal energy, sound, or [ ].","back":"In an inelastic collision, kinetic energy is transferred to other forms such as internal energy, sound, or deformation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"deformation","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy is required to change an object’s shape. If the deformation is permanent, some of the collision’s initial kinetic energy is not recovered afterwards."},{"text":"momentum","correct":false,"explanation":"Momentum is a conserved mechanical quantity rather than a form taken by lost kinetic energy. The collision can instead use energy to deform one or both objects."},{"text":"mass","correct":false,"explanation":"Ordinary collisions do not convert a measurable amount of kinetic energy into mass at this level. Some kinetic energy is instead transferred through deformation of the objects."},{"text":"acceleration","correct":false,"explanation":"Acceleration describes the rate of change of velocity and is not an energy store. Forces during the collision can transfer kinetic energy into deformation."}]},{"id":"c730122b-b57d-4c2f-9795-23944af7539b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What occurs during a perfectly inelastic collision?","back":"The objects stick together and move off with a shared final velocity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The objects stick together and move off with a shared final velocity.","correct":true,"explanation":"A perfectly inelastic collision is defined by the objects joining after impact. Momentum remains conserved, but the maximum possible amount of kinetic energy is lost."},{"text":"The objects bounce apart and retain all of their initial kinetic energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bouncing apart with kinetic energy conserved describes an elastic collision. In a perfectly inelastic collision, the objects stick together and share one final velocity."},{"text":"The objects come to rest and lose all of their initial momentum.","correct":false,"explanation":"The joined objects need not stop, and total momentum cannot disappear in an isolated system. They stick together and move with a shared final velocity."},{"text":"The objects exchange velocities and move off in opposite directions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Exchanging velocities is a special result for certain elastic collisions between equal masses. Perfectly inelastic objects instead stick together and have one final velocity."}]},{"id":"48ff87ff-9178-4009-a9d1-c8e4dd780ac7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Write the conservation of momentum equation for two objects that stick together after a collision.","back":"$$m_1u_1 + m_2u_2 = (m_1 + m_2)v$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$m_1u_1 + m_2u_2 = (m_1 + m_2)v$","correct":true,"explanation":"The initial total momentum is the sum of both objects’ momenta. After sticking together, their combined mass moves at the single shared velocity $v$."},{"text":"$$m_1u_1 + m_2u_2 = (m_1 - m_2)v$","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting the masses incorrectly treats one object’s mass as negative. Once joined, the moving mass is their sum, so the right-hand side is $(m_1 + m_2)v$."},{"text":"$$m_1u_1 + m_2u_2 = (m_1m_2)v$","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying the masses gives incorrect dimensions and does not represent the joined object’s mass. The combined mass is $m_1 + m_2$, giving $(m_1 + m_2)v$."},{"text":"$$m_1u_1 + m_2u_2 = (m_1 + m_2)(v_1 + v_2)$","correct":false,"explanation":"Objects that stick together do not have two independent final velocities. They share one velocity $v$, so their final momentum is $(m_1 + m_2)v$."}]},{"id":"db5a7df4-72dd-4b3c-b2e1-4051dbf2e225","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Define an elastic collision in terms of conservation laws.","back":"Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.","correct":true,"explanation":"In an isolated elastic collision, total momentum is conserved as in every collision, and the system’s total kinetic energy is also unchanged."},{"text":"Both momentum and internal energy are conserved.","correct":false,"explanation":"Elasticity is defined by conservation of kinetic energy, not internal energy. Both total momentum and total kinetic energy remain unchanged in an elastic collision."},{"text":"Both force and kinetic energy are conserved.","correct":false,"explanation":"Force is not a conserved quantity; the interaction forces vary during impact. An elastic collision conserves both total momentum and total kinetic energy."},{"text":"Both momentum and velocity are conserved.","correct":false,"explanation":"Individual velocities generally change during a collision, even when it is elastic. The conserved quantities are the system’s total momentum and total kinetic energy."}]},{"id":"0130d244-f98c-4561-b2c7-21b022c19272","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For a 1D elastic collision, the relative speed of [ ] is equal to the relative speed of separation. ($u_1 - u_2 = v_2 - v_1$)","back":"For a 1D elastic collision, the relative speed of approach is equal to the relative speed of separation. ($u_1 - u_2 = v_2 - v_1$)","mcqOptions":[{"text":"approach","correct":true,"explanation":"For a one-dimensional elastic collision, the coefficient of restitution is one. Therefore, the relative speed before impact, called the speed of approach, equals the separation speed."},{"text":"momentum","correct":false,"explanation":"Momentum is a quantity with different dimensions from speed, so a “speed of momentum” is not meaningful here. The required term is approach, describing relative motion before impact."},{"text":"impulse","correct":false,"explanation":"Impulse measures change in momentum and is not a type of relative speed. Before an elastic collision, the relevant quantity is the relative speed of approach."},{"text":"deformation","correct":false,"explanation":"Deformation describes a change in shape, not the relative motion before impact. The elastic-collision relationship equates the speed of approach with the speed of separation."}]},{"id":"49b4f06a-c319-482c-b92a-b1eb95012f03","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For a 1D elastic collision, the relative speed of approach is equal to the relative speed of [ ]. ($u_1 - u_2 = v_2 - v_1$)","back":"For a 1D elastic collision, the relative speed of approach is equal to the relative speed of separation. ($u_1 - u_2 = v_2 - v_1$)","mcqOptions":[{"text":"separation","correct":true,"explanation":"In a one-dimensional elastic collision, the coefficient of restitution equals one, so the relative speed at which the objects separate equals their relative speed of approach."},{"text":"momentum","correct":false,"explanation":"Momentum is not a type of relative speed and has different units. The elastic-collision rule compares the relative speed of approach with the relative speed of separation."},{"text":"impulse","correct":false,"explanation":"Impulse is force multiplied by time, or equivalently change in momentum. The correct term is separation, referring to the objects’ relative motion after impact."},{"text":"deformation","correct":false,"explanation":"Deformation concerns changes in shape rather than the objects’ relative speed after collision. For an elastic collision, approach speed equals separation speed."}]},{"id":"82773ddb-7b5a-478c-94a9-1abf418b46ab","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How are ideal gas molecules usually modelled regarding collisions?","back":"As making elastic collisions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"As making elastic collisions.","correct":true,"explanation":"The ideal gas model assumes that molecular collisions conserve total kinetic energy as well as momentum, so collisions between molecules and with container walls are elastic."},{"text":"As making inelastic collisions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Inelastic collisions lose kinetic energy to other forms. Ideal gas molecules are instead modelled as making elastic collisions, in which total kinetic energy is conserved."},{"text":"As making perfectly inelastic collisions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Perfectly inelastic collisions cause colliding bodies to stick together, which is not part of the ideal gas model. Gas molecule collisions are modelled as elastic."},{"text":"As making collisions with container walls only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ideal gas molecules are modelled as colliding elastically with both other molecules and the container walls, rather than interacting with the walls alone."}]},{"id":"f9bde822-dec7-4876-9581-e1623c1856b1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the relationship between impulse ($J$) and momentum ($p$)?","back":"Impulse is the change in momentum: $J = \\Delta p$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Impulse is the change in momentum: $J = \\Delta p$","correct":true,"explanation":"Impulse equals the change in an object’s momentum. It can also be calculated as force multiplied by the time for which that force acts."},{"text":"Impulse is the rate of change of momentum: $J = \\frac{\\Delta p}{\\Delta t}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing momentum change by time gives the average resultant force, not impulse. Impulse is the change in momentum itself, so $J = \\Delta p$."},{"text":"Impulse is the total momentum: $J = p$","correct":false,"explanation":"Impulse is not necessarily equal to an object’s total momentum. It equals the difference between final and initial momentum, so $J = \\Delta p$."},{"text":"Impulse is the change in kinetic energy: $J = \\Delta E_k$","correct":false,"explanation":"A change in kinetic energy is work done, measured in joules. Impulse instead measures the change in momentum and satisfies $J = \\Delta p$."}]},{"id":"2587ac05-c692-4c0c-879d-86427d1c9566","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"State the equation relating average force ($F$), time of contact ($\\Delta t$), and change in momentum.","back":"$$F\\Delta t = m(v - u)$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$F\\Delta t = m(v - u)$","correct":true,"explanation":"Impulse is average force multiplied by contact time, and it equals the momentum change. Since $\\Delta p = mv-mu$, the equation is $F\\Delta t=m(v-u)$."},{"text":"$$F\\Delta t = m(u - v)$","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the momentum change and therefore gives the opposite sign. Final momentum minus initial momentum gives the correct equation $F\\Delta t=m(v-u)$."},{"text":"$$F\\Delta t = m(v + u)$","correct":false,"explanation":"Initial and final velocities must be subtracted, not added, because impulse equals final momentum minus initial momentum. The correct equation is $F\\Delta t=m(v-u)$."},{"text":"$$F = m(v - u)$","correct":false,"explanation":"This omits the contact time, so its dimensions do not balance. Average force multiplied by contact time equals momentum change: $F\\Delta t=m(v-u)$."}]},{"id":"8e5880e1-c669-4b11-ba4c-7c1c3df8361e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Safety features like airbags reduce injury by [ ] the collision time, which decreases the average force for the same change in momentum.","back":"Safety features like airbags reduce injury by increasing the collision time, which decreases the average force for the same change in momentum.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"increasing","correct":true,"explanation":"For a fixed momentum change, $F\\Delta t=\\Delta p$. Increasing the collision time therefore reduces the average force exerted on the person."},{"text":"decreasing","correct":false,"explanation":"Decreasing the collision time would increase the average force for the same momentum change. Airbags reduce injury by increasing the time over which momentum changes."},{"text":"halving","correct":false,"explanation":"Halving the collision time would double the average force when the momentum change is fixed. Airbags instead increase the collision time to reduce force."},{"text":"minimising","correct":false,"explanation":"Minimising the collision time produces a larger average force, increasing injury risk. Safety features work by increasing the collision time for the same momentum change."}]},{"id":"f68c2022-6052-4cf2-8db2-77b0b400024c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Safety features like airbags reduce injury by increasing the collision time, which [ ] the average force for the same change in momentum.","back":"Safety features like airbags reduce injury by increasing the collision time, which decreases the average force for the same change in momentum.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"decreases","correct":true,"explanation":"Impulse is fixed by the required momentum change, so $F=\\Delta p/\\Delta t$. A longer collision time therefore decreases the average force."},{"text":"increases","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing the collision time does not increase force when momentum change is fixed. Since $F=\\Delta p/\\Delta t$, the average force decreases."},{"text":"preserves","correct":false,"explanation":"The average force would remain unchanged only if the momentum change increased proportionally with time. For the same momentum change, a longer time decreases force."},{"text":"doubles","correct":false,"explanation":"Doubling the force would result from halving, not increasing, the collision time for a fixed momentum change. Increasing the time decreases average force."}]},{"id":"1ef3ebc8-c0a1-4048-988b-e4b28d770926","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why must a sign convention be chosen before solving 1D collision problems?","back":"Because velocity and momentum are vectors; motion in opposite directions must have opposite signs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Because velocity and momentum are vectors; motion in opposite directions must have opposite signs.","correct":true,"explanation":"Velocity has direction, so momentum $p=mv$ also has direction. A consistent sign convention distinguishes opposite directions and allows momenta to be added algebraically."},{"text":"Because velocity and momentum are scalars; motion in opposite directions must have the same sign.","correct":false,"explanation":"Velocity and momentum are vectors, not scalars, and opposite directions require opposite signs. Using the same sign would produce an incorrect total momentum."},{"text":"Because kinetic energy is a vector; motion in opposite directions must have opposite signs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Kinetic energy is a scalar and is non-negative, so it does not require directional signs. The convention is needed because velocity and momentum are vectors."},{"text":"Because force and mass are vectors; every object must be assigned a different sign.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass is a scalar, while force is a vector, but objects are not assigned signs merely by identity. Signs represent the directions of velocity and momentum."}]},{"id":"c3965c65-16b2-456d-91d8-1a42e94672a6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How do you calculate the kinetic energy lost in a collision?","back":"$$E_{k,\\text{lost}} = \\text{Total } E_{k,\\text{initial}} - \\text{Total } E_{k,\\text{final}}$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$E_{k,\\text{lost}} = \\text{Total } E_{k,\\text{initial}} - \\text{Total } E_{k,\\text{final}}$","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy lost from the objects’ kinetic energy store is found by subtracting their total final kinetic energy from their total initial kinetic energy."},{"text":"$$E_{k,\\text{lost}} = \\text{Total } E_{k,\\text{final}} - \\text{Total } E_{k,\\text{initial}}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This subtraction is reversed, so an inelastic collision would give a negative value for energy lost. Initial total kinetic energy must be reduced by final total kinetic energy."},{"text":"$$E_{k,\\text{lost}} = \\text{Total } E_{k,\\text{initial}} + \\text{Total } E_{k,\\text{final}}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding the initial and final kinetic energies does not measure a loss. The lost energy is the difference: initial total kinetic energy minus final total kinetic energy."},{"text":"$$E_{k,\\text{lost}} = \\frac{1}{2}m(v - u)^2$","correct":false,"explanation":"Squaring the change in velocity is not generally equivalent to the change in kinetic energy. Calculate total kinetic energy before and after, then subtract final from initial."}]},{"id":"d78f2503-6a14-49c9-8db8-b261cdc703ef","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In a lab investigation using light gates, what two quantities are calculated to determine if a collision is elastic?","back":"

Total momentum before and after
Total kinetic energy before and after

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Total momentum before and after
Total kinetic energy before and after

","correct":true,"explanation":"Momentum should be conserved for an isolated collision, while kinetic energy is conserved only if the collision is elastic. Both totals must therefore be compared."},{"text":"

Total momentum before and after
Total speed before and after

","correct":false,"explanation":"Total speed is not a conserved quantity and ignores direction. An elastic collision is identified by comparing total momentum and total kinetic energy before and after."},{"text":"

Total impulse before and after
Total kinetic energy before and after

","correct":false,"explanation":"Impulse describes a change in momentum rather than a total quantity to compare before and after. The required comparisons are total momentum and total kinetic energy."},{"text":"

Total mass before and after
Total speed before and after

","correct":false,"explanation":"Total mass remains constant regardless of whether a collision is elastic, while total speed need not be conserved. Momentum and kinetic energy must be compared."}]},{"id":"6d4a8863-8b4f-4dd5-9919-a98ed6bbc3bf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In collision calculations, speed is always [ ], but velocity is directional and can be negative.","back":"In collision calculations, speed is always positive, but velocity is directional and can be negative.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"positive","correct":true,"explanation":"Speed is the magnitude of velocity, so it has no directional sign and is taken as positive in these collision calculations."},{"text":"negative","correct":false,"explanation":"A negative sign can apply to velocity because it represents direction. Speed is a magnitude, so the correct term for the blank is positive."},{"text":"directional","correct":false,"explanation":"Direction is represented by velocity rather than speed. Speed has no directional sign, so the correct term for the blank is positive."},{"text":"constant","correct":false,"explanation":"A collision can change an object’s speed, so it is not always constant. The intended property is that speed is always positive."}]},{"id":"4317f500-0806-445a-b496-a8f01fbf3e33","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In collision calculations, speed is always positive, but velocity is [ ] and can be negative.","back":"In collision calculations, speed is always positive, but velocity is directional and can be negative.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"directional","correct":true,"explanation":"Velocity includes both magnitude and direction. In one dimension, its sign indicates motion relative to the chosen positive direction, so it can be negative."},{"text":"positive","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating velocity as always positive confuses it with speed. Velocity is directional, and its value is negative when motion is opposite to the chosen positive direction."},{"text":"scalar","correct":false,"explanation":"Velocity is a vector quantity rather than a scalar because it includes direction. Therefore, the correct term for the blank is directional."},{"text":"conserved","correct":false,"explanation":"Total momentum is conserved in an isolated collision, but an individual object’s velocity can change. The relevant property of velocity here is that it is directional."}]},{"id":"d653f94b-d603-4857-8184-3d1deba88121","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a negative value for final velocity ($v$) indicate in a 1D problem?","back":"The object is moving in the opposite direction to the chosen positive direction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The object is moving in the opposite direction to the chosen positive direction.","correct":true,"explanation":"In one dimension, the sign of velocity represents direction. A negative final velocity therefore means the object moves opposite to the direction defined as positive."},{"text":"The object is moving in the same direction as the chosen positive direction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Motion in the chosen positive direction would produce a positive velocity. A negative final velocity means the object is moving in the opposite direction."},{"text":"The object has come to rest relative to the chosen positive direction.","correct":false,"explanation":"An object at rest has zero velocity, not negative velocity. A negative final velocity indicates motion opposite to the chosen positive direction."},{"text":"The object is moving with a decreasing speed in the chosen positive direction.","correct":false,"explanation":"A negative velocity indicates direction, not whether speed is increasing or decreasing. It means the object moves opposite to the chosen positive direction."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-12","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Elastic and inelastic collisions","title":"Elastic and inelastic collisions Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/physics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"36e6e995-f610-5e85-a398-0359d2e42df5","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]