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Which quantity is it measuring?","back":"Mass.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mass.","correct":true,"explanation":"A value measured in kilograms represents mass, which measures the amount of matter in an object. Weight is a force and would be measured in newtons."},{"text":"Weight.","correct":false,"explanation":"Weight is the gravitational force acting on an object, so it is measured in newtons. A value given in kilograms measures mass instead."},{"text":"Force.","correct":false,"explanation":"Force is measured in newtons, not kilograms. Kilograms are the SI units for mass, which describes the amount of matter in the object."},{"text":"Volume.","correct":false,"explanation":"Volume measures the space occupied by an object and is usually given in cubic metres. A kilogram is the SI unit for mass."}]},{"id":"5e9a60a4-66fe-4574-bbcd-49eae7dfb802","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What SI unit is used for force in Mechanics?","back":"The newton, N.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The newton, N.","correct":true,"explanation":"The newton, N, is the SI derived unit of force. It is equivalent to the force needed to give a 1 kg mass an acceleration of 1 m s^-2."},{"text":"The joule, J.","correct":false,"explanation":"The joule measures energy or work, not force. Force is measured in newtons, N, in Mechanics."},{"text":"The kilogram, kg.","correct":false,"explanation":"The kilogram is the SI base unit of mass. The SI derived unit used for force is the newton, N."},{"text":"The pascal, Pa.","correct":false,"explanation":"The pascal measures pressure, equal to force per unit area. The unit for force itself is the newton, N."}]},{"id":"7f14d56e-e6ac-47d4-be83-3b5839ae3362","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Distance is a [ ], while displacement is a [ ].","back":"Distance is a scalar, while displacement is a vector.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Distance is a scalar, while displacement is a vector.","correct":true,"explanation":"Distance has magnitude only, so it is a scalar. Displacement has both magnitude and direction, so it is a vector."},{"text":"Distance is a vector, while displacement is a scalar.","correct":false,"explanation":"These classifications are reversed: distance has magnitude only and is scalar, whereas displacement includes direction and is vector."},{"text":"Distance is a scalar, while displacement is a scalar.","correct":false,"explanation":"Distance is correctly identified as scalar, but displacement also requires a direction, making it a vector rather than a scalar."},{"text":"Distance is a vector, while displacement is a vector.","correct":false,"explanation":"Displacement is a vector because it includes direction, but distance has magnitude only and is therefore a scalar."}]},{"id":"43e59669-f728-46a2-9180-4f79caa1c92f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"An object moves forwards then backwards. For displacement, why should you not just add the path lengths?","back":"Displacement uses net change in position with direction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Displacement uses net change in position with direction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Displacement compares the final position with the initial position and includes direction. Opposite parts of the journey therefore cancel rather than being added as path lengths."},{"text":"Displacement uses total distance travelled without direction.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes distance, which adds all path lengths and ignores direction. Displacement is the net change in position with direction."},{"text":"Displacement uses initial position relative to final position.","correct":false,"explanation":"The required comparison is the final position relative to the initial position, giving the net change. Path direction must also be included."},{"text":"Displacement uses change in speed over time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Change in speed over time relates to acceleration, not displacement. Displacement is the net change in position with direction."}]},{"id":"d4367998-7c5e-4127-a742-0313b58536b8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Speed is the rate of change of [ ]; velocity is the rate of change of [ ].","back":"Speed is the rate of change of distance; velocity is the rate of change of displacement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Speed is the rate of change of distance; velocity is the rate of change of displacement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Speed is distance travelled per unit time, while velocity is displacement per unit time. The distinction is that displacement includes direction but distance does not."},{"text":"Speed is the rate of change of displacement; velocity is the rate of change of distance.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two definitions have been reversed. Speed uses distance, which is scalar, while velocity uses displacement, which includes direction."},{"text":"Speed is the rate of change of distance; velocity is the rate of change of speed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Speed is correctly linked to distance, but velocity is the rate of change of displacement. The rate of change of speed relates to acceleration."},{"text":"Speed is the rate of change of time; velocity is the rate of change of displacement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Speed is not defined using the rate of change of time. It is the rate of change of distance, while velocity is the rate of change of displacement."}]},{"id":"c84b6da1-3ad2-41d3-aedc-ad71c5d8fc7c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If east is chosen as positive, what sign should westward velocity have?","back":"Negative.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Negative.","correct":true,"explanation":"Choosing east as positive makes the opposite direction, west, negative. Therefore a westward velocity has a negative sign."},{"text":"Positive.","correct":false,"explanation":"Positive was defined to be eastward, so westward motion must have the opposite sign: negative."},{"text":"Zero.","correct":false,"explanation":"Zero velocity would mean no motion in either direction. Westward motion has a negative velocity when east is chosen as positive."},{"text":"Undefined.","correct":false,"explanation":"The velocity sign is defined by the chosen direction convention. With east positive, westward velocity is negative, not undefined."}]},{"id":"92edc0dc-14e5-406d-85f9-9d8d270e4143","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A cyclist travels 80 m east then 30 m west. What is the distance travelled?","back":"110 m.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"110 m.","correct":true,"explanation":"Distance is the total path length, so both parts are added: 80 m + 30 m = 110 m. Direction does not affect the distance travelled."},{"text":"50 m.","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting the westward distance from the eastward distance finds the displacement magnitude, not the total distance. Distance requires adding both path lengths to give 110 m."},{"text":"80 m.","correct":false,"explanation":"This ignores the additional 30 m travelled west. Distance includes the complete path, so it is 80 m + 30 m = 110 m."},{"text":"2400 m.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying 80 m by 30 m is an inappropriate calculation and produces square metres conceptually. Adding the two path lengths gives the distance, 110 m."}]},{"id":"4838fcc7-f14e-4d09-b31e-9d4455a9acc7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A cyclist travels 80 m east then 30 m west. What is the displacement?","back":"50 m east.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"50 m east.","correct":true,"explanation":"Taking east as positive, the displacement is 80 m - 30 m = 50 m, in the eastward direction because the final position remains east of the start."},{"text":"110 m.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding the two lengths gives the distance travelled, not displacement. Displacement accounts for direction and is 50 m east."},{"text":"50 m west.","correct":false,"explanation":"The magnitude 50 m is obtained correctly, but the direction is reversed. Moving 80 m east and then 30 m west leaves the cyclist 50 m east of the start."},{"text":"30 m east.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats only the westward part as determining the final position and ignores the initial 80 m eastward movement. The net displacement is 50 m east."}]},{"id":"809c380e-8e01-4d9c-927c-26f8095e159d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"The 80 m east, 30 m west journey takes 25 s. What is the average speed?","back":"4.4 m s^-1.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"4.4 m s^-1.","correct":true,"explanation":"Average speed uses total distance travelled, $80 + 30 = 110$ m, divided by the total time of 25 s, giving $110 \\div 25 = 4.4$ m s^-1."},{"text":"2 m s^-1.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses the displacement, $80 - 30 = 50$ m, instead of the total distance. The correct average speed is $110 \\div 25 = 4.4$ m s^-1."},{"text":"3.2 m s^-1.","correct":false,"explanation":"This divides only the 80 m eastward distance by 25 s and ignores the 30 m westward part. Average speed uses all 110 m, giving 4.4 m s^-1."},{"text":"5.5 m s^-1.","correct":false,"explanation":"This effectively doubles the net distance or mishandles the two parts of the journey. Total distance is 110 m, so dividing by 25 s gives the correct value, 4.4 m s^-1."}]},{"id":"75f1c259-2f9b-4c12-8a63-6f1991d90dae","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"The 80 m east, 30 m west journey takes 25 s. What is the average velocity?","back":"2 m s^-1 east.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"2 m s^-1 east.","correct":true,"explanation":"Average velocity uses displacement divided by time. The displacement is $80 - 30 = 50$ m east, and $50 \\div 25 = 2$ m s^-1 east."},{"text":"4.4 m s^-1 east.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses total distance rather than displacement, which calculates average speed. Average velocity uses the 50 m eastward displacement, giving 2 m s^-1 east."},{"text":"2 m s^-1 west.","correct":false,"explanation":"The magnitude is calculated correctly, but the direction is reversed. The journey has a net displacement of 50 m east, so the velocity is 2 m s^-1 east."},{"text":"3.2 m s^-1 east.","correct":false,"explanation":"This divides the 80 m eastward section by 25 s and ignores the westward return. Net displacement is 50 m east, so the average velocity is 2 m s^-1 east."}]},{"id":"2e62ac6f-c0ae-42f8-b17e-18bac84638c7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Velocity has SI unit [ ]; acceleration has SI unit [ ].","back":"Velocity has SI unit m s^-1; acceleration has SI unit m s^-2.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Velocity has SI unit m s^-1; acceleration has SI unit m s^-2.","correct":true,"explanation":"Velocity is displacement per unit time, giving m s^-1. Acceleration is change in velocity per unit time, adding another factor of s^-1 to give m s^-2."},{"text":"Velocity has SI unit m s^-2; acceleration has SI unit m s^-1.","correct":false,"explanation":"The units have been swapped. m s^-1 describes velocity, while acceleration measures how velocity changes each second and therefore has unit m s^-2."},{"text":"Velocity has SI unit m s^-1; acceleration has SI unit m s^-3.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acceleration introduces one additional factor of time in the denominator, not two. Since it is change in velocity per second, its unit is m s^-2."},{"text":"Velocity has SI unit m² s^-1; acceleration has SI unit m s^-2.","correct":false,"explanation":"Velocity is not area per time, so the metre must not be squared. Displacement divided by time gives m s^-1, while acceleration is m s^-2."}]},{"id":"c50d45a4-518a-43cb-930b-fc6274ca908b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is acceleration measured in m s^-2 rather than m s^-1?","back":"It is change in velocity per second.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is change in velocity per second.","correct":true,"explanation":"Acceleration measures how much velocity changes in each second. Dividing velocity, measured in m s^-1, by another second gives the unit m s^-2."},{"text":"It is distance travelled per second.","correct":false,"explanation":"Distance travelled per second describes speed, whose unit is m s^-1. Acceleration instead measures change in velocity per second, giving m s^-2."},{"text":"It is change in distance per metre.","correct":false,"explanation":"This does not describe a rate of change with time and has no basis for the acceleration unit. Acceleration is change in velocity per second, measured in m s^-2."},{"text":"It is velocity per metre.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acceleration is not defined by dividing velocity by distance. It is the change in velocity divided by time, so its unit is m s^-2, not m s^-1."}]},{"id":"9acb45a0-494a-46d3-958b-6a150fb9da29","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"One newton is equivalent to [ ].","back":"One newton is equivalent to 1 kg m s^-2.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"1 kg m s^-2","correct":true,"explanation":"From Newton’s second law, $F = ma$. One newton is the force needed to give a mass of 1 kg an acceleration of 1 m s^-2, so it equals 1 kg m s^-2."},{"text":"1 kg m s^-1","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the unit of momentum, found by mass multiplied by velocity. Force also includes acceleration, so one newton is 1 kg m s^-2."},{"text":"1 kg m² s^-2","correct":false,"explanation":"These are joules, the unit of energy, rather than newtons. Force equals mass times acceleration, giving 1 kg m s^-2."},{"text":"1 kg s^-2","correct":false,"explanation":"The metre factor has been omitted from mass times acceleration. Since acceleration is measured in m s^-2, one newton is 1 kg m s^-2."}]},{"id":"601644a8-38ff-4987-ba97-46c03e6daa23","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A distance of 1 km is [ ]; a time of 1 minute is [ ].","back":"A distance of 1 km is 1000 m; a time of 1 minute is 60 seconds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A distance of 1 km is 1000 m; a time of 1 minute is 60 seconds.","correct":true,"explanation":"The prefix kilo- means 1000, so 1 km equals 1000 m. One minute contains 60 seconds, giving both required SI conversions."},{"text":"A distance of 1 km is 100 m; a time of 1 minute is 60 seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"The time conversion is correct, but kilo- means 1000, not 100. Therefore 1 km is 1000 m, while 1 minute is 60 seconds."},{"text":"A distance of 1 km is 1000 m; a time of 1 minute is 100 seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"The distance conversion is correct, but a minute contains 60 seconds, not 100. The factor of 100 applies to a centi- conversion, not to time."},{"text":"A distance of 1 km is 100 m; a time of 1 minute is 100 seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both conversions use an incorrect factor of 100. Kilo- gives 1000 m, and the time relationship is defined separately as 60 seconds per minute."}]},{"id":"f6a6ee87-37cd-4fc8-ae38-277e3b899cad","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A length of 1 cm is [ ]; a time of 1 hour is [ ].","back":"A length of 1 cm is 0.01 m; a time of 1 hour is 3600 seconds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A length of 1 cm is 0.01 m; a time of 1 hour is 3600 seconds.","correct":true,"explanation":"Centi- means one hundredth, so 1 cm is $0.01$ m. One hour contains $60 \\times 60 = 3600$ seconds."},{"text":"A length of 1 cm is 0.1 m; a time of 1 hour is 3600 seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"The hour conversion is correct, but centi- means one hundredth rather than one tenth. Thus 1 cm equals 0.01 m, not 0.1 m."},{"text":"A length of 1 cm is 0.01 m; a time of 1 hour is 600 seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"The length conversion is correct, but the hour has been multiplied by only 10 minutes or seconds. One hour is $60 \\times 60 = 3600$ seconds."},{"text":"A length of 1 cm is 0.001 m; a time of 1 hour is 3600 seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"The time conversion is correct, but 0.001 m corresponds to 1 mm. Since 1 cm is one hundredth of a metre, the correct length is 0.01 m."}]},{"id":"57a77949-f6c6-444c-83fa-8581bcb0479f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How do you convert a speed from km h^-1 to m s^-1?","back":"Multiply by 5/18.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Multiply by 5/18.","correct":true,"explanation":"Convert kilometres to metres by multiplying by 1000, and hours to seconds by multiplying by 3600. Thus km h^-1 is multiplied by $1000/3600 = 5/18$."},{"text":"Multiply by 18/5.","correct":false,"explanation":"The factor $18/5$ converts m s^-1 to km h^-1, so it reverses the required direction. To convert km h^-1 to m s^-1, multiply by 5/18."},{"text":"Divide by 5/18.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by 5/18 is equivalent to multiplying by 18/5, which converts in the opposite direction. The required conversion from km h^-1 uses multiplication by 5/18."},{"text":"Multiply by 1000/60.","correct":false,"explanation":"This converts kilometres to metres but changes hours to minutes rather than seconds. Since one hour is 3600 seconds, the complete factor is $1000/3600 = 5/18$."}]},{"id":"f49a53bd-d20c-4f78-ad42-22d965971e43","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A runner covers 1.5 km in 5 minutes. What is the average speed in m s^-1?","back":"5 m s^-1.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"5 m s^-1.","correct":true,"explanation":"Converting gives 1.5 km = 1500 m and 5 minutes = 300 s. Therefore, average speed is 1500 ÷ 300 = 5 m s^-1."},{"text":"0.3 m s^-1.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing 1.5 by 5 without converting kilometres and minutes gives this value. Converting to metres and seconds gives 1500 ÷ 300 = 5 m s^-1."},{"text":"18 m s^-1.","correct":false,"explanation":"This results from converting kilometres per minute directly as though it were kilometres per hour. Using 1500 m and 300 s gives 5 m s^-1."},{"text":"300 m s^-1.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses 5 as the time after converting the distance to metres, leaving the time incorrectly in minutes. The time is 300 s, so the speed is 5 m s^-1."}]},{"id":"00e6818a-417f-4ec9-86e1-30c5660df97d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In constant acceleration, acceleration stays [ ] throughout the motion.","back":"In constant acceleration, acceleration stays the same throughout the motion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"the same","correct":true,"explanation":"Constant acceleration means that the acceleration does not change with time, although the object’s velocity normally changes by equal amounts in equal time intervals."},{"text":"equal to zero","correct":false,"explanation":"Acceleration need not be zero in constant-acceleration motion; zero acceleration is only one special case. The defining feature is that acceleration remains the same throughout."},{"text":"steadily increasing","correct":false,"explanation":"A steadily increasing acceleration is changing acceleration, not constant acceleration. In constant-acceleration motion, acceleration stays the same while velocity changes steadily."},{"text":"steadily decreasing","correct":false,"explanation":"A steadily decreasing acceleration varies with time and therefore is not constant. Constant acceleration requires its value, including its direction, to stay the same."}]},{"id":"c3dcca89-d50d-4391-8362-3ff21082f8ee","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The symbol s often means [ ], but the unit symbol s means [ ].","back":"The symbol s often means displacement, but the unit symbol s means seconds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The symbol s often means displacement, but the unit symbol s means seconds.","correct":true,"explanation":"In kinematics, italic s conventionally represents displacement, a physical quantity. Upright s following a numerical value is the SI unit symbol for seconds."},{"text":"The symbol s often means distance, but the unit symbol s means seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although distance and displacement both have units of length, the kinematics symbol s conventionally denotes displacement. The upright unit symbol s correctly denotes seconds."},{"text":"The symbol s often means displacement, but the unit symbol s means metres.","correct":false,"explanation":"The variable s can denote displacement, but the upright unit symbol s does not mean metres. It is the SI symbol for seconds, while m denotes metres."},{"text":"The symbol s often means distance, but the unit symbol s means metres.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses displacement with distance and the time unit with the length unit. Italic s usually represents displacement, whereas upright s denotes seconds."}]},{"id":"e4d46694-924c-42ba-b6c4-9e6cc93d9adf","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can at be added to u in v = u + at?","back":"at has units m s^-1, same as velocity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"at has units m s^-1, same as velocity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Acceleration has units m s^-2, so multiplying it by time in seconds gives m s^-1. Thus at and u both have velocity units and can be added."},{"text":"at has units m s^-2, same as acceleration.","correct":false,"explanation":"This gives the units of acceleration alone and overlooks multiplication by time. Multiplying m s^-2 by s gives m s^-1, the same units as velocity."},{"text":"at has units m, same as displacement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying acceleration by time does not produce displacement. Its units are m s^-2 × s = m s^-1, matching velocity rather than metres."},{"text":"at has units m s^-3, same as jerk.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplication by time reduces the negative power of seconds from -2 to -1; it does not make it -3. Therefore at has units m s^-1, matching velocity."}]},{"id":"647c9b7f-9f85-4d96-96d1-b6a52638f6aa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Initial velocity is 4 m s^-1, acceleration is 1.5 m s^-2, time is 8 s. What is final velocity?","back":"16 m s^-1.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"16 m s^-1.","correct":true,"explanation":"Using v = u + at gives v = 4 + (1.5 × 8) = 4 + 12 = 16 m s^-1."},{"text":"12 m s^-1.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is only the change in velocity, calculated as at = 1.5 × 8 = 12 m s^-1. Adding the initial 4 m s^-1 gives 16 m s^-1."},{"text":"13.5 m s^-1.","correct":false,"explanation":"This comes from adding acceleration and time directly, which is dimensionally invalid. The velocity change is 1.5 × 8 = 12 m s^-1, so the final velocity is 16 m s^-1."},{"text":"14 m s^-1.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly multiplies the initial velocity by the acceleration before adding the time. The correct relation is v = u + at = 4 + 12 = 16 m s^-1."}]},{"id":"56ef4a2a-153a-490f-9d7f-99726a077c38","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In s = ut + ½at², what units must both right-hand terms have?","back":"Metres.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Metres.","correct":true,"explanation":"The term ut has units m s^-1 × s = m, while at² has units m s^-2 × s² = m. Both represent displacement."},{"text":"Seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Seconds measure time, but both right-hand terms represent displacements. Their time factors cancel the negative powers of seconds, leaving metres for both ut and ½at²."},{"text":"Metres per second.","correct":false,"explanation":"Metres per second are velocity units and would result if u were not multiplied by time. Both terms simplify to metres, matching the displacement s."},{"text":"Metres per second squared.","correct":false,"explanation":"Metres per second squared are acceleration units and ignore the time factors. Multiplication by t or t² makes both terms have units of metres."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-13","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"8.3 Quantities and Units","title":"Quantities and Units Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/maths/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"e17934cb-ebd3-4350-a0c9-dc65bd221db3","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]

8.3 Quantities and Units Flashcards

8.3 Quantities and Units Flashcards