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Which AO is mainly shown?","back":"AO1 - accurate legal knowledge and authority.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"AO1 - accurate legal knowledge and authority.","correct":true,"explanation":"AO1 is demonstrated by stating the relevant legal rule accurately and supporting it with appropriate legal authority, without needing to apply that rule to the scenario’s facts."},{"text":"AO2 - application of law to facts.","correct":false,"explanation":"AO2 requires linking legal rules to the specific scenario facts. Merely stating an accurate rule and citing authority demonstrates AO1, not application."},{"text":"AO3 - analysis and evaluation.","correct":false,"explanation":"AO3 involves analysing issues and evaluating competing arguments or outcomes. A paragraph that only states a supported legal rule demonstrates AO1 instead."},{"text":"AO2 - accurate legal knowledge and authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"Accurate legal knowledge and authority are assessed under AO1, while AO2 concerns applying law to facts. The AO label and description have been mismatched here."}]},{"id":"a18a19d7-3842-4cdc-82e3-23801e3f88ff","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A paragraph links scenario facts to each legal element. Which AO is mainly shown?","back":"AO2 - application of law to facts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"AO2 - application of law to facts.","correct":true,"explanation":"AO2 is shown when the writer connects the facts of the scenario to the relevant legal rules or elements and explains how those rules operate."},{"text":"AO1 - accurate legal knowledge and authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"AO1 concerns knowing and accurately stating legal rules and authorities. Linking each scenario fact to a legal element is application, which is assessed under AO2."},{"text":"AO3 - analysis and evaluation.","correct":false,"explanation":"AO3 requires weighing strengths, weaknesses, or competing conclusions. Connecting scenario facts to each legal element primarily demonstrates AO2 application."},{"text":"AO1 - application of law to facts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Application of law to facts is AO2, whereas AO1 covers accurate legal knowledge and authority. The description is right but the assessment objective is wrong."}]},{"id":"5b7d006b-21e1-4baf-a145-ee28bc19c586","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A paragraph weighs legal strengths and weaknesses before judging. Which AO is mainly shown?","back":"AO3 - analysis and evaluation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"AO3 - analysis and evaluation.","correct":true,"explanation":"AO3 is demonstrated by analysing the legal issues, weighing strengths and weaknesses, and evaluating the arguments before reaching a reasoned judgment."},{"text":"AO1 - accurate legal knowledge and authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"AO1 rewards accurate legal rules and authority, not a judgment reached after weighing arguments. Strengths, weaknesses, and conclusions demonstrate AO3."},{"text":"AO2 - application of law to facts.","correct":false,"explanation":"AO2 is about applying legal rules to the scenario’s facts. Weighing legal strengths and weaknesses before reaching a judgment requires the higher-level skills assessed by AO3."},{"text":"AO3 - accurate legal knowledge and authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"AO3 concerns analysis and evaluation, whereas accurate legal knowledge and authority are AO1 skills. The assessment objective and description have been paired incorrectly."}]},{"id":"de61a1f3-ae3b-4bd5-9ad2-cf98d066b9f7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Legal authority proves a legal point, such as a [ ], a [ ], or a Convention right.","back":"Legal authority proves a legal point, such as a statute section, a case decision, or a Convention right.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Legal authority proves a legal point, such as a statute section, a case decision, or a Convention right.","correct":true,"explanation":"A statute section, case decision, or Convention right can each provide legal authority supporting a legal proposition. They are recognised sources used to substantiate legal reasoning."},{"text":"Legal authority proves a legal point, such as a statute section, a case fact, or a Convention right.","correct":false,"explanation":"A case decision is authority because it establishes or interprets a legal principle; an individual case fact does not. The correct term is “case decision”."},{"text":"Legal authority proves a legal point, such as a statute section, a textbook opinion, or a Convention right.","correct":false,"explanation":"A textbook may explain or comment on the law, but it is secondary commentary rather than the primary legal authority supplied by a case decision. The correct term is “case decision”."},{"text":"Legal authority proves a legal point, such as a statute section, a case summary, or a Convention right.","correct":false,"explanation":"A case summary may describe a judgment but is not itself the authoritative decision. The relevant legal authority is the case decision, which contains the court’s ruling and reasoning."}]},{"id":"4d4bf7c8-8eb6-470f-bb2f-609d4e3a7f29","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When reading a factual scenario, which facts are important enough to become legal issues?","back":"Material facts - facts connected to a legal rule.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Material facts - facts connected to a legal rule.","correct":true,"explanation":"Material facts are facts that could affect the application of a legal rule or the outcome of the issue. They must be distinguished from irrelevant background detail."},{"text":"Historical facts - facts connected to a legal rule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Historical facts describe events in the past but are not necessarily legally significant. Facts connected to a legal rule are specifically called material facts."},{"text":"Agreed facts - facts connected to a legal rule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Agreed facts are facts accepted by the parties, but agreement does not make a fact legally significant. Facts relevant to applying a legal rule are material facts."},{"text":"Procedural facts - facts connected to a legal rule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Procedural facts concern how a case has progressed through the legal system. Facts connected to a substantive legal rule and capable of affecting the outcome are material facts."}]},{"id":"c53c6883-2b59-4487-89f0-0a88600c7bdf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In criminal liability, [ ] is the external element; [ ] is the mental element.","back":"In criminal liability, actus reus is the external element; mens rea is the mental element.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In criminal liability, actus reus is the external element; mens rea is the mental element.","correct":true,"explanation":"Actus reus is the external part of an offence, such as conduct or its consequences, while mens rea is the required mental state, such as intention or recklessness."},{"text":"In criminal liability, mens rea is the external element; actus reus is the mental element.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two Latin terms have been reversed. Actus reus means the external element of the offence, while mens rea means the mental element."},{"text":"In criminal liability, actus reus is the mental element; mens rea is the external element.","correct":false,"explanation":"This option assigns each term to the wrong element. Actus reus concerns the prohibited conduct or consequence, whereas mens rea concerns the defendant’s state of mind."},{"text":"In criminal liability, causation is the external element; intention is the mental element.","correct":false,"explanation":"Causation and intention may be relevant parts of particular offences, but they are not the general names for the two elements. The correct terms are actus reus and mens rea."}]},{"id":"860ba455-de0a-4d97-b65c-5633d9addeea","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Under R v Savage; Parmenter, what mens rea is needed for s47 ABH?","back":"Intention or recklessness as to assault/battery, not as to the ABH.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Intention or recklessness as to assault/battery, not as to the ABH.","correct":true,"explanation":"Under R v Savage; Parmenter, s47 requires intention or recklessness as to the assault or battery. The defendant need not foresee or intend the actual ABH."},{"text":"Intention or recklessness as to the ABH, not as to assault/battery.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the rule in R v Savage; Parmenter. The mens rea must relate to the assault or battery, while no intention or recklessness as to the ABH is required."},{"text":"Intention as to assault/battery and recklessness as to the ABH, not as to the assault/battery.","correct":false,"explanation":"Section 47 does not require recklessness as to the ABH, and it permits recklessness as to the assault or battery. The correct test is intention or recklessness as to assault or battery."},{"text":"Intention or recklessness as to both assault/battery and the ABH, not as to the injury.","correct":false,"explanation":"Requiring mens rea for both the assault or battery and the ABH sets the threshold too high. Savage; Parmenter confirms that mens rea is needed only for the underlying assault or battery."}]},{"id":"f2013ede-e496-4726-a6e8-53a91ac2837c","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Under s1 Theft Act 1968, which elements must be proved for theft?","back":"

Dishonesty
Appropriation under s3
Property under s4
Belonging to another under s5
Intention permanently to deprive

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Dishonesty
Appropriation under s3
Property under s4
Belonging to another under s5
Intention permanently to deprive

","correct":true,"explanation":"Theft under s1 Theft Act 1968 requires all five listed elements: dishonesty, appropriation, property, belonging to another, and intention permanently to deprive."},{"text":"

Dishonesty
Appropriation under s3
Property under s4
Belonging to another under s5
Intention temporarily to deprive

","correct":false,"explanation":"Theft requires an intention permanently to deprive. Intending only temporary deprivation may be relevant to other offences, but it does not satisfy this theft element."},{"text":"

Dishonesty
Possession under s3
Property under s4
Belonging to another under s5
Intention permanently to deprive

","correct":false,"explanation":"The statutory element is appropriation under s3, meaning an assumption of the owner’s rights. Possession alone is not the required theft element, so the correct term is appropriation."},{"text":"

Dishonesty
Appropriation under s3
Property under s4
Owned by another under s5
Intention permanently to deprive

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Theft Act requires property to belong to another, which is wider than simply being owned by another. The statutory concept includes possession, control, or a proprietary right."}]},{"id":"c741b5f0-b5c3-4319-ad2d-63db25de36ed","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Under Ivey v Genting Casinos, how is dishonesty decided?","back":"

Defendant’s belief about the facts.
Ordinary decent people judge dishonesty.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Defendant’s belief about the facts.
Ordinary decent people judge dishonesty.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Ivey uses a two-stage test: establish the defendant’s belief about the facts, then apply the standards of ordinary decent people to decide whether the conduct was dishonest."},{"text":"

Defendant’s intention at the time.
Reasonable people judge dishonesty.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the first and second stages of Ivey. The defendant’s belief concerns the facts, while dishonesty is judged by ordinary decent people, not by a reasonable-person test."},{"text":"

Defendant’s belief about the facts.
Reasonable people judge dishonesty.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The first stage is correct, but the second uses the older objective standard incorrectly. Ivey requires ordinary decent people to judge whether the defendant’s conduct was dishonest."},{"text":"

Ordinary decent people assess the facts.
Defendant’s belief judges dishonesty.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two stages. The defendant’s actual belief about the facts is established first, then ordinary decent people assess dishonesty using those facts."}]},{"id":"18a7d643-8c99-484c-9aee-6025c149bf7d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What theft element is supported by Sam planning to sell Priya’s laptop?","back":"Intention permanently to deprive.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Intention permanently to deprive.","correct":true,"explanation":"Planning to sell the laptop indicates that Sam intends Priya not to get it back. That satisfies the theft element of intention permanently to deprive."},{"text":"Appropriation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Selling the laptop later may involve dealing with property, but the fact that Sam plans to sell it specifically demonstrates an intention permanently to deprive Priya of it."},{"text":"Property belonging to another.","correct":false,"explanation":"Priya’s ownership supports the belonging-to-another element, but Sam’s plan to sell the laptop shows a different requirement: intending permanently to deprive her of possession."},{"text":"Dishonesty.","correct":false,"explanation":"A planned sale may help suggest dishonesty, but the specific theft element supported by the plan is intention permanently to deprive, because the laptop will not be returned."}]},{"id":"13257efd-17f0-4e87-b45c-e7772f6d7590","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] gives statutory words their ordinary meaning; the [ ] modifies ordinary meaning to avoid absurdity.","back":"The literal rule gives statutory words their ordinary meaning; the golden rule modifies ordinary meaning to avoid absurdity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The literal rule gives statutory words their ordinary meaning; the golden rule modifies ordinary meaning to avoid absurdity.","correct":true,"explanation":"The literal rule applies the ordinary meaning of statutory words. The golden rule starts from that meaning but permits modification where applying it strictly would produce an absurd result."},{"text":"The golden rule gives statutory words their ordinary meaning; the literal rule modifies ordinary meaning to avoid absurdity.","correct":false,"explanation":"These rules have been reversed. The literal rule applies ordinary meaning, whereas the golden rule allows that meaning to be modified to prevent an absurd result."},{"text":"The literal rule gives statutory words their ordinary meaning; the mischief rule modifies ordinary meaning to avoid absurdity.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first rule is identified correctly, but avoiding absurdity is the function of the golden rule. The mischief rule instead focuses on the problem Parliament intended to remedy."},{"text":"The purposive approach gives statutory words their ordinary meaning; the golden rule modifies ordinary meaning to avoid absurdity.","correct":false,"explanation":"The golden rule is correctly matched with avoiding absurdity, but ordinary meaning is the defining feature of the literal rule, not the purposive approach."}]},{"id":"bc49f893-4f62-4d60-b892-812439af94ea","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did the shopkeeper in Fisher v Bell avoid liability for a knife in the window?","back":"Display was an invitation to treat, not an offer for sale.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Display was an invitation to treat, not an offer for sale.","correct":true,"explanation":"Under Fisher v Bell, displaying goods in a shop window invites customers to make an offer rather than constituting an offer itself, so the shopkeeper avoided liability."},{"text":"Display was an offer for sale, accepted by the customer selecting the knife.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats a shop display as an offer, but Fisher v Bell confirms that displaying goods is normally only an invitation to treat; the customer makes the offer at the till."},{"text":"Display was an invitation to treat, accepted automatically when the knife was viewed.","correct":false,"explanation":"The display is correctly described as an invitation to treat, but merely viewing the knife does not create acceptance. The legal issue was that no offer for sale had been made."},{"text":"Display was a public offer, not an invitation to treat.","correct":false,"explanation":"A shop window display is not generally a public offer. It invites customers to make offers, so the knife was not offered for sale in the statutory sense."}]},{"id":"1b633325-48e3-45b7-aab5-7ea0cd168e25","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] interprets an Act to fix the problem Parliament aimed to remedy; in Smith v Hughes, balcony calling was soliciting [ ].","back":"The mischief rule interprets an Act to fix the problem Parliament aimed to remedy; in Smith v Hughes, balcony calling was soliciting in a street.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The mischief rule interprets an Act to fix the problem Parliament aimed to remedy; in Smith v Hughes, balcony calling was soliciting in a street.","correct":true,"explanation":"The mischief rule addresses the problem Parliament intended to remedy. In Smith v Hughes, calling from a balcony was treated as soliciting in a street under that approach."},{"text":"The literal rule interprets an Act to fix the problem Parliament aimed to remedy; in Smith v Hughes, balcony calling was soliciting in a street.","correct":false,"explanation":"The location is correct, but identifying the literal rule is the mistake. The mischief rule asks what problem Parliament intended to remedy and interprets the Act accordingly."},{"text":"The mischief rule interprets an Act to fix the problem Parliament aimed to remedy; in Smith v Hughes, balcony calling was soliciting in a public place.","correct":false,"explanation":"The rule is correctly identified, but the case concerned soliciting in a street. Replacing that precise statutory wording with a broader phrase loses the relevant conclusion."},{"text":"The golden rule interprets an Act to fix the problem Parliament aimed to remedy; in Smith v Hughes, balcony calling was soliciting in a street.","correct":false,"explanation":"The location is accurate, but the golden rule is concerned with avoiding absurdity. The rule directed at the defect or problem Parliament sought to remedy is the mischief rule."}]},{"id":"1d9b2ba9-135a-4880-a10d-a01780f8d376","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] interprets words in light of the Act’s wider purpose; in Quintavalle, a [ ] was included.","back":"The purposive approach interprets words in light of the Act’s wider purpose; in Quintavalle, a new embryo-creation technique was included.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The purposive approach interprets words in light of the Act’s wider purpose; in Quintavalle, a new embryo-creation technique was included.","correct":true,"explanation":"The purposive approach gives effect to an Act’s broader purpose. In Quintavalle, this supported including a new embryo-creation technique within the statutory meaning."},{"text":"The literal rule interprets words in light of the Act’s wider purpose; in Quintavalle, a new embryo-creation technique was included.","correct":false,"explanation":"The factual conclusion is correct, but interpreting legislation in light of its wider purpose describes the purposive approach, not the literal rule, which concentrates on ordinary wording."},{"text":"The purposive approach interprets words in light of the Act’s wider purpose; in Quintavalle, a fertilised human egg was included.","correct":false,"explanation":"The approach is correct, but Quintavalle concerned whether a new embryo-creation technique fell within the statutory definition. The answer was not simply a fertilised human egg."},{"text":"The mischief rule interprets words in light of the Act’s wider purpose; in Quintavalle, a new embryo-creation technique was included.","correct":false,"explanation":"The technique was included, but the rule has been misidentified. The purposive approach considers the wider purpose of the Act, whereas the mischief rule targets the specific defect Parliament meant to cure."}]},{"id":"ab555f76-f3df-4756-8320-bfff9b4ca000","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In precedent analysis, what part of a judgment provides the binding legal rule?","back":"The ratio decidendi.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The ratio decidendi.","correct":true,"explanation":"The ratio decidendi is the legal principle necessary to decide the case. It forms the binding part of the judgment for later courts in the relevant hierarchy."},{"text":"The obiter dictum.","correct":false,"explanation":"An obiter dictum is a judge’s persuasive comment that is not necessary to the decision. The binding legal rule comes from the ratio decidendi."},{"text":"The material facts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Material facts are the important circumstances of the case, but they do not themselves provide the binding legal rule. That rule is found in the ratio decidendi."},{"text":"The judicial discretion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Judicial discretion describes a judge’s lawful choice between available options, not the binding principle created by the decision. The binding rule is the ratio decidendi."}]},{"id":"0392d6f7-1709-4d85-9513-1c196afcc8cb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are a judge’s persuasive but non-binding comments called?","back":"Obiter dicta.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Obiter dicta.","correct":true,"explanation":"Obiter dicta are comments made by a judge that are not necessary to decide the case. They may persuade later courts but do not bind them."},{"text":"Ratio decidendi.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ratio decidendi is the binding legal reasoning necessary for the decision. Persuasive, non-binding comments made by a judge are called obiter dicta."},{"text":"Judicial precedent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Judicial precedent is the broader doctrine of following earlier decisions. It is not the specific name for a judge’s non-binding comments, which are obiter dicta."},{"text":"Distinguishing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Distinguishing is a method of showing that the facts of a current case differ from an earlier precedent. It is not the name for persuasive judicial comments."}]},{"id":"6a293609-6df0-4146-9c67-443e68c76036","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] must be followed; a [ ] may influence but need not be followed.","back":"A binding precedent must be followed; a persuasive precedent may influence but need not be followed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A binding precedent must be followed; a persuasive precedent may influence but need not be followed.","correct":true,"explanation":"A binding precedent must be applied by a court within the relevant hierarchy, whereas a persuasive precedent can guide the court without legally compelling its decision."},{"text":"A persuasive precedent must be followed; a binding precedent may influence but need not be followed.","correct":false,"explanation":"The terms have been reversed. A binding precedent must be followed, while a persuasive precedent may influence a court but does not have to be applied."},{"text":"A original precedent must be followed; a persuasive precedent may influence but need not be followed.","correct":false,"explanation":"An original precedent establishes a new legal principle rather than compelling later courts by definition. The required contrast is between binding precedent and persuasive precedent."},{"text":"A binding precedent must be followed; a declaratory precedent may influence but need not be followed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Declaratory precedent is not the category used for non-compulsory authority. A binding precedent must be followed, while a persuasive precedent merely has potential influence."}]},{"id":"c5282710-f482-44da-a921-1434868af1e7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If a court avoids a precedent because the facts are materially different, what is it doing?","back":"Distinguishing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Distinguishing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Distinguishing occurs when a court identifies a material factual difference between the present case and the precedent, allowing it to avoid applying the earlier ratio."},{"text":"Overruling.","correct":false,"explanation":"Overruling occurs when a higher court declares the legal rule in an earlier case incorrect. Avoiding a precedent because of materially different facts is distinguishing."},{"text":"Reversing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing concerns an appeal court changing the decision made in the same case. A court avoiding an earlier case because its facts differ is distinguishing."},{"text":"Following.","correct":false,"explanation":"Following means applying the binding rule from the earlier case. Where material factual differences justify not applying that rule, the court is distinguishing."}]},{"id":"c764c496-e4d9-4c16-bf4a-7c7c02dd0ccf","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How does overruling differ from reversing?","back":"

Overruling: higher court declares earlier rule wrong.
Reversing: appeal court changes decision in same case.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Overruling: higher court declares earlier rule wrong.
Reversing: appeal court changes decision in same case.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Overruling rejects a legal rule established in an earlier, separate case. Reversing occurs on appeal when the higher court changes the decision in the case before it."},{"text":"

Overruling: appeal court changes decision in same case.
Reversing: higher court declares earlier rule wrong.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the two doctrines. Overruling rejects a rule from an earlier case, while reversing changes the decision in the same case during an appeal."},{"text":"

Overruling: court identifies materially different facts.
Reversing: appeal court changes decision in same case.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Material factual differences concern distinguishing, not overruling. Overruling declares an earlier rule wrong, whereas reversing changes the decision on appeal in the same case."},{"text":"

Overruling: higher court declares earlier rule wrong.
Reversing: court declines persuasive earlier authority.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Declining non-binding authority describes rejecting a persuasive precedent, not reversing. Reversing specifically changes the decision on appeal within the same case."}]},{"id":"321bafed-6359-4af3-a5ef-cb0f02854632","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"From Donoghue v Stevenson, when is a manufacturer’s duty to an ultimate consumer likely?","back":"Foreseeable harm from a hidden defect in a product reaching the consumer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Foreseeable harm from a hidden defect in a product reaching the consumer.","correct":true,"explanation":"Donoghue v Stevenson supports a duty where harm to the ultimate consumer is reasonably foreseeable and the defect is hidden, preventing an intermediate examination from revealing it."},{"text":"Foreseeable harm from a visible defect discovered before the product reaches the consumer.","correct":false,"explanation":"A visible defect may be discovered through intermediate examination, weakening the Donoghue principle. The duty is likely where foreseeable harm arises from a hidden defect reaching the consumer."},{"text":"Contractual harm from a hidden defect in a product sold directly to the consumer.","correct":false,"explanation":"The manufacturer need not have a direct contract with the consumer; Donoghue overcame that privity misconception. Foreseeable harm from a hidden defect can establish the duty."},{"text":"Intended harm from a known defect in a product reaching a named consumer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Actual knowledge of the individual consumer is not required. The relevant basis is foreseeable harm from a hidden defect in a product intended to reach the ultimate consumer."}]},{"id":"2784854d-6a24-4231-88e3-a0977ffd1887","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Young v Bristol Aeroplane establish about the Court of Appeal?","back":"It is generally bound by its own previous decisions, subject to limited exceptions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is generally bound by its own previous decisions, subject to limited exceptions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Young v Bristol Aeroplane confirmed that the Court of Appeal normally follows its own previous decisions, while recognising narrow exceptions permitting departure."},{"text":"It is never bound by its own previous decisions, regardless of the circumstances.","correct":false,"explanation":"Young did not give the Court of Appeal unrestricted freedom to depart from its decisions. It is generally self-bound, subject only to limited recognised exceptions."},{"text":"It is always bound by its own previous decisions, without any exceptions.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is too absolute because Young recognised limited exceptions to self-binding. The Court of Appeal is generally, rather than invariably, bound by its previous decisions."},{"text":"It is only persuaded by its own previous decisions, subject to judicial preference.","correct":false,"explanation":"Persuasive treatment understates the authority of the Court of Appeal’s own decisions. Young established that they are generally binding on it, subject to limited exceptions."}]},{"id":"fec3005c-31dd-4026-afa0-a6521e5cd076","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In IRAC, the [ ] should be supported by authority, and the [ ] should use the exact facts.","back":"In IRAC, the Rule should be supported by authority, and the Application should use the exact facts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In IRAC, the Rule should be supported by authority, and the Application should use the exact facts.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Rule states the governing legal principles and should cite authority. The Application then connects those principles closely to the particular facts in the scenario."},{"text":"In IRAC, the Application should be supported by authority, and the Rule should use the exact facts.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the functions of the two stages. The Rule supplies law supported by authority, while the Application uses the exact facts to apply that law."},{"text":"In IRAC, the Issue should be supported by authority, and the Application should use the exact facts.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Issue identifies the legal question rather than setting out authority. The Rule should be supported by authority, and the Application should use the exact facts."},{"text":"In IRAC, the Rule should be supported by authority, and the Conclusion should use the exact facts.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Conclusion gives the likely outcome rather than conducting detailed factual analysis. The Application is the stage that should use the exact facts."}]},{"id":"e03fbd78-27c7-4f08-8231-0ac7ceb133eb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Robinson support a duty of care to an injured passer-by during arrest?","back":"

Positive police act caused physical injury.
Ordinary negligence principles could apply.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Positive police act caused physical injury.
Ordinary negligence principles could apply.

","correct":true,"explanation":"In Robinson, officers’ positive conduct during the arrest foreseeably caused physical injury. The claim therefore fell within ordinary negligence principles rather than requiring a special police-duty rule."},{"text":"

Police omission failed to prevent crime.
Strict liability principles therefore applied.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Robinson did not impose liability merely for failing to prevent crime, an omission that usually attracts no duty. Liability arose from a positive police act causing physical injury."},{"text":"

Police immunity excluded operational discretion.
Public policy principles barred liability.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The case did not recognise blanket police immunity or depend on operational discretion. A positive police act caused injury, allowing ordinary negligence principles to apply."},{"text":"

Assumed responsibility arose from police advice.
Negligent misstatement principles could apply.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Robinson was not based on police assuming responsibility through advice. The duty arose because officers positively caused foreseeable physical injury under ordinary negligence principles."}]},{"id":"ea6e095e-96de-4a96-bc54-2c1e12790504","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"No exact precedent exists. What reasoning compares new facts with decided cases?","back":"Analogical reasoning.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Analogical reasoning.","correct":true,"explanation":"Analogical reasoning compares the material facts and principles of decided cases with the new situation, supporting an extension or rejection of existing legal rules."},{"text":"Literal interpretation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Literal interpretation determines the ordinary meaning of statutory words; it does not primarily compare facts across cases. That comparison is known as analogical reasoning."},{"text":"Judicial notice.","correct":false,"explanation":"Judicial notice allows a court to accept certain facts without formal proof. Comparing a new factual situation with decided cases instead uses analogical reasoning."},{"text":"Distinguishing precedent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Distinguishing identifies material differences to avoid an existing precedent, whereas the broader comparison used to reason from decided cases to a novel situation is analogical reasoning."}]},{"id":"5fe57102-63d4-4105-8e16-627a8cef5ab9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"After Robinson, what is Caparo’s limitation in duty of care questions?","back":"Caparo is not a universal checklist for every duty question.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Caparo is not a universal checklist for every duty question.","correct":true,"explanation":"Robinson confirmed that established negligence principles should usually determine whether a duty exists. The Caparo test is therefore not a universal formula to be applied mechanically in every case."},{"text":"Caparo is a mandatory three-stage checklist for every negligence claim.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating Caparo as mandatory is the misconception rejected in Robinson. Established duties should be determined through precedent, while Caparo is mainly relevant when courts consider genuinely novel duties."},{"text":"Caparo prevents courts recognising duties beyond established categories.","correct":false,"explanation":"Robinson did not prohibit the recognition of new duties. Courts may develop duties incrementally by analogy, using Caparo where appropriate rather than confining negligence permanently to existing categories."},{"text":"Caparo applies only where the claimant suffers pure economic loss.","correct":false,"explanation":"Caparo is not confined to claims for pure economic loss; it concerns the approach to novel duties generally. Robinson’s limitation is that it is not a universal checklist."}]},{"id":"e28e845e-2b49-4376-a8a6-0befbe96235a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did R v R show when evaluating whether precedent is too rigid?","back":"Common law can develop: the old marital rape exemption no longer applied.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Common law can develop: the old marital rape exemption no longer applied.","correct":true,"explanation":"R v R removed the historic marital rape exemption by recognising that it no longer reflected modern law and society. It therefore demonstrates the common law’s capacity for development."},{"text":"Precedent cannot be changed: only Parliament could remove the marital rape exemption.","correct":false,"explanation":"R v R demonstrates that judges can develop common law without waiting for Parliament. The House of Lords held that the historic marital rape exemption no longer applied."},{"text":"Judges must always follow precedent: the old marital rape exemption continued to apply.","correct":false,"explanation":"The exemption was not retained in R v R, so the case does not show rigid adherence to old authority. It shows that common law can develop as social conditions change."},{"text":"Statutory law displaced common law: Parliament had already abolished the marital rape exemption.","correct":false,"explanation":"The decisive development in R v R came through judicial development of the common law, not prior statutory abolition. The case therefore illustrates flexibility within precedent itself."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-14","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Legal Skills","title":"Legal Skills Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/law/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"dfeeeb54-0c33-5009-acd3-87f7145c6464","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]