p; ] proposes new EU legislation and may bring infringement proceedings against Member States.","back":"The European Commission proposes new EU legislation and may bring infringement proceedings against Member States.","points":null},{"id":"66afb80a-6975-4b60-b7cf-0aafdbd1e2fd","cardType":"basic","front":"Which EU institution is directly elected by EU citizens?","back":"The European Parliament.","points":1},{"id":"cd5a35de-2f8d-416a-8feb-652fc9371892","cardType":"cloze","front":"The [ ] consists of government ministers from each Member State.","back":"The Council of the European Union consists of government ministers from each Member State.","points":null},{"id":"1570ba93-a424-4d53-a6db-55a033399ed2","cardType":"basic","front":"What is an Article 267 preliminary ruling used for?","back":"The CJEU clarifies the meaning or validity of EU law.","points":2},{"id":"8d575063-bf3e-4519-a8a9-5e05da60571f","cardType":"basic","front":"Which EU source is primary law?","back":"Treaties.","points":1},{"id":"a4bf3f4a-d914-4107-a01c-8767e19530bc","cardType":"basic","front":"What did Van Gend en Loos (1963) establish for individuals?","back":"EU treaty provisions could create rights enforceable in national courts.","points":2},{"id":"72c80d5c-ff39-4a4b-a2af-882f6eaa9fd2","cardType":"cloze","front":"Under Article 288 TFEU, a regulation is [ ] and [ ] in all Member States.","back":"Under Article 288 TFEU, a regulation is binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.","points":null},{"id":"a05e0503-9665-47f2-9f13-67b2e6094e43","cardType":"basic","front":"If an EU measure sets a required result but leaves form and method to Member States, what is it?","back":"A directive.","points":1},{"id":"bb2f4f45-4d99-4bdc-b36a-2b65df3b3a41","cardType":"cloze","front":"[ ] means an EU rule enters national law without a new Act; [ ] means an individual can rely on it in national court.","back":"Direct applicability means an EU rule enters national law without a new Act; direct effect means an individual can rely on it in national court.","points":null},{"id":"a07008e7-a67e-4060-8422-dd43e06bdeda","cardType":"basic","front":"What qualities must an EU rule have for direct effect?","back":"Clear, precise and unconditional.","points":2},{"id":"d62ab924-e267-4486-b921-e4f2648b0d2b","cardType":"basic","front":"What did Van Duyn v Home Office (1974) show about directives?","back":"Directives can sometimes have direct effect against the state.","points":2},{"id":"7d35773e-cd66-4649-b793-2f46ea0230fb","cardType":"cloze","front":"[ ] means relying on EU law against the state; [ ] means relying on it against a private person or business.","back":"Vertical direct effect means relying on EU law against the state; horizontal direct effect means relying on it against a private person or business.","points":null},{"id":"7846666c-e6ce-4536-bd0a-0c348423bfa0","cardType":"basic","front":"What did Marshall (1986) establish about directives against private parties?","back":"Directives cannot have horizontal direct effect.","points":1},{"id":"df07e50f-2aab-40a7-82d0-0cb1562ba452","cardType":"basic","front":"Why was British Gas an emanation of the state in Foster (1990)?","back":"

It provided a public service.
It was under state control.
It had special powers.

","points":3},{"id":"2fd9a20d-3fdd-4d44-9795

European Union law Flashcards

European Union law Flashcards