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pressuring the Tokugawa shogunate to end its longstanding restrictions on foreign relations."},{"text":"Townsend Harris","correct":false,"explanation":"Townsend Harris became the first US consul in Japan and negotiated the 1858 treaty, but Matthew Perry led the 1853 naval expedition that demanded relations be opened."},{"text":"Millard Fillmore","correct":false,"explanation":"Millard Fillmore was the US president who authorised the mission and supplied its letter, but Commodore Matthew Perry personally commanded the expedition arriving in Japan in 1853."},{"text":"David Farragut","correct":false,"explanation":"David Farragut was a prominent US naval officer during the American Civil War, not the commander sent to Japan. The 1853 expedition was led by Matthew Perry."}]},{"id":"a818813a-3f9d-4b8b-b457-e3317e349396","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why was Tokugawa Japan vulnerable to foreign pressure before 1853?","back":"Internal strain had weakened confidence in the shogunate.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Internal strain had weakened confidence in the shogunate.","correct":true,"explanation":"Economic difficulties, social unrest and criticism of Tokugawa rule had weakened the shogunate internally, reducing confidence in its ability to resist determined pressure from foreign powers."},{"text":"Military expansion had exhausted the shogunate’s armed forces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tokugawa Japan had not exhausted itself through overseas military expansion; its vulnerability arose because internal strain had weakened confidence in the shogunate and its capacity to respond."},{"text":"Imperial rule had divided authority between elected governments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Japan was governed by the Tokugawa shogunate rather than elected imperial governments. Its vulnerability came from internal strain that had weakened confidence in the existing regime."},{"text":"Foreign occupation had removed the shogunate’s coastal defences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Japan was not already under foreign occupation before Perry arrived. Internal economic, social and political strain had instead weakened confidence in the shogunate’s authority."}]},{"id":"ee2369af-761b-418c-95ce-fb75f1c3c37b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why were the 1858 treaties called unequal?","back":"

Low import tariffs limited Japanese control.
Extraterritoriality limited Japanese legal authority.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Low import tariffs limited Japanese control.
Extraterritoriality limited Japanese legal authority.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The treaties restricted Japan’s tariff autonomy and allowed foreigners to be tried under their own consular courts, limiting both Japanese economic control and legal sovereignty."},{"text":"

High import tariffs protected Japanese markets.
Japanese courts tried all foreign nationals.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These conditions would have strengthened Japanese sovereignty, not undermined it. The treaties imposed low import tariffs and extraterritoriality, restricting Japan’s economic control and legal authority."},{"text":"

Equal tariff rights preserved Japanese control.
Reciprocal jurisdiction protected Japanese citizens.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The treaties did not establish equal or reciprocal rights. Low import tariffs restricted Japanese control, while extraterritoriality exempted foreigners from Japanese legal jurisdiction."},{"text":"

Closed trading ports prevented foreign commerce.
Missionary restrictions preserved Japanese authority.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The treaties opened ports rather than preventing foreign commerce, and missionary restrictions were not the central inequality. Low tariffs and extraterritoriality limited Japanese economic and legal sovereignty."}]},{"id":"de519aec-ebbd-48ef-8cad-b9ddcb973e95","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The anti-shogunate slogan [ ] meant revere the emperor, expel the barbarians.","back":"The anti-shogunate slogan sonno joi meant revere the emperor, expel the barbarians.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"sonno joi","correct":true,"explanation":"Sonno joi expressed the movement’s demand to honour imperial authority and remove foreign influence, becoming an important rallying slogan among opponents of the Tokugawa shogunate."},{"text":"fukoku kyohei","correct":false,"explanation":"Fukoku kyohei means “rich country, strong army” and describes a later Meiji modernisation objective. The anti-shogunate slogan meaning “revere the emperor, expel the barbarians” was sonno joi."},{"text":"wakon yosai","correct":false,"explanation":"Wakon yosai means combining Japanese spirit with Western techniques, rather than expelling foreigners. The anti-shogunate slogan calling for imperial reverence and foreign expulsion was sonno joi."},{"text":"bunmei kaika","correct":false,"explanation":"Bunmei kaika refers to “civilisation and enlightenment” during Meiji westernisation, not the anti-foreign restorationist slogan. That slogan was sonno joi."}]},{"id":"fc8e2dc7-e6d0-4599-b917-ab308c88cb6f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How did shogunate concessions to foreigners damage its authority?","back":"They made the shogunate seem unable to defend sovereignty.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They made the shogunate seem unable to defend sovereignty.","correct":true,"explanation":"Accepting foreign demands suggested that the shogunate could not protect Japan’s independence or control its laws and trade, undermining its legitimacy as the country’s ruling authority."},{"text":"They made the shogunate seem committed to restoring imperial rule.","correct":false,"explanation":"The concessions did not demonstrate support for restoring imperial rule. They damaged authority by making the shogunate appear unable to defend Japanese sovereignty against foreign pressure."},{"text":"They made the shogunate seem capable of controlling foreign trade.","correct":false,"explanation":"The unequal concessions reduced rather than demonstrated Japanese control over foreign trade. They made the shogunate appear unable to defend sovereignty, weakening confidence in its rule."},{"text":"They made the shogunate seem determined to expel foreign powers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Granting concessions was the opposite of expelling foreign powers. It made the shogunate appear unable to defend sovereignty, encouraging anti-shogunate criticism and support for imperial restoration."}]},{"id":"ea06f5e2-546d-4069-a5a8-43ee9b169e66","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] was fought between pro-shogunate forces and supporters of imperial restoration.","back":"The Boshin War was fought between pro-shogunate forces and supporters of imperial restoration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Boshin War","correct":true,"explanation":"The Boshin War of 1868-69 pitted forces loyal to the Tokugawa shogunate against supporters of restoring political authority to the emperor."},{"text":"Satsuma Rebellion","correct":false,"explanation":"The Satsuma Rebellion was an 1877 uprising by former samurai against the established Meiji government. The conflict between shogunate and imperial restoration forces was the Boshin War."},{"text":"First Sino-Japanese War","correct":false,"explanation":"The First Sino-Japanese War was fought between Japan and Qing China in 1894-95, mainly over influence in Korea. The restoration conflict was the Boshin War."},{"text":"Russo-Japanese War","correct":false,"explanation":"The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 concerned rivalry between Japan and Russia in Korea and Manchuria. The earlier civil conflict over imperial restoration was the Boshin War."}]},{"id":"56a2e419-31f9-4ceb-8de4-d79519c094a5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was the political result of the Meiji Restoration in 1868?","back":"The Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown and imperial government created.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown and imperial government created.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Meiji Restoration ended Tokugawa rule and established a central government acting in the emperor’s name, marking a fundamental transfer of political authority in Japan."},{"text":"The Tokugawa shogunate was strengthened and imperial government abolished.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the political outcome of 1868. The Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown, while a new central government claiming authority in the emperor’s name was created."},{"text":"The samurai domains became independent and central government disappeared.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Restoration ultimately increased central authority rather than making the domains independent. The Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown and an imperial government was established."},{"text":"The western powers took control and colonial government was created.","correct":false,"explanation":"Japan was not colonised during the Meiji Restoration. The Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown and an imperial government was created to strengthen Japan against foreign domination."}]},{"id":"4e380e21-be51-4c88-94ba-9942b58a5e48","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why did Meiji leaders adopt selected western models?","back":"To build a rich country, strong army and resist colonisation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To build a rich country, strong army and resist colonisation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Meiji leaders selectively adopted Western institutions, technology and military practices to increase Japan’s wealth and power, enabling it to revise unequal treaties and resist foreign domination."},{"text":"To build a closed country, weak army and restore isolation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meiji modernisation sought greater strength and international competitiveness, not renewed weakness or isolation. Leaders aimed to create a rich country and strong army capable of resisting colonisation."},{"text":"To build a foreign colony, western empire and end sovereignty.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meiji leaders wanted to preserve Japanese sovereignty rather than surrender it. They adopted selected Western models to build a rich country and strong army that could resist colonisation."},{"text":"To build a feudal society, samurai army and preserve the domains.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Meiji state dismantled feudal domains and replaced samurai forces with a modern conscript army. Western models were adopted to create a rich country and strong army."}]},{"id":"4167ba2b-3066-4fcf-aab1-afcfe220775c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did replacing domains with prefectures help the Meiji government do?","back":"It centralised state power.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It centralised state power.","correct":true,"explanation":"Abolishing the domains removed the regional authority of the daimyo and placed prefectures under centrally appointed governors, allowing the Meiji government to exercise direct control across Japan."},{"text":"It strengthened regional autonomy.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the reform’s effect: prefectures did not gain greater independence. Replacing domains with centrally administered prefectures centralised state power and weakened the daimyo’s regional authority."},{"text":"It restored shogunal authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"The shogunate had already been overthrown, so the reform did not restore its authority. It centralised state power under the new Meiji government."},{"text":"It expanded hereditary government.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the reform with the old feudal system, where authority was inherited by daimyo. Prefectures instead centralised state power under appointed officials."}]},{"id":"717872e4-f2f2-4d08-95fe-1a690ee61741","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why was the Land Tax Reform 1873 important for the state?","back":"It gave the state reliable money revenue based on land value.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It gave the state reliable money revenue based on land value.","correct":true,"explanation":"The reform required landowners to pay tax in money according to assessed land value, giving the government a predictable income for administration, modernisation and military spending."},{"text":"It gave the state variable rice revenue based on harvest size.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes the less dependable Tokugawa-style system of payments linked to rice yields. The 1873 reform provided reliable money revenue based on assessed land value."},{"text":"It gave the state reliable money revenue based on crop yield.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses land value with annual agricultural output. The tax was fixed according to assessed land value, providing reliable money revenue regardless of the harvest."},{"text":"It gave the state reliable rice revenue based on land value.","correct":false,"explanation":"The reform’s importance lay partly in replacing payment in rice with payment in money. It therefore gave the state reliable money revenue based on land value."}]},{"id":"af7be810-ec53-4557-ad5b-ef3de7ffdbdb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How did conscription in 1873 weaken samurai power?","back":"It created a national army, reducing reliance on hereditary warriors.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It created a national army, reducing reliance on hereditary warriors.","correct":true,"explanation":"Universal conscription allowed the government to recruit soldiers beyond the samurai class, creating a national army and ending the samurai monopoly over organised military service."},{"text":"It created a samurai army, increasing reliance on hereditary warriors.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the policy’s effect. Conscription recruited men from wider society, creating a national army and reducing dependence on hereditary samurai warriors."},{"text":"It created a regional army, reducing reliance on central government.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses conscription with the earlier domain forces. The 1873 measure built a centrally controlled national army, reducing reliance on hereditary warriors and regional military power."},{"text":"It created a volunteer army, preserving reliance on hereditary warriors.","correct":false,"explanation":"Conscription made military service compulsory rather than voluntary. It created a national army drawn from wider society, reducing the state’s reliance on hereditary samurai."}]},{"id":"1fc9c11c-d61c-4a65-80b9-43cedaa7aaba","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did the Satsuma Rebellion 1877 show?","back":"The final defeat of major samurai resistance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The final defeat of major samurai resistance.","correct":true,"explanation":"The government’s conscript army defeated Saigo Takamori’s Satsuma forces, demonstrating the strength of the new state and ending major organised samurai resistance to Meiji rule."},{"text":"The first victory of major samurai resistance.","correct":false,"explanation":"The rebels were defeated rather than victorious. The rebellion therefore marked the final defeat of major samurai resistance and confirmed the government’s military superiority."},{"text":"The temporary success of major samurai resistance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the rebels initially posed a serious challenge, they did not achieve lasting success. Their defeat marked the final defeat of major organised samurai resistance."},{"text":"The political revival of major samurai resistance.","correct":false,"explanation":"The rebellion did not restore samurai political influence. Its defeat destroyed the last major armed challenge from disaffected samurai and strengthened the Meiji government."}]},{"id":"43b1bf93-ca73-4df1-8d87-39ae4d5a22da","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The first railway between [ ] and [ ] opened in 1872.","back":"The first railway between Tokyo and Yokohama opened in 1872.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The first railway between Tokyo and Yokohama opened in 1872.","correct":true,"explanation":"Japan’s first railway opened in 1872 and linked Tokyo with the port of Yokohama, symbolising the Meiji government’s commitment to industrialisation and modern infrastructure."},{"text":"The first railway between Osaka and Yokohama opened in 1872.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly substitutes Osaka for Tokyo. The first railway opened in 1872 between Tokyo and Yokohama, connecting the capital to an important international port."},{"text":"The first railway between Tokyo and Kobe opened in 1872.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses Yokohama with another major port city. The first railway linked Tokyo and Yokohama in 1872; the rail network later expanded towards other cities."},{"text":"The first railway between Kyoto and Osaka opened in 1872.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses two important Kansai cities but not the route of Japan’s first railway. The 1872 line ran between Tokyo and Yokohama."}]},{"id":"43423020-eb20-4d8d-8ab2-365faa4c186f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did Meiji education promote nationalism?","back":"It promoted literacy, discipline and loyalty to the emperor.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It promoted literacy, discipline and loyalty to the emperor.","correct":true,"explanation":"A national school system spread literacy and common values while teaching discipline and loyalty to the emperor, helping the state build a unified Japanese national identity."},{"text":"It promoted regional identity, autonomy and loyalty to the daimyo.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reflects the decentralised feudal order that Meiji leaders sought to dismantle. Education instead promoted literacy, discipline and loyalty to the emperor across Japan."},{"text":"It promoted military privilege, status and loyalty to the samurai.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meiji education did not preserve the samurai monopoly or status system. It promoted mass literacy, social discipline and loyalty to the emperor as national values."},{"text":"It promoted religious freedom, individualism and loyalty to local government.","correct":false,"explanation":"This imposes liberal and localist aims on a strongly centralising system. Meiji education promoted literacy, discipline and loyalty to the emperor to encourage national unity."}]},{"id":"d778975f-fbcc-43ee-8ef7-ba85664a9559","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did the Meiji Constitution 1889 limit democratic control?","back":"

Sovereignty rested with the emperor.
Ministers answered to the emperor, not the lower house.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Sovereignty rested with the emperor.
Ministers answered to the emperor, not the lower house.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The constitution made the emperor sovereign, while ministers were responsible to him rather than to the elected lower house. This prevented parliament from fully controlling the executive."},{"text":"

Sovereignty rested with the elected Diet.
Ministers answered to the lower house, not the emperor.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes a parliamentary democracy rather than the Meiji system. Sovereignty rested with the emperor, and ministers answered to him rather than to the lower house."},{"text":"

Sovereignty rested with the emperor.
Ministers answered to the lower house, not the emperor.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The first point is accurate, but the second wrongly makes ministers accountable to elected representatives. Ministers answered to the emperor, limiting the lower house’s democratic control."},{"text":"

Sovereignty rested with the lower house.
Ministers answered to the emperor, not the elected Diet.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Although ministers did answer to the emperor, sovereignty did not belong to the lower house. The emperor held sovereignty, keeping ultimate authority outside democratic institutions."}]},{"id":"70e41d34-c6ed-487c-8ca6-ee02638215ad","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why did many Japanese leaders see Korea as strategically vital?","back":"Foreign control of Korea would threaten Japan’s security.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Foreign control of Korea would threaten Japan’s security.","correct":true,"explanation":"Korea’s proximity to the Japanese islands made it a potential base for a hostile foreign power. Japanese leaders therefore regarded control there as essential to Japan’s security."},{"text":"Foreign control of Korea would strengthen Japan’s security.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Japanese strategic thinking. Leaders feared that a hostile power controlling nearby Korea could use it as a base to threaten Japan’s security."},{"text":"Foreign control of Korea would threaten China’s security.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although China also had interests in Korea, the question concerns Japanese leaders’ motives. They feared foreign control because it would directly threaten Japan’s security."},{"text":"Japanese control of Korea would threaten Japan’s security.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses who Japanese leaders considered dangerous. They believed foreign control of Korea would threaten Japan’s security, while Japanese influence there would provide strategic protection."}]},{"id":"f2d66843-cddb-4621-9f1c-5e3afa703f38","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did victory in the Sino-Japanese War prove about Meiji reforms?","back":"They had created an effective modern army and navy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They had created an effective modern army and navy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Japan’s victory over Qing China demonstrated that Meiji military modernisation had produced armed forces capable of defeating a major regional power."},{"text":"They had preserved an effective samurai army and coastal fleet.","correct":false,"explanation":"The war did not demonstrate the superiority of traditional samurai warfare. Japan prevailed because the Meiji government had developed a modern conscript army and navy."},{"text":"They had secured the complete abolition of unequal treaties.","correct":false,"explanation":"The unequal treaties were not ended by victory over China and remained a diplomatic issue. The victory instead proved the effectiveness of Japan’s modern army and navy."},{"text":"They had made Japan dependent on western troops and warships.","correct":false,"explanation":"Japan’s victory was evidence of successful military modernisation, not dependence on western forces. Japanese conscripts, officers and ships defeated Qing China directly."}]},{"id":"ff51a88e-0d85-4c93-b8fa-fbc8e37b6b48","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did the Triple Intervention 1895 create resentment in Japan?","back":"It forced Japan to return Liaodong, exposing western pressure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It forced Japan to return Liaodong, exposing western pressure.","correct":true,"explanation":"Russia, France and Germany compelled Japan to surrender the Liaodong Peninsula after its victory over China, revealing that western powers could still override Japanese gains."},{"text":"It forced Japan to return Taiwan, exposing western pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Japan acquired Taiwan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki and was not forced to return it. Resentment arose because the intervening powers made Japan surrender Liaodong."},{"text":"It forced Japan to return Korea, exposing western pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Korea was not returned to Qing control by the intervention; China had recognised its independence. Japan resented being forced to relinquish the Liaodong Peninsula."},{"text":"It forced Japan to return Sakhalin, exposing western pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sakhalin was divided after the Russo-Japanese War a decade later, not through the Triple Intervention. In 1895, western pressure forced Japan to return Liaodong."}]},{"id":"6383cf3a-f3d0-4b59-a09f-987c2dde3444","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Treaty of Portsmouth 1905 confirmed Japanese predominance in [ ] and transferred southern [ ].","back":"The Treaty of Portsmouth 1905 confirmed Japanese predominance in Korea and transferred southern Sakhalin.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Treaty of Portsmouth 1905 confirmed Japanese predominance in Korea and transferred southern Sakhalin.","correct":true,"explanation":"The treaty recognised Japan’s predominant position in Korea and transferred the southern half of Sakhalin from Russia, confirming important gains from the Russo-Japanese War."},{"text":"The Treaty of Portsmouth 1905 confirmed Japanese predominance in China and transferred southern Sakhalin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Japan gained predominance in Korea, not China as a whole. Although southern Sakhalin was transferred correctly here, the first territorial claim is mistaken."},{"text":"The Treaty of Portsmouth 1905 confirmed Japanese predominance in Korea and transferred southern Manchuria.","correct":false,"explanation":"Southern Manchuria contained important Japanese railway and leasehold interests, but sovereignty over it was not transferred. The territorial cession was southern Sakhalin."},{"text":"The Treaty of Portsmouth 1905 confirmed Japanese predominance in Manchuria and transferred southern Liaodong.","correct":false,"explanation":"The settlement did not establish Japanese predominance throughout Manchuria or transfer Liaodong outright. It recognised predominance in Korea and ceded southern Sakhalin."}]},{"id":"b3935b88-f40e-4f92-b36a-3f78fc8a88a1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why did the Twenty-One Demands increase suspicion of Japan?","back":"They sought expanded Japanese rights and influence in China.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They sought expanded Japanese rights and influence in China.","correct":true,"explanation":"Presented to the Chinese government in 1915, the demands attempted to extend Japan’s economic, political and strategic privileges, alarming China and other powers."},{"text":"They sought expanded Chinese rights and influence in Japan.","correct":false,"explanation":"The demands did not offer China equal rights within Japan. They sought to increase Japan’s own rights and influence in China, raising fears of domination."},{"text":"They sought reduced Japanese intervention and investment in China.","correct":false,"explanation":"Japan did not propose withdrawing from Chinese affairs. The demands aimed to enlarge Japanese privileges and influence, particularly in areas such as Shandong and Manchuria."},{"text":"They sought expanded Chinese democracy and representation in government.","correct":false,"explanation":"The demands were not a programme for Chinese democratic reform. They advanced Japanese strategic and economic rights, creating suspicion about Japan’s imperial ambitions."}]},{"id":"3b3cda07-6aa6-4c9e-987b-ca77d756e016","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why did Versailles fuel resentment among Japanese nationalists?","back":"Japan’s racial equality proposal was rejected.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Japan’s racial equality proposal was rejected.","correct":true,"explanation":"The rejection suggested that Japan was not being treated as an equal despite supporting the victorious Allies, intensifying nationalist resentment towards western powers."},{"text":"Japan’s Pacific island mandates were rejected.","correct":false,"explanation":"Japan received Germany’s former Pacific islands as mandates rather than having such claims rejected. Nationalists particularly resented the rejection of Japan’s racial equality proposal."},{"text":"Japan’s imperial system proposal was rejected.","correct":false,"explanation":"Japan did not submit a proposal to abolish its imperial institutions at Versailles. Resentment centred on the Allies’ refusal to accept Japan’s racial equality clause."},{"text":"Japan’s naval equality proposal was rejected.","correct":false,"explanation":"Naval ratios were negotiated at the Washington Conference in 1921-1922, not rejected at Versailles. Japanese resentment at Versailles focused on the racial equality proposal."}]},{"id":"5b51bc61-b9fb-431a-882d-8409f45b1785","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Washington Conference 1921-1922 set a naval ratio of [ ], giving the USA and Britain larger fleets than Japan.","back":"The Washington Conference 1921-1922 set a naval ratio of 5:5:3, giving the USA and Britain larger fleets than Japan.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"5:5:3","correct":true,"explanation":"The ratio allocated five units of capital-ship tonnage each to the USA and Britain for every three allocated to Japan, which many Japanese navalists considered inferior treatment."},{"text":"3:3:5","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Japan’s position by giving it the largest allocation. The agreed ratio was 5:5:3, with the USA and Britain receiving five units each to Japan’s three."},{"text":"5:5:5","correct":false,"explanation":"This suggests equal fleets for all three powers, which the conference did not grant. The agreed ratio was 5:5:3 for the USA, Britain and Japan respectively."},{"text":"5:5:2","correct":false,"explanation":"This understates Japan’s allocation and exaggerates the disparity. The Washington settlement established a 5:5:3 ratio for the USA, Britain and Japan."}]},{"id":"c874a023-a7bf-4218-be71-266bd2d5e5d4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why was 1925 a contradiction in Japanese politics?","back":"Japan widened the vote while strengthening repression.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Japan widened the vote while strengthening repression.","correct":true,"explanation":"Universal male suffrage expanded political participation, while the Peace Preservation Law restricted radical ideas and organisations, making 1925 simultaneously democratic and repressive."},{"text":"Japan widened the vote while strengthening civil liberties.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Peace Preservation Law strengthened state repression rather than civil liberties. The contradiction was that Japan widened male suffrage while increasing controls on political dissent."},{"text":"Japan restricted the vote while weakening repression.","correct":false,"explanation":"Universal male suffrage widened rather than restricted the electorate. At the same time, the Peace Preservation Law strengthened repression against perceived threats to the state."},{"text":"Japan abolished the vote while strengthening parliamentary rule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Political participation was not abolished in 1925; voting rights expanded to all adult men. The contradiction lay in combining this expansion with harsher political repression."}]},{"id":"d6b32384-595c-4be2-ae76-4278e8e89156","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What did Ikki Kita’s proposed Showa Restoration aim to do?","back":"

Purge corrupt elites.
Strengthen emperor-centred rule.
Reorganise Japan for Asian leadership.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Purge corrupt elites.
Strengthen emperor-centred rule.
Reorganise Japan for Asian leadership.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Kita envisaged a revolutionary restructuring led in the emperor’s name, removing corrupt elites, centralising emperor-centred authority and preparing Japan to lead Asia."},{"text":"

Protect party politicians.
Weaken emperor-centred rule.
Withdraw Japan from Asian leadership.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Kita did not seek to protect party politicians, weaken imperial authority or retreat from Asia. His restoration proposed purging elites and reorganising a stronger emperor-centred Japan."},{"text":"

Preserve corrupt elites.
Strengthen parliamentary party rule.
Reorganise Japan for western leadership.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The proposed restoration was hostile to corrupt elites and parliamentary liberalism, not designed to expand their power. It sought emperor-centred rule and Japanese leadership in Asia."},{"text":"

Restore feudal elites.
Strengthen shogun-centred rule.
Reorganise Japan for western dependence.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Kita advocated radical domestic reorganisation and a stronger imperial state, not restoring shogunal government or accepting western dominance over Asian affairs."}]},{"id":"2d5dc681-42d0-4b1f-a9f4-e48b723d6e64","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did the Great Depression strengthen arguments for Manchurian expansion?","back":"It damaged exports and rural incomes, making resources attractive.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It damaged exports and rural incomes, making resources attractive.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Depression sharply reduced demand for Japanese exports, especially silk, lowering rural incomes. Manchuria therefore appeared to offer secure markets, raw materials and land."},{"text":"It boosted exports and rural incomes, making trade sufficient.","correct":false,"explanation":"Japan’s exports and rural economy did not prosper during the Depression. Falling trade and incomes instead made Manchuria’s raw materials, land and potential markets seem increasingly attractive."},{"text":"It expanded urban jobs and wages, making labour attractive.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Depression primarily harmed export-dependent industries and farming communities rather than expanding urban employment. These economic difficulties strengthened demands for access to Manchuria’s resources and markets."},{"text":"It secured imports and raw materials, making expansion unnecessary.","correct":false,"explanation":"Japan did not become self-sufficient in essential resources during the Depression. Economic hardship highlighted its dependence on imports, making Manchuria’s coal, iron and land more attractive."}]},{"id":"2baee688-705d-4269-a580-cc6761a26037","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Kwantung Army officers use as the pretext for occupying Manchuria?","back":"A staged railway explosion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A staged railway explosion.","correct":true,"explanation":"Kwantung Army officers staged an explosion on the Japanese-controlled South Manchurian Railway near Mukden, blamed Chinese forces and used it to justify military occupation."},{"text":"A staged barracks attack.","correct":false,"explanation":"No manufactured attack on a Japanese barracks triggered the occupation. The Kwantung Army instead staged an explosion on the South Manchurian Railway and blamed China."},{"text":"A staged border clash.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although regional tensions produced border disputes, the immediate pretext was not a fabricated frontier clash. Officers staged a railway explosion near Mukden and blamed Chinese troops."},{"text":"A staged political assassination.","correct":false,"explanation":"Political assassinations contributed to Japanese instability, but they were not the pretext for occupying Manchuria. Kwantung officers used a staged explosion on the South Manchurian Railway."}]},{"id":"061472ac-22fa-4282-8a48-6b22becdf984","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why was the Manchuria Incident 1931 a turning point?","back":"It showed the army could reshape policy by force.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It showed the army could reshape policy by force.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Kwantung Army occupied Manchuria without prior civilian authorisation and faced no effective reversal, demonstrating that military action could determine Japan’s foreign policy."},{"text":"It showed the Diet could restrain policy by law.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Diet did not successfully reverse the occupation. The incident instead demonstrated that the army could defy civilian leaders and reshape foreign policy through force."},{"text":"It showed the zaibatsu could reshape policy by finance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Economic pressure from the zaibatsu was not what determined policy during the incident. Unauthorised military action succeeded, showing that the army could reshape policy by force."},{"text":"It showed the League could reshape policy by sanctions.","correct":false,"explanation":"The League of Nations condemned Japan but could not compel a withdrawal from Manchuria. The decisive lesson was that the army could reshape policy through successful force."}]},{"id":"51cd1454-64bb-4dbe-a887-e5f1514badaa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did the February 26 Incident matter despite failing?","back":"It weakened civilian politicians and increased military influence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It weakened civilian politicians and increased military influence.","correct":true,"explanation":"Although the attempted coup was suppressed, the assassinations and continuing threat of military violence intimidated civilian leaders, enabling the armed forces to exert greater political influence."},{"text":"It strengthened civilian politicians and reduced military influence.","correct":false,"explanation":"The failed coup did not restore civilian confidence or reduce military power. Its violence intimidated politicians and helped the armed forces gain greater influence over government."},{"text":"It weakened military officers and increased civilian influence.","correct":false,"explanation":"The incident did not principally weaken the armed forces. Despite suppressing the rebels, the government became more vulnerable to military pressure as civilian politicians were intimidated."},{"text":"It weakened industrial leaders and increased imperial influence.","correct":false,"explanation":"The zaibatsu were not the main political victims of the incident. The attempted coup and assassinations weakened civilian politicians and increased the military’s influence over government."}]},{"id":"be94af07-db54-4f33-9110-08d063d19e41","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Full-scale war against China began after the [ ] in 1937.","back":"Full-scale war against China began after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Marco Polo Bridge Incident","correct":true,"explanation":"The clash between Japanese and Chinese troops near the Marco Polo Bridge in July 1937 escalated rapidly into full-scale war between the two countries."},{"text":"Mukden Incident","correct":false,"explanation":"The Mukden Incident occurred in 1931 and provided the pretext for occupying Manchuria, not the beginning of full-scale Sino-Japanese war in 1937. That followed the Marco Polo Bridge Incident."},{"text":"Shanghai Incident","correct":false,"explanation":"The Shanghai Incident of 1932 led to fighting and a temporary truce, but not continuous full-scale war. The wider conflict began after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937."},{"text":"Xi’an Incident","correct":false,"explanation":"The Xi’an Incident involved Chiang Kai-shek’s detention in 1936 and encouraged Chinese cooperation against Japan. Full-scale war began after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-12","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Japan 1853–1937","title":"Japan 1853–1937 Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/history/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"6af8a627-b736-59ae-9589-d55c52f34610","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]