32:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/075vy1fh16gh5.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/060-i_62-vse1.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2yhf9vq09dqoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/316m85d5s15pp.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_itvjgqsumf8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/33xgs57_c1jx_.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/32qmkt01ta8b2.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/097slu7xaeast.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/117yqm55h4y_p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2eoustw-nfu98.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3hkl04r--3y18.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ydqdr10ndcei.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ekz38h993cj8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0mgw5qzpc_1eu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/09_ag440ieydu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3_o3al2nkyqic.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2z-64g1onu4uw.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/00ol_16j3a2oa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0odk_0my0_b5-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0dbk553rgd90s.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0aq3eylxphp57.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2srfni4gkx9g6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3k8iy5tn80za8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2hccrcvndngge.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bt82o91jhwht.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_vtmw66zj1j7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0ep4vrgb00zlb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2s1hkstzlmj2o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2wp4esku6l29e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1__39-dgg7p8-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2gb4dscyul4eg.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1y5xmyjgu8grb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0kpd0j3i_7yor.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0sf7rskx57j6y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ghbpnibq2fva.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505"],"Gingerbread"] 34:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/075vy1fh16gh5.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/060-i_62-vse1.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2yhf9vq09dqoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/316m85d5s15pp.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_itvjgqsumf8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/33xgs57_c1jx_.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/32qmkt01ta8b2.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/097slu7xaeast.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/117yqm55h4y_p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2eoustw-nfu98.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3hkl04r--3y18.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ydqdr10ndcei.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ekz38h993cj8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0mgw5qzpc_1eu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/09_ag440ieydu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3_o3al2nkyqic.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2z-64g1onu4uw.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/00ol_16j3a2oa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0odk_0my0_b5-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0dbk553rgd90s.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0aq3eylxphp57.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2srfni4gkx9g6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3k8iy5tn80za8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2hccrcvndngge.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bt82o91jhwht.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_vtmw66zj1j7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0ep4vrgb00zlb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2s1hkstzlmj2o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2wp4esku6l29e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1__39-dgg7p8-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2gb4dscyul4eg.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1y5xmyjgu8grb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0kpd0j3i_7yor.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0sf7rskx57j6y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ghbpnibq2fva.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505"],"RecordResourceResume"] 35:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/075vy1fh16gh5.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/060-i_62-vse1.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2yhf9vq09dqoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/316m85d5s15pp.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_itvjgqsumf8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/33xgs57_c1jx_.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/32qmkt01ta8b2.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/097slu7xaeast.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/117yqm55h4y_p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2eoustw-nfu98.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3hkl04r--3y18.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ydqdr10ndcei.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ekz38h993cj8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0mgw5qzpc_1eu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/09_ag440ieydu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3_o3al2nkyqic.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2z-64g1onu4uw.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/00ol_16j3a2oa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0odk_0my0_b5-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0dbk553rgd90s.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0aq3eylxphp57.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2srfni4gkx9g6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3k8iy5tn80za8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2hccrcvndngge.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bt82o91jhwht.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_vtmw66zj1j7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0ep4vrgb00zlb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2s1hkstzlmj2o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2wp4esku6l29e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1__39-dgg7p8-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2gb4dscyul4eg.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1y5xmyjgu8grb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0kpd0j3i_7yor.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0sf7rskx57j6y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ghbpnibq2fva.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 36:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/075vy1fh16gh5.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/060-i_62-vse1.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2yhf9vq09dqoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/316m85d5s15pp.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_itvjgqsumf8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/33xgs57_c1jx_.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/32qmkt01ta8b2.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/097slu7xaeast.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/117yqm55h4y_p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2eoustw-nfu98.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3hkl04r--3y18.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ydqdr10ndcei.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ekz38h993cj8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0mgw5qzpc_1eu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/09_ag440ieydu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3_o3al2nkyqic.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2z-64g1onu4uw.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/00ol_16j3a2oa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0odk_0my0_b5-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0dbk553rgd90s.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0aq3eylxphp57.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2srfni4gkx9g6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3k8iy5tn80za8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2hccrcvndngge.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bt82o91jhwht.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_vtmw66zj1j7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0ep4vrgb00zlb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2s1hkstzlmj2o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2wp4esku6l29e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1__39-dgg7p8-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2gb4dscyul4eg.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1y5xmyjgu8grb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0kpd0j3i_7yor.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0sf7rskx57j6y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ghbpnibq2fva.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 23:[["$","$L32",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L33",["$","$L34",null,{"href":"/as-level/history/ocr/as-england-1485-1558-the-early-tudors/flashcards","label":"England 1485–1558: the Early Tudors","subjectCode":"as_level_history__ocr","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L35",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L36",null,{"decks":[{"id":"ea752f82-78bf-42d5-9b8f-2f2bb25c5e45","title":"England 1485–1558: the Early Tudors Flashcards","topicId":"55699d0f-4edb-5207-9218-cc89996a8245","topicSlug":"as-england-1485-1558-the-early-tudors","cards":[{"id":"74855548-d006-4eb6-ac72-b65ad2c8a5b0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which 1485 battle began the Early Tudor period by bringing Henry VII to power?","back":"The Battle of Bosworth.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Battle of Bosworth.","correct":true,"explanation":"Henry Tudor defeated Richard III at Bosworth on 22 August 1485. His victory allowed him to take the throne as Henry VII, beginning the Early Tudor period."},{"text":"The Battle of Stoke Field.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stoke Field was fought in 1487 against supporters of Lambert Simnel and consolidated Henry VII’s rule. The Battle of Bosworth brought Henry to power in 1485."},{"text":"The Battle of Towton.","correct":false,"explanation":"Towton was a major Yorkist victory during the Wars of the Roses in 1461. Henry VII gained the throne at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485."},{"text":"The Battle of Tewkesbury.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tewkesbury strengthened Edward IV’s Yorkist rule by defeating the Lancastrians in 1471. The Early Tudor period began with Henry VII’s victory at Bosworth."}]},{"id":"2cb28f95-f7f9-4d86-8e37-60f42d878158","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Henry VII strengthened legitimacy by dating his reign from [ ] and marrying [ ].","back":"Henry VII strengthened legitimacy by dating his reign from 21 August 1485 and marrying Elizabeth of York.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Henry VII strengthened legitimacy by dating his reign from 21 August 1485 and marrying Elizabeth of York.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dating his reign from the day before Bosworth made Richard III’s supporters legally traitors, while marrying Elizabeth of York helped unite the Lancastrian and Yorkist claims."},{"text":"Henry VII strengthened legitimacy by dating his reign from 22 August 1485 and marrying Elizabeth of York.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bosworth was fought on 22 August, but Henry deliberately dated his reign from 21 August 1485 so those who fought against him could be treated as traitors."},{"text":"Henry VII strengthened legitimacy by dating his reign from 21 August 1485 and marrying Anne Neville.","correct":false,"explanation":"Anne Neville was Richard III’s wife and died before Henry became king. Henry married Elizabeth of York to unite the rival dynastic claims."},{"text":"Henry VII strengthened legitimacy by dating his reign from 22 August 1485 and marrying Margaret Beaufort.","correct":false,"explanation":"Margaret Beaufort was Henry VII’s mother, not his wife. He dated his reign from 21 August 1485 and married Elizabeth of York to strengthen his legitimacy."}]},{"id":"abf0dde0-74e5-4b40-aa40-e82656522c13","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Lambert Simnel claimed to be the [ ]; Perkin Warbeck claimed to be [ ].","back":"Lambert Simnel claimed to be the Earl of Warwick; Perkin Warbeck claimed to be Richard, Duke of York.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Lambert Simnel claimed to be the Earl of Warwick; Perkin Warbeck claimed to be Richard, Duke of York.","correct":true,"explanation":"Simnel was presented as Edward, Earl of Warwick, a Yorkist claimant. Warbeck claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, the younger of the Princes in the Tower."},{"text":"Lambert Simnel claimed to be the Duke of Clarence; Perkin Warbeck claimed to be Richard, Duke of York.","correct":false,"explanation":"Warbeck did claim to be Richard, Duke of York, but Simnel was presented as the Earl of Warwick, not the Duke of Clarence."},{"text":"Lambert Simnel claimed to be the Earl of Warwick; Perkin Warbeck claimed to be Edward, Prince of Wales.","correct":false,"explanation":"Simnel’s claimed identity is accurate, but Warbeck impersonated Richard, Duke of York, rather than Edward, Prince of Wales, the elder Prince in the Tower."},{"text":"Lambert Simnel claimed to be the Richard, Duke of York; Perkin Warbeck claimed to be Earl of Warwick.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the pretenders’ identities. Simnel was presented as the Earl of Warwick, while Warbeck claimed to be Richard, Duke of York."}]},{"id":"db0c4906-4e19-4378-815e-147621983cd9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why was Perkin Warbeck a sustained Yorkist threat?","back":"

1491-1499 challenge lasted for years.
Foreign support came from Burgundy, Scotland and others.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

1491-1499 challenge lasted for years.
Foreign support came from Burgundy, Scotland and others.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Warbeck remained active for much of the 1490s and repeatedly gained recognition and assistance from foreign rulers, allowing his Yorkist challenge to survive several setbacks."},{"text":"

1485-1487 challenge lasted only two years.
English support came solely from southern nobles.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These details resemble a short domestic rebellion rather than Warbeck’s sustained threat. His challenge lasted from 1491 to 1499 and received important foreign support."},{"text":"

1491-1493 challenge ended within two years.
No foreign support was offered by European rulers.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Warbeck’s challenge continued until 1499, not merely 1493. Support from Burgundy, Scotland and other foreign powers was central to its longevity."},{"text":"

1497-1499 challenge began after Blackheath.
Spanish support came from Ferdinand and Isabella.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Warbeck’s activities began by 1491, well before the 1497 Blackheath rising. His notable foreign backers included Burgundy and Scotland, not the Spanish monarchs."}]},{"id":"b000802b-cd09-4217-9749-b6e73517d3a9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did bonds and recognisances help Henry VII control nobles?","back":"They were financial agreements enforcing good behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They were financial agreements enforcing good behaviour.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bonds and recognisances imposed financial penalties if nobles failed to meet specified obligations, giving Henry VII a powerful means of enforcing loyalty and lawful conduct."},{"text":"They were financial rewards granted for loyal service.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating them as rewards confuses control with patronage. Bonds and recognisances were financial agreements that threatened penalties and therefore enforced good behaviour."},{"text":"They were military contracts requiring foreign service.","correct":false,"explanation":"They did not normally require nobles to fight abroad. They were financial agreements whose penalties encouraged nobles to obey the king and maintain good behaviour."},{"text":"They were land agreements expanding noble estates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Henry was not using these measures to enlarge noble estates. Bonds and recognisances created financial obligations that discouraged disobedience and enforced good behaviour."}]},{"id":"277ff361-5eaa-4cac-bfdf-da0bf2ab14ea","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] in 1492 gained a pension and French agreement not to support [ ].","back":"The Treaty of Etaples in 1492 gained a pension and French agreement not to support Warbeck.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Treaty of Etaples in 1492 gained a pension and French agreement not to support Warbeck.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Treaty of Etaples ended Henry VII’s intervention in France, secured a French pension and required Charles VIII to stop supporting Perkin Warbeck."},{"text":"The Treaty of Medina del Campo in 1492 gained a pension and French agreement not to support Warbeck.","correct":false,"explanation":"Medina del Campo was an Anglo-Spanish agreement made in 1489, not the 1492 settlement with France. The relevant agreement was the Treaty of Etaples."},{"text":"The Treaty of Etaples in 1492 gained a pension and French agreement not to support Simnel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Simnel’s main challenge had already been defeated at Stoke in 1487. The Treaty of Etaples required France to withdraw support from Perkin Warbeck."},{"text":"The Treaty of Redon in 1492 gained a pension and French agreement not to support Warbeck.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Treaty of Redon concerned Henry’s military support for Brittany in 1489. The French pension and promise to abandon Warbeck came through the Treaty of Etaples."}]},{"id":"de7cad5c-d2c6-4456-bc26-3fc0834d6f3f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What was Henry VII’s usual foreign policy choice, and why?","back":"Diplomacy over glory to secure the Tudor dynasty.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Diplomacy over glory to secure the Tudor dynasty.","correct":true,"explanation":"Henry VII generally preferred treaties, marriages and calculated interventions because preserving his new dynasty and neutralising foreign support for pretenders mattered more than military reputation."},{"text":"War over diplomacy to revive English claims in France.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reflects a more aggressive pursuit of military honour than Henry VII usually followed. He generally prioritised diplomacy and dynastic security over expensive French conquests."},{"text":"Isolation over alliances to avoid foreign entanglements.","correct":false,"explanation":"Henry avoided unnecessary wars, but he was not isolationist: he actively negotiated treaties and marriage alliances. His usual preference was diplomacy in support of Tudor security."},{"text":"Expansion over security to build a continental empire.","correct":false,"explanation":"Henry VII did not pursue a continental empire, as sustained expansion would endanger royal finances and stability. He prioritised diplomacy and the security of his dynasty."}]},{"id":"d01d9ba8-19d3-4711-a112-1e60b61617ca","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did Henry VIII’s foreign policy attitude differ from Henry VII’s?","back":"He was more willing to spend heavily for honour abroad.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"He was more willing to spend heavily for honour abroad.","correct":true,"explanation":"Henry VIII sought martial glory and international prestige, especially through campaigns in France. He was therefore more prepared than Henry VII to spend heavily on warfare."},{"text":"He was more reluctant to risk war to protect royal finances.","correct":false,"explanation":"This cautious approach is more characteristic of Henry VII. Henry VIII was more willing to risk costly wars in pursuit of honour and military reputation abroad."},{"text":"He was equally committed to careful diplomacy for dynastic security.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although Henry VIII also used diplomacy, he placed greater emphasis on martial honour than his father. He was more willing to spend heavily on foreign campaigns."},{"text":"He was more focused on domestic economy than honour abroad.","correct":false,"explanation":"Henry VIII’s pursuit of foreign honour often placed heavy demands on royal finances. Henry VII was generally the more cautious ruler concerned with economy and dynastic security."}]},{"id":"5afbd308-8256-44ed-b7d4-b07141e92df3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did the Amicable Grant of 1525 fail?","back":"It faced opposition as a non-parliamentary war tax.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It faced opposition as a non-parliamentary war tax.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Amicable Grant failed because Henry attempted to raise money without Parliament’s consent. Its status as a non-parliamentary war tax provoked widespread resistance."},{"text":"It faced opposition as a parliamentary war tax.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Amicable Grant was opposed partly because it bypassed Parliament. The correct answer is that it faced opposition as a non-parliamentary war tax, making it appear arbitrary and illegitimate."},{"text":"It faced opposition as a foreign war subsidy.","correct":false,"explanation":"The grant was raised in England rather than being a foreign subsidy. The correct answer is that it faced opposition as a non-parliamentary war tax imposed without parliamentary approval."},{"text":"It faced opposition as a religious reform tax.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Amicable Grant funded Henry’s foreign policy rather than religious reform. The correct answer is that it faced opposition as a non-parliamentary war tax."}]},{"id":"1c6d9ea9-c292-47fd-8e89-25ec15e31aaf","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Wolsey fail to secure Henry VIII’s annulment?","back":"Charles V, Catherine’s nephew, dominated Rome after 1527.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Charles V, Catherine’s nephew, dominated Rome after 1527.","correct":true,"explanation":"Charles V controlled Rome after the 1527 sack and was Catherine of Aragon’s nephew. His influence over the Pope made it extremely difficult for Wolsey to secure Henry’s annulment."},{"text":"Francis I, Catherine’s nephew, dominated Rome after 1527.","correct":false,"explanation":"Francis I was Charles V’s rival, not Catherine’s nephew or the dominant influence over Rome after 1527. The correct answer is Charles V, whose power protected Catherine."},{"text":"Clement VII, Catherine’s nephew, dominated Rome after 1527.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clement VII was the Pope whose decision was influenced by political pressure, but he was not Catherine’s nephew. The correct answer is Charles V, who dominated Rome after 1527."},{"text":"Thomas More, Catherine’s nephew, dominated Rome after 1527.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thomas More was an English statesman and opponent of the annulment, not Catherine’s nephew or a ruler of Rome. The correct answer is Charles V, whose influence constrained the Pope."}]},{"id":"19704b61-dedd-4169-abca-e26c56c4ebce","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] denied appeals to Rome; the [ ] made Henry Supreme Head.","back":"The Act in Restraint of Appeals 1533 denied appeals to Rome; the Act of Supremacy 1534 made Henry Supreme Head.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Act in Restraint of Appeals 1533 denied appeals to Rome; the Act of Supremacy 1534 made Henry Supreme Head.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Act in Restraint of Appeals ended appeals to Rome, while the Act of Supremacy formally recognised Henry VIII as Supreme Head of the Church of England."},{"text":"The Act of Supremacy 1534 denied appeals to Rome; the Act in Restraint of Appeals 1533 made Henry Supreme Head.","correct":false,"explanation":"These two Acts have been reversed. The Act in Restraint of Appeals ended appeals to Rome, while the Act of Supremacy made Henry Supreme Head."},{"text":"The Act of Annates 1532 denied appeals to Rome; the Act of Succession 1534 made Henry Supreme Head.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act of Annates restricted payments to Rome, and the Act of Succession established the succession and marriage settlement. The correct Acts are Restraint of Appeals and Supremacy."},{"text":"The Act of Conditional Restraint 1534 denied appeals to Rome; the Act in Restraint of Appeals 1533 made Henry Supreme Head.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first title is not the Act that ended appeals, and the second Act did not establish royal supremacy. The correct answer uses the Acts in Restraint of Appeals and of Supremacy."}]},{"id":"f2de4c8a-a99c-4d0f-aa89-156c03483e5a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did the Six Articles 1539 show about religious change?","back":"It was uneven, still defending traditional Catholic beliefs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It was uneven, still defending traditional Catholic beliefs.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Six Articles showed that the English Reformation was selective rather than uniformly Protestant. Henry had broken with Rome but continued defending several traditional Catholic beliefs."},{"text":"It was radical, still defending traditional Catholic beliefs.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Six Articles reinforced conservative doctrine rather than introducing radical reform. The correct answer is that religious change was uneven, with traditional Catholic beliefs still defended."},{"text":"It was complete, still defending traditional Catholic beliefs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Religious change under Henry VIII was not complete, because the Six Articles upheld important Catholic doctrines. The correct answer is that it was uneven."},{"text":"It was consistent, still defending traditional Catholic beliefs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Henry’s religious policies shifted between reform and conservatism, so they were not consistent. The correct answer is that change was uneven, despite the break with Rome."}]},{"id":"be4b42a9-cdf3-460d-bbba-d851a7a2a99b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Dissolution of the Monasteries [ ] closed religious houses and transferred wealth to the [ ].","back":"The Dissolution of the Monasteries 1536-1540 closed religious houses and transferred wealth to the Crown.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Dissolution of the Monasteries 1536-1540 closed religious houses and transferred wealth to the Crown.","correct":true,"explanation":"Between 1536 and 1540, the Dissolution closed England’s monasteries and transferred their land, buildings and wealth primarily to the Crown, although much was later sold or granted away."},{"text":"The Dissolution of the Monasteries 1534-1538 closed religious houses and transferred wealth to the Crown.","correct":false,"explanation":"The dissolution began after 1536 and was completed by 1540, not 1538. The correct period is 1536-1540, while the wealth initially went to the Crown."},{"text":"The Dissolution of the Monasteries 1536-1540 closed religious houses and transferred wealth to the nobility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Many nobles later benefited from grants and purchases, but the immediate recipient was the Crown. The correct answer is Crown, following the 1536-1540 closure of religious houses."},{"text":"The Dissolution of the Monasteries 1539-1547 closed religious houses and transferred wealth to the Church.","correct":false,"explanation":"The monasteries were dissolved mainly from 1536 to 1540, and their wealth was taken by the Crown rather than transferred to the Church. Both the dates and recipient are wrong."}]},{"id":"f6641ba1-e4f5-485b-a23f-428cc2c1b6aa","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What drove the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536?","back":"

Religious conservatism.
Economic grievances.
Hostility to Cromwell.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Religious conservatism.
Economic grievances.
Hostility to Cromwell.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The Pilgrimage of Grace combined opposition to religious reform with complaints about economic pressures and hostility towards Cromwell’s policies and influence."},{"text":"

Religious reform.
Economic prosperity.
Support for Cromwell.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The rebels opposed religious change, suffered economic grievances and disliked Cromwell. The correct answer identifies Religious conservatism, Economic grievances and Hostility to Cromwell."},{"text":"

Dynastic loyalty.
Military success.
Support for Cromwell.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The rebels were not chiefly motivated by military success or support for Cromwell; many demanded his removal. The correct causes were religious conservatism, economic grievances and hostility to Cromwell."},{"text":"

Foreign invasion.
Economic prosperity.
Support for reform.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The rising was a domestic rebellion against government and religious policies, not a response to foreign invasion or prosperity. The correct causes were conservatism, economic grievances and hostility to Cromwell."}]},{"id":"0b0c7c9a-2628-4f25-b2aa-5c94d5e86a0d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Thomas Cromwell fall in 1540?","back":"

Anne of Cleves marriage failed.
Factional hostility increased.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Anne of Cleves marriage failed.
Factional hostility increased.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Cromwell arranged Henry’s unsuccessful marriage to Anne of Cleves, damaging his reputation. Conservative factions then exploited the failure and increased pressure for his removal."},{"text":"

Anne of Cleves marriage succeeded.
Factional hostility decreased.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Anne of Cleves’s marriage was annulled, and factional hostility towards Cromwell intensified. The correct answer is that the marriage failed and factional hostility increased."},{"text":"

Anne Boleyn marriage failed.
Factional hostility increased.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Anne Boleyn’s marriage ended in 1536, four years before Cromwell’s fall. The relevant marriage was to Anne of Cleves, whose failure strengthened factional hostility in 1540."},{"text":"

Anne of Cleves marriage failed.
Factional hostility decreased.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The failed marriage weakened Cromwell and encouraged his enemies, so factional hostility increased rather than decreased. The correct answer links both developments to his fall in 1540."}]},{"id":"2c231ec4-afff-4edb-91e6-15744683bc24","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Under Edward VI, [ ] dominated from 1547-1549, followed by [ ] from 1549-1553.","back":"Under Edward VI, Somerset dominated from 1547-1549, followed by Northumberland from 1549-1553.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Under Edward VI, Somerset dominated from 1547-1549, followed by Northumberland from 1549-1553.","correct":true,"explanation":"Edward VI was a child, so Somerset governed as Protector from 1547 to 1549. After his fall, Northumberland became the dominant political figure until Edward’s death in 1553."},{"text":"Under Edward VI, Northumberland dominated from 1547-1549, followed by Somerset from 1549-1553.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sequence is reversed. Somerset dominated during the first Protectorate from 1547 to 1549, while Northumberland controlled government from 1549 to 1553."},{"text":"Under Edward VI, Somerset dominated from 1547-1549, followed by Warwick from 1549-1553.","correct":false,"explanation":"Warwick was Northumberland’s family name and title before he became Duke of Northumberland, but the accepted answer is Northumberland for the later period."},{"text":"Under Edward VI, Northumberland dominated from 1547-1549, followed by Thomas Cromwell from 1549-1553.","correct":false,"explanation":"Northumberland did not dominate the first period, and Thomas Cromwell had been executed in 1540. The correct sequence is Somerset from 1547-1549, followed by Northumberland."}]},{"id":"128cdd1e-3b56-4b8e-9c75-fa848b14de68","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Edward VI’s minority encourage faction?","back":"Real power lay with protectors and councillors.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Real power lay with protectors and councillors.","correct":true,"explanation":"Edward was a minor, so he could not govern independently. Protectors and councillors exercised practical authority, creating opportunities for competing factions to influence policy and control access to the king."},{"text":"Real power lay with Parliament and the courts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parliament and the courts had important roles but did not control day-to-day government during the minority. The key source of faction was competition among protectors and councillors who held executive power."},{"text":"Real power lay with the nobility in the counties.","correct":false,"explanation":"Local nobles could influence regional politics, but they did not collectively direct central government. Faction developed because protectors and councillors controlled the young king and competed for national power."},{"text":"Real power lay with the bishops and clergy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Religious figures influenced reform, but they did not possess the main political authority. Edward’s minority made protectors and councillors the decisive power-holders, encouraging rivalry within the government."}]},{"id":"ab7cdd92-42d0-4943-973e-fe6f304b65a4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Mary’s proposed marriage to Philip of Spain cause anxiety?","back":"It raised fears of foreign influence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It raised fears of foreign influence.","correct":true,"explanation":"Philip was a Spanish prince, so the marriage raised concerns that Spain might influence English government and policy, threatening England’s independence and encouraging opposition to Mary’s plans."},{"text":"It raised fears of French invasion.","correct":false,"explanation":"France was a traditional rival, but the immediate anxiety concerned Philip’s Spanish influence over England. The marriage did not principally create fears that France would invade the country."},{"text":"It raised fears of Protestant succession.","correct":false,"explanation":"The marriage was viewed as a threat to Protestant interests rather than as a guarantee of a Protestant succession. Anxiety focused on Spanish control and Catholic foreign influence."},{"text":"It raised fears of parliamentary dominance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parliamentary power was not the central concern created by the proposed marriage. Opponents feared that Philip and Spain would gain excessive influence over England’s government and foreign policy."}]},{"id":"9e159d65-3e5a-424c-9d68-0ac36a9eeeff","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Lady Jane Grey’s regime collapse after nine days?","back":"Mary gained broad support.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mary gained broad support.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mary presented herself as the legitimate Tudor monarch and attracted support from nobles, local communities and ordinary people. This left Jane’s regime unable to maintain authority after only nine days."},{"text":"Jane refused to accept the crown.","correct":false,"explanation":"Jane did accept the crown, although she reportedly showed reluctance and limited enthusiasm. The regime collapsed chiefly because Mary gained broad support while Jane’s supporters deserted her."},{"text":"Foreign troops invaded England.","correct":false,"explanation":"No foreign invasion brought Jane’s regime down. Its failure resulted from domestic opposition and the widespread support Mary secured as the legitimate claimant to the throne."},{"text":"Parliament rejected Jane’s religious reforms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parliament did not bring down Jane’s government by rejecting religious reforms. The decisive problem was political legitimacy: Mary gathered enough support to defeat and replace Jane."}]},{"id":"a5abfacd-4338-496b-98d5-46fe77e45a37","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Under Edward VI, the [ ] in 1549 imposed a moderate English service; the [ ] in 1552 was more Protestant.","back":"Under Edward VI, the First Prayer Book in 1549 imposed a moderate English service; the Second Prayer Book in 1552 was more Protestant.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Under Edward VI, the First Prayer Book in 1549 imposed a moderate English service; the Second Prayer Book in 1552 was more Protestant.","correct":true,"explanation":"The First Prayer Book introduced a relatively moderate English liturgy in 1549, while the Second Prayer Book of 1552 removed more traditional elements and reflected stronger Protestant influence."},{"text":"Under Edward VI, the Second Prayer Book in 1549 imposed a moderate English service; the First Prayer Book in 1552 was more Protestant.","correct":false,"explanation":"The books are reversed here. The First Prayer Book came in 1549 and was more moderate; the Second Prayer Book followed in 1552 and adopted a more clearly Protestant service."},{"text":"Under Edward VI, the First Prayer Book in 1549 imposed a moderate English service; the Act of Uniformity in 1552 was more Protestant.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act of Uniformity enforced use of a prayer book but was not the name of the 1552 text. The more Protestant 1552 service was contained in the Second Prayer Book."},{"text":"Under Edward VI, the Royal Injunctions in 1549 imposed a moderate English service; the Second Prayer Book in 1552 was more Protestant.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Royal Injunctions addressed religious practice but did not provide the 1549 moderate English service described here. That service came from the First Prayer Book, followed by the Second in 1552."}]},{"id":"db07ff35-c552-452d-b2cd-97319bc1a4a7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What later effect did Mary’s burning of around 280 Protestants have?","back":"It created powerful opposition in later Protestant memory.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It created powerful opposition in later Protestant memory.","correct":true,"explanation":"The burnings became a lasting symbol of Catholic persecution in Protestant accounts, helping shape Mary’s later reputation as “Bloody Mary” and creating powerful opposition in Protestant historical memory."},{"text":"It created powerful opposition in contemporary Catholic memory.","correct":false,"explanation":"Catholic writers generally did not treat the executions as a symbol of opposition to Mary. Their lasting political impact came through later Protestant memory and anti-Catholic interpretations."},{"text":"It created powerful opposition in Elizabethan foreign policy.","correct":false,"explanation":"The burnings influenced reputation and religious memory more than the direct conduct of Elizabethan foreign policy. Their major later effect was to strengthen Protestant opposition to Mary’s image."},{"text":"It created powerful opposition in Parliamentary financial debates.","correct":false,"explanation":"The executions were not chiefly remembered through financial debates in Parliament. Their importance lay in the powerful Protestant memory they created of religious persecution under Mary."}]},{"id":"5c2d4196-c02f-41e1-bb2c-768ac4a070d2","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How did the Western Rebellion and Kett’s Rebellion differ in 1549?","back":"

Western: mainly opposed the Prayer Book.
Kett’s: focused on enclosure and social justice.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Western: mainly opposed the Prayer Book.
Kett’s: focused on enclosure and social justice.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The Western Rebellion was primarily a religious protest against the new Prayer Book, whereas Kett’s Rebellion centred on enclosure, local grievances and demands for greater social justice."},{"text":"

Western: focused on enclosure and social justice.
Kett’s: mainly opposed the Prayer Book.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These causes are reversed. The Western rebels objected mainly to religious change and the Prayer Book, while Kett’s rebels focused on enclosure and wider social grievances."},{"text":"

Western: mainly opposed the dissolution of monasteries.
Kett’s: supported enclosure by landowners.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Western rebels opposed the Prayer Book rather than simply repeating the earlier dissolution grievance, and Kett’s rebels challenged enclosure rather than supporting landowners’ expansion."},{"text":"

Western: demanded higher rents from tenants.
Kett’s: mainly opposed Protestant worship.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither description matches the rebellions. Western resistance was directed mainly against the Prayer Book, while Kett’s movement challenged enclosure and demanded improvements in social justice."}]},{"id":"081e3a9d-9aec-4cec-91ef-3774a8f51e8e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Wyatt’s Rebellion in 1554 oppose?","back":"Mary’s marriage to Philip of Spain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mary’s marriage to Philip of Spain.","correct":true,"explanation":"Wyatt’s Rebellion was driven chiefly by opposition to Mary’s proposed marriage to Philip of Spain, which many feared would increase Spanish influence and threaten England’s independence."},{"text":"Mary’s marriage to Charles V.","correct":false,"explanation":"Charles V was Philip’s father and had already abdicated by this period. Wyatt’s rebels opposed Mary’s proposed marriage to Philip of Spain, not to Charles."},{"text":"Mary’s restoration of the monasteries.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mary’s religious policies caused opposition in other contexts, but Wyatt’s Rebellion specifically focused on the proposed Spanish marriage and fears of foreign influence."},{"text":"Mary’s alliance with France.","correct":false,"explanation":"The rebellion was not directed against a French alliance. Its central target was Mary’s marriage to Philip of Spain, which opponents believed would bring Spanish dominance."}]},{"id":"32216969-316e-4c30-b37d-611c59127596","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How does the revisionist view challenge the traditional Mid Tudor Crisis view?","back":"

Traditional: crisis from rule, rebellion, inflation, religion.
Revisionist: regimes showed resilience despite challenges.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Traditional: crisis from rule, rebellion, inflation, religion.
Revisionist: regimes showed resilience despite challenges.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The traditional interpretation emphasises instability across government, rebellion, economic problems and religion. Revisionists argue that Tudor regimes often survived these pressures and demonstrated considerable resilience."},{"text":"

Traditional: crisis from foreign invasion and dynastic failure.
Revisionist: regimes collapsed because of popular opposition.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This misidentifies both interpretations. The traditional crisis model focuses on rule, rebellion, inflation and religion, while revisionists stress that regimes remained resilient rather than collapsing."},{"text":"

Traditional: stability from effective government.
Revisionist: regimes were weakened by permanent rebellion.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The traditional view is more pessimistic, presenting a crisis across several areas. Revisionists challenge that pessimism by arguing that rebellions and other difficulties did not destroy regime resilience."},{"text":"

Traditional: crisis caused mainly by religious change.
Revisionist: economic problems were the only serious challenge.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Religion was one part of the traditional crisis argument, alongside rule, rebellion and inflation. Revisionists do not reduce the period to economics; they emphasise the broader resilience of Tudor regimes."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-12","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"England 1485–1558: the Early Tudors","title":"England 1485–1558: the Early Tudors Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/history/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"55699d0f-4edb-5207-9218-cc89996a8245","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]