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That accepted right to govern is called legitimacy."}]},{"id":"1ad3c59b-3d44-41f6-8fbe-b5639037c40b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why could faction become dangerous around a weak king?","back":"It made patronage, offices and justice depend on access to the king.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It made patronage, offices and justice depend on access to the king.","correct":true,"explanation":"A weak king allowed competing groups to seek influence over royal decisions. Access to him could therefore determine who received appointments, rewards and favourable treatment in law."},{"text":"It made patronage, offices and justice depend on access to Parliament.","correct":false,"explanation":"Faction was dangerous because access to a weak king shaped patronage, appointments and justice, not because these powers were transferred to Parliament, which remained institutionally separate."},{"text":"It made patronage, offices and justice depend on access to local communities.","correct":false,"explanation":"The danger arose from rival magnates competing for access to the king, through whom patronage, offices and justice were distributed. Local communities did not control these royal resources."},{"text":"It made patronage, offices and justice depend on hereditary entitlement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Faction concerned competition for royal influence, not dependence upon hereditary entitlement. 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Councils avoided making Gaunt sole regent."},{"text":"To avoid making Thomas of Woodstock sole regent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thomas of Woodstock was another of Richard II’s uncles, but he was not the principal figure whom the council arrangement was designed to restrain. That figure was John of Gaunt."},{"text":"To avoid making the Black Prince sole regent.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Black Prince was Richard II’s father and had died in 1376, before Richard became king. The councils instead avoided appointing John of Gaunt as sole regent."}]},{"id":"3df3ca54-25c7-4672-96ce-f430bbadbee9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The third [ ] of 1380 helped trigger the Peasants' Revolt.","back":"The third Poll Tax of 1380 helped trigger the Peasants' Revolt.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Poll Tax","correct":true,"explanation":"The third Poll Tax imposed a heavy and widely resented per-person charge. Attempts to enforce and investigate non-payment helped provoke the Peasants’ Revolt in 1381."},{"text":"Lay Subsidy","correct":false,"explanation":"Lay Subsidies were taxes assessed mainly according to movable wealth, but the immediate fiscal trigger for the 1381 rising was the third Poll Tax passed in 1380."},{"text":"Clerical Subsidy","correct":false,"explanation":"The clerical subsidy was raised from Church wealth and clergy rather than imposed as the notorious per-person charge. The third Poll Tax of 1380 helped trigger revolt."},{"text":"Ship Money","correct":false,"explanation":"Ship Money is associated with Charles I in the seventeenth century, making it an anachronism here. The third Poll Tax of 1380 contributed directly to the Peasants’ Revolt."}]},{"id":"dd15d811-2034-4eb0-b15b-51d5c30b540f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did the Statute of Labourers 1351 feed revolt grievances?","back":"It tried to hold down wages after the Black Death.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It tried to hold down wages after the Black Death.","correct":true,"explanation":"Labour shortages after the Black Death enabled workers to demand higher pay. The statute attempted to restrict wages to earlier levels, creating resentment among labourers."},{"text":"It tried to raise workers’ wages after the Black Death.","correct":false,"explanation":"The statute did not encourage the wage increases produced by post-plague labour shortages. It tried to hold wages down, frustrating workers who expected improved bargaining power."},{"text":"It tried to hold down food prices after the Black Death.","correct":false,"explanation":"The legislation primarily regulated labour and wages, rather than controlling the cost of food. Its attempt to hold down wages after the Black Death fuelled resentment."},{"text":"It tried to increase labour mobility after the Black Death.","correct":false,"explanation":"The statute restricted workers’ ability to exploit labour shortages and seek better terms, rather than expanding their mobility. Its central grievance was the attempt to hold down wages."}]},{"id":"fe11a11c-8059-45fd-82d2-ffa4f8adec52","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Richard II do after control was restored in 1381?","back":"He revoked concessions promised to rebels.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"He revoked concessions promised to rebels.","correct":true,"explanation":"Once the rebels had dispersed and royal authority had recovered, Richard withdrew the charters and promises made during the crisis. The rebels therefore lost their promised concessions."},{"text":"He honoured concessions promised to rebels.","correct":false,"explanation":"Richard initially made promises under intense pressure, but he did not honour them after regaining control. He revoked the concessions once the immediate threat had passed."},{"text":"He made permanent the concessions promised to rebels.","correct":false,"explanation":"The concessions were emergency promises made during the revolt, not lasting reforms. After royal forces restored order, Richard revoked rather than made them permanent."},{"text":"He extended concessions promised to rebels.","correct":false,"explanation":"Richard did not broaden the rebels’ gains once the revolt had been suppressed. He reversed his earlier position and revoked the concessions promised during the confrontation."}]},{"id":"928852ef-182d-428f-be03-a2b832231145","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Richard's favourites anger magnates in the 1380s?","back":"Their rapid promotion excluded other magnates.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their rapid promotion excluded other magnates.","correct":true,"explanation":"Richard advanced a small circle of favourites unusually quickly, giving them titles, offices and influence. Established magnates resented being excluded from royal favour and rewards."},{"text":"Their slow promotion excluded other magnates.","correct":false,"explanation":"The favourites’ rise was controversial because it was rapid, not slow. Richard concentrated titles, offices and influence among them, leaving established magnates feeling excluded."},{"text":"Their ancient noble status excluded other magnates.","correct":false,"explanation":"The favourites were not resented for possessing long-established noble standing. Many magnates objected because Richard promoted them rapidly and privileged them over established aristocratic interests."},{"text":"Their loss of royal favour excluded other magnates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Loss of royal favour would have reduced the favourites’ ability to exclude rivals. Magnate resentment arose because their rapid promotion gave them exceptional access, offices and influence."}]},{"id":"f2a38dd0-e141-4f62-b0c7-8eb121200aa4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] of 1386 impeached Chancellor Michael de la Pole.","back":"The Wonderful Parliament of 1386 impeached Chancellor Michael de la Pole.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Wonderful Parliament","correct":true,"explanation":"The Wonderful Parliament of 1386 challenged Richard II’s government and impeached his chancellor, Michael de la Pole. It also pressed for reforms through a supervisory commission."},{"text":"Merciless Parliament","correct":false,"explanation":"The Merciless Parliament met in 1388 and punished Richard II’s supporters after the Lords Appellant’s victory. Michael de la Pole had been impeached by the Wonderful Parliament in 1386."},{"text":"Good Parliament","correct":false,"explanation":"The Good Parliament met in 1376, before Richard II became king, and attacked corruption under Edward III. The Wonderful Parliament impeached Michael de la Pole in 1386."},{"text":"Parliament of Bats","correct":false,"explanation":"The Parliament of Bats met in 1426 during Henry VI’s reign and took its name from the clubs carried by retainers. The 1386 assembly was the Wonderful Parliament."}]},{"id":"2913b16f-3cd0-492c-ba11-6b2c2e184b03","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What defeat allowed the Appellants to punish Richard's supporters in 1388?","back":"De Vere's defeat at Radcot Bridge in 1387.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"De Vere's defeat at Radcot Bridge in 1387.","correct":true,"explanation":"De Vere's defeat at Radcot Bridge destroyed Richard II's attempt to resist the Lords Appellant, enabling them to dominate government and punish his supporters in the Merciless Parliament of 1388."},{"text":"De Vere's defeat at Otterburn in 1388.","correct":false,"explanation":"Otterburn was an Anglo-Scottish battle and did not decide the Appellants' struggle against Richard II. De Vere's defeat at Radcot Bridge in 1387 enabled them to punish Richard's supporters."},{"text":"De Vere's defeat at Shrewsbury in 1403.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shrewsbury occurred during Henry IV's reign and defeated the Percy rebellion, not Richard II's supporters. De Vere's defeat at Radcot Bridge in 1387 empowered the Lords Appellant."},{"text":"De Vere's defeat at Brentford Bridge in 1387.","correct":false,"explanation":"Brentford Bridge is a plausible confusion with De Vere's attempted advance towards London, but the decisive defeat was at Radcot Bridge in 1387, allowing the Appellants to take control."}]},{"id":"f11fab41-b463-484b-80b9-77194c0c8657","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Richard II's 1397 purge reversed the actions of the [ ].","back":"Richard II's 1397 purge reversed the actions of the Merciless Parliament.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Merciless Parliament","correct":true,"explanation":"The Merciless Parliament of 1388 condemned or executed several of Richard II's supporters. Richard's purge of the Lords Appellant in 1397 deliberately reversed this earlier political settlement."},{"text":"Wonderful Parliament","correct":false,"explanation":"The Wonderful Parliament of 1386 attacked Richard's government and demanded the removal of Michael de la Pole, but the 1397 purge more directly reversed the Merciless Parliament's punishments of 1388."},{"text":"Good Parliament","correct":false,"explanation":"The Good Parliament met in 1376 under Edward III and challenged court corruption. Richard's 1397 purge instead reversed the actions of the Merciless Parliament of 1388."},{"text":"Bad Parliament","correct":false,"explanation":"The Bad Parliament of 1377 reversed some reforms made by the Good Parliament before Richard's reign. The target of Richard's 1397 purge was the settlement imposed by the Merciless Parliament."}]},{"id":"e8227fce-6dd7-4079-8b12-f2ce5d90522d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which 1399 action made Richard II vulnerable to Bolingbroke?","back":"Confiscating Bolingbroke's inheritance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Confiscating Bolingbroke's inheritance.","correct":true,"explanation":"By confiscating Bolingbroke's Lancastrian inheritance after John of Gaunt's death, Richard threatened noble property rights. This gave Bolingbroke a powerful justification for returning to England in 1399."},{"text":"Extending Bolingbroke's exile.","correct":false,"explanation":"Richard did extend Bolingbroke's exile, but confiscating his inheritance was the crucial 1399 action. It threatened the security of all noble inheritances and gave Bolingbroke grounds to return."},{"text":"Executing Bolingbroke's father.","correct":false,"explanation":"John of Gaunt died naturally in 1399 and was not executed by Richard II. Richard became vulnerable by confiscating Bolingbroke's inheritance rather than allowing him to succeed his father."},{"text":"Confiscating the Mortimer inheritance.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses Bolingbroke's Lancastrian claim with the rival Mortimer succession. Richard's seizure of Bolingbroke's inheritance gave the exiled duke both a grievance and support for his return."}]},{"id":"7eae04f5-1b56-433e-9a76-3cd2588b59f1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which hereditary line weakened Henry IV's claim?","back":"The Mortimer line through Lionel of Antwerp.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Mortimer line through Lionel of Antwerp.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Mortimers descended from Edward III's second surviving son, Lionel of Antwerp, whereas Henry descended from the younger John of Gaunt. This senior hereditary line weakened Henry IV's claim."},{"text":"The Beaufort line through John of Gaunt.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Beauforts also descended from John of Gaunt and therefore did not represent a senior line through an elder son of Edward III. The Mortimer line through Lionel of Antwerp did."},{"text":"The Yorkist line through Edmund of Langley.","correct":false,"explanation":"Edmund of Langley was younger than both Lionel of Antwerp and John of Gaunt, so descent through him alone did not outrank Henry IV. The senior competing claim came through the Mortimers."},{"text":"The Holland line through Thomas of Woodstock.","correct":false,"explanation":"This mixes two different noble families and does not identify the senior hereditary claim. Henry's position was weakened by the Mortimer line descending from Lionel of Antwerp."}]},{"id":"19213c26-fda5-4686-ae2d-12a4840ca3b2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] of 1400 aimed to kill Henry IV and restore Richard II.","back":"The Epiphany Rising of 1400 aimed to kill Henry IV and restore Richard II.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Epiphany Rising","correct":true,"explanation":"The Epiphany Rising was a failed plot by former supporters of Richard II to seize and kill Henry IV during royal festivities and restore the deposed Richard."},{"text":"Percy Rebellion","correct":false,"explanation":"The Percy Rebellion culminated at Shrewsbury in 1403 and arose from the Percys' conflict with Henry IV. The 1400 attempt to restore Richard II was the Epiphany Rising."},{"text":"Oldcastle Rebellion","correct":false,"explanation":"The Oldcastle Rebellion took place in 1414 against Henry V and was associated with Lollardy. The 1400 Ricardian attempt against Henry IV was the Epiphany Rising."},{"text":"Southampton Plot","correct":false,"explanation":"The Southampton Plot of 1415 sought to replace Henry V with Edmund Mortimer before the French campaign. The 1400 plot to restore Richard II was the Epiphany Rising."}]},{"id":"92974bed-8f38-4fd8-9b86-198cc8b2a491","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did Henry IV's financial weakness shape Parliament?","back":"Parliament granted taxation but demanded reform.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Parliament granted taxation but demanded reform.","correct":true,"explanation":"Henry IV needed parliamentary taxation because his ordinary revenue was inadequate. Parliament used this dependence to press for administrative reform, financial accountability and influence over royal government."},{"text":"Parliament refused taxation and demanded abdication.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parliament exploited Henry's financial dependence but did not consistently refuse taxation or demand his abdication. It granted taxation while attaching pressure for reform and greater accountability."},{"text":"Parliament granted taxation without demanding reform.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the bargaining power created by Henry's lack of money. Parliament often supplied taxation, but in return it pressed the king for reform and scrutiny of expenditure."},{"text":"Parliament abolished taxation but expanded expenditure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Henry's financial weakness made abolishing taxation impossible, especially amid rebellion and war. Parliament instead granted necessary taxation while using that support to demand governmental and financial reform."}]},{"id":"698c898e-2a21-425d-9556-e1c694edf4f9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did Henry V reduce Ricardian symbolism in 1413?","back":"He reburied Richard II at Westminster.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"He reburied Richard II at Westminster.","correct":true,"explanation":"Henry V transferred Richard II's body to a prestigious tomb at Westminster in 1413. This reconciliatory gesture reduced Ricardian grievances and presented Henry as a legitimate, unifying king."},{"text":"He reburied Henry IV at Westminster.","correct":false,"explanation":"Henry IV was buried at Canterbury, and moving his body would not have reconciled former Ricardians. Henry V reduced Ricardian symbolism by reburying Richard II honourably at Westminster."},{"text":"He restored Richard II at Westminster.","correct":false,"explanation":"Richard II had died in 1400 and could not be restored to the throne. Henry V instead reburied him at Westminster, honouring his memory while reinforcing Lancastrian reconciliation."},{"text":"He reburied Edward II at Westminster.","correct":false,"explanation":"Edward II remained buried at Gloucester and belonged to an earlier political crisis. Henry V addressed recent Ricardian loyalties by reburying Richard II at Westminster in 1413."}]},{"id":"55ec61b2-7cb1-4235-aeed-0a4132b34d59","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did the Oldcastle Rebellion make Lollardy more threatening?","back":"It made Lollardy look politically treasonous.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It made Lollardy look politically treasonous.","correct":true,"explanation":"Oldcastle's armed rising linked Lollard religious dissent with rebellion against Henry V. This made the movement appear politically treasonous rather than merely a challenge to Church doctrine."},{"text":"It made Lollardy look religiously orthodox.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lollardy already challenged orthodox teachings on Church authority and the sacraments. Oldcastle's rebellion intensified the danger by making these religious critics appear politically treasonous as well."},{"text":"It made Lollardy look socially conservative.","correct":false,"explanation":"The rebellion did not reassure authorities that Lollards defended the existing social order. Its association with an armed plot against Henry V made Lollardy appear politically treasonous."},{"text":"It made Lollardy look politically loyal.","correct":false,"explanation":"An attempted rising against Henry V demonstrated the opposite of political loyalty. By connecting religious dissent with armed resistance, Oldcastle's actions made Lollardy appear politically treasonous."}]},{"id":"9ab1ff5e-7372-497a-8aa7-b83eae60e113","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In 1415, the [ ] probably aimed to replace Henry V with Edmund Mortimer.","back":"In 1415, the Southampton Plot probably aimed to replace Henry V with Edmund Mortimer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Southampton Plot","correct":true,"explanation":"The Southampton Plot was uncovered in 1415 and involved a plan to remove Henry V, probably replacing him with Edmund Mortimer, before the Agincourt campaign."},{"text":"Epiphany Rising","correct":false,"explanation":"The Epiphany Rising was a failed plot against Henry IV in 1400, not Henry V in 1415. The conspiracy involving Edmund Mortimer was the Southampton Plot."},{"text":"Oldcastle Revolt","correct":false,"explanation":"Oldcastle’s Revolt was a Lollard rising against Henry V in 1414, but it was not the 1415 conspiracy to install Edmund Mortimer. That was the Southampton Plot."},{"text":"Percy Rebellion","correct":false,"explanation":"The Percy Rebellion challenged Henry IV and culminated at Shrewsbury in 1403. The 1415 conspiracy probably intended to replace Henry V through the Southampton Plot."}]},{"id":"0769542a-bfe7-40a9-ae61-0b82b68dca31","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did the Treaty of Troyes 1420 make Henry V?","back":"Henry became heir and regent of France.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Henry became heir and regent of France.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Treaty of Troyes recognised Henry V as Charles VI’s heir and appointed him regent of France, while Charles VI remained king until his death."},{"text":"Henry became king and regent of France.","correct":false,"explanation":"Henry V did not immediately become king of France because Charles VI remained king. The treaty instead made Henry heir and regent of France."},{"text":"Henry became heir but not regent of France.","correct":false,"explanation":"The treaty did more than recognise Henry as the future king: it also granted him authority to govern France as regent during Charles VI’s lifetime."},{"text":"Henry became regent but not heir of France.","correct":false,"explanation":"Henry was not merely appointed to govern France temporarily. The treaty also recognised him and his descendants as heirs to the French throne."}]},{"id":"813bb517-747a-4cfb-96b1-851c64c63f33","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Normandy was lost in 1450 after [ ]; Gascony was lost in 1453 after [ ].","back":"Normandy was lost in 1450 after Formigny; Gascony was lost in 1453 after Castillon.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Normandy was lost in 1450 after Formigny; Gascony was lost in 1453 after Castillon.","correct":true,"explanation":"The French victory at Formigny completed the collapse of English Normandy in 1450, while Castillon in 1453 ended English rule in Gascony."},{"text":"Normandy was lost in 1450 after Agincourt; Gascony was lost in 1453 after Castillon.","correct":false,"explanation":"Agincourt was an English victory in 1415 and helped expand English power rather than end it. Normandy fell after Formigny, while Gascony fell after Castillon."},{"text":"Normandy was lost in 1450 after Formigny; Gascony was lost in 1453 after Patay.","correct":false,"explanation":"Patay was fought in 1429 during the relief of Orléans, not the final loss of Gascony. Formigny preceded Normandy’s loss and Castillon preceded Gascony’s."},{"text":"Normandy was lost in 1450 after Verneuil; Gascony was lost in 1453 after Formigny.","correct":false,"explanation":"Verneuil was an English victory in 1424, while Formigny concerned Normandy rather than Gascony. The decisive defeats were Formigny in 1450 and Castillon in 1453."}]},{"id":"c82a94c1-e694-420e-97a8-a35e7f54a35b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did French defeats do to ministers' authority at home?","back":"They discredited ministers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They discredited ministers.","correct":true,"explanation":"French defeats made the government’s leading ministers appear incompetent and responsible for military failure, undermining their authority and increasing political hostility towards them."},{"text":"They strengthened ministers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Military defeat did not reinforce the government’s position. Responsibility for losing English territories damaged ministers’ reputations, so the defeats discredited ministers instead."},{"text":"They restored ministerial prestige.","correct":false,"explanation":"Prestige would have been restored by successful government or military recovery, not territorial collapse. The French defeats instead discredited ministers in domestic politics."},{"text":"They increased ministerial authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"The losses weakened confidence in those directing royal government rather than increasing their power. Ministers were blamed for failure and consequently became discredited."}]},{"id":"82cf2597-0cc2-4d3c-8d39-c965b1bed827","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why was Henry VI's English minority run by council?","back":"To avoid a single overmighty regent.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To avoid a single overmighty regent.","correct":true,"explanation":"Council government distributed authority among several leading nobles and bishops, preventing one regent from monopolising royal power during Henry VI’s English minority."},{"text":"To give Gloucester full royal authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gloucester wanted greater authority, but the political community deliberately restricted him. Government by council was designed to prevent any single figure becoming an overmighty regent."},{"text":"To exclude nobles from central government.","correct":false,"explanation":"Leading nobles were central members of the minority council rather than being excluded. The council structure shared power so that no single overmighty regent dominated."},{"text":"To place Parliament above the royal council.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parliament did not replace or command the machinery of minority government. A royal council governed collectively to avoid concentrating authority in one overmighty regent."}]},{"id":"ad0770ff-5d64-4169-be99-b000dc51fd46","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Suffolk become deeply unpopular by 1450?","back":"Surrender of Maine and later French losses.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Surrender of Maine and later French losses.","correct":true,"explanation":"Suffolk was associated with the secret surrender of Maine and blamed as English territories subsequently collapsed, making him a focus for anger over military failure."},{"text":"Surrender of Calais and later French losses.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calais remained under English control until 1558, so Suffolk did not surrender it. His unpopularity arose from the surrender of Maine and subsequent French losses."},{"text":"Victory at Agincourt and later French losses.","correct":false,"explanation":"Agincourt occurred in 1415 and enhanced Henry V’s reputation, not Suffolk’s unpopularity. Suffolk was condemned for surrendering Maine and for the later territorial losses."},{"text":"Capture of Normandy and later French victories.","correct":false,"explanation":"England lost Normandy rather than capturing it during Suffolk’s ascendancy. His association with surrendering Maine and the subsequent collapse in France drove his unpopularity."}]},{"id":"3e29c13c-b8b6-439d-896d-deb0e3d04e6d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which 1450 rebellion expressed anger at corruption, taxation, misgovernment and military failure?","back":"Cade's Rebellion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cade's Rebellion.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cade's Rebellion erupted in 1450 and voiced widespread grievances about corrupt government, excessive taxation, poor justice and the loss of English territories in France."},{"text":"Peasants' Revolt.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Peasants' Revolt occurred in 1381 and focused especially on taxation and social grievances. The 1450 rising against corruption and military failure was Cade's Rebellion."},{"text":"Oldcastle's Revolt.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oldcastle's Revolt was a Lollard rising in 1414 motivated primarily by religious opposition. The rebellion expressing these political grievances in 1450 was Cade's Rebellion."},{"text":"Percy's Rebellion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Percy's Rebellion challenged Henry IV in the early fifteenth century and was not the major rising of 1450. Those grievances were expressed through Cade's Rebellion."}]},{"id":"d30b6c4a-cbe5-4811-a985-a2295b007be1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which battle showed armed conflict had begun by 1455?","back":"The First Battle of St Albans.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The First Battle of St Albans.","correct":true,"explanation":"The First Battle of St Albans in May 1455 brought Yorkist and Lancastrian forces into direct combat, marking the beginning of armed conflict."},{"text":"The Battle of Blore Heath.","correct":false,"explanation":"Blore Heath was a significant Yorkist victory, but it occurred in 1459. Armed conflict had already begun at the First Battle of St Albans in 1455."},{"text":"The Battle of Towton.","correct":false,"explanation":"Towton was the largest battle of the conflict and secured Edward IV’s throne in 1461. The First Battle of St Albans had begun armed conflict in 1455."},{"text":"The Battle of Bosworth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bosworth occurred in 1485 and ended Richard III’s reign, much later in the dynastic conflict. Armed fighting had begun at First St Albans in 1455."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-12","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"England 1377–1455","title":"England 1377–1455 Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/history/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"7189d81e-b36e-59f0-abb8-17db1c3300a7","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]