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Devil.","correct":true,"explanation":"Accusations commonly combined harmful magic, or maleficium, with the belief that witches gained their powers through a deliberate agreement with the Devil."},{"text":"A supposed ability to predict the future.","correct":false,"explanation":"Divination was a separate magical practice rather than the belief usually added to maleficium. The crucial addition was a supposed pact through which the Devil granted power."},{"text":"A supposed inheritance of magical powers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some communities associated witchcraft with particular families, but inherited power was not the usual theological addition. Accusers commonly alleged a pact with the Devil."},{"text":"A supposed violation of the Sabbath.","correct":false,"explanation":"Breaking Sabbath rules was a religious offence, not the defining belief joined to harmful magic. Witchcraft accusations usually added an alleged pact with the Devil."}]},{"id":"30f132ee-cb1a-4b10-8826-a1be5f8713bb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What could turn one witchcraft confession into a wider craze?","back":"The accused named further suspects.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The accused named further suspects.","correct":true,"explanation":"Naming alleged accomplices expanded an individual prosecution into a chain of accusations. Each new suspect could confess and identify still more people, causing a wider craze."},{"text":"The accused withdrew the confession.","correct":false,"explanation":"Withdrawing a confession could weaken the prosecution rather than spread accusations. A craze was more likely when the accused named further suspects, extending the investigation."},{"text":"The accused cleared their neighbours.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clearing neighbours would restrict the number of possible prosecutions. A confession became dangerous on a larger scale when the accused named further suspects."},{"text":"The accused claimed to act alone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Claiming to act alone contained the case instead of creating an accusation chain. Wider crazes developed when confessing suspects implicated additional people."}]},{"id":"a69a472e-f035-40db-a881-84ce942fbdf7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Witch-hunts escalated when social stress, weak authority, permissive legal procedures and [ ] reinforced each other.","back":"Witch-hunts escalated when social stress, weak authority, permissive legal procedures and religious anxiety reinforced each other.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"religious anxiety","correct":true,"explanation":"Religious anxiety intensified fears of Satan and encouraged communities to interpret misfortune as evidence of witchcraft, especially when combined with social, political and legal pressures."},{"text":"economic prosperity","correct":false,"explanation":"Prosperity did not normally supply the fear and insecurity that escalated hunts. The reinforcing factor was religious anxiety, which heightened concern about Satan and spiritual disorder."},{"text":"judicial restraint","correct":false,"explanation":"Judicial restraint limited prosecutions by demanding reliable evidence and controlling procedure. Religious anxiety instead reinforced permissive laws, social stress and weak authority."},{"text":"political stability","correct":false,"explanation":"Political stability generally strengthened authorities’ ability to contain panics. Religious anxiety was the factor that could combine with weak authority and other pressures to escalate hunts."}]},{"id":"0cb2af65-2eaa-493e-afad-05afc9fa02cd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In witchcraft debates, what did scepticism usually question?","back":"Whether a particular accusation could be proved.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Whether a particular accusation could be proved.","correct":true,"explanation":"Many sceptics did not deny witchcraft’s theoretical possibility. They questioned whether the evidence in an individual case was reliable and sufficient to establish guilt."},{"text":"Whether witches had ever existed at all.","correct":false,"explanation":"Complete denial of witchcraft was less typical than case-specific doubt. Sceptics usually challenged whether a particular accusation had been proved by dependable evidence."},{"text":"Whether maleficium was punishable by law.","correct":false,"explanation":"The main sceptical issue was evidential proof, not whether harmful witchcraft was legally punishable. Critics asked whether the specific charge against an accused person could be established."},{"text":"Whether the Devil appeared in Christian theology.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sceptics generally accepted the Devil’s place in Christian teaching. Their concern was whether reliable evidence proved that a particular accused person had practised witchcraft."}]},{"id":"ee547c8a-4edf-40af-bc71-20e99be65ccb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of evidence did the Pendle Swindle damage trust in?","back":"Child witness testimony.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Child witness testimony.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Pendle Swindle exposed the unreliability and possible manipulation of accusations made by children, damaging confidence in child witnesses in later witchcraft prosecutions."},{"text":"Spectral witness testimony.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spectral evidence was especially controversial in the Salem trials, but the Pendle Swindle specifically undermined trust in children’s accusations and therefore in child witness testimony."},{"text":"Expert medical testimony.","correct":false,"explanation":"The scandal did not centre on physicians misinterpreting physical symptoms. It exposed problems with children’s allegations, weakening confidence in child witness testimony."},{"text":"Accused persons’ testimony.","correct":false,"explanation":"The central problem was not defendants giving evidence about themselves. The Pendle Swindle revealed how unreliable or manipulated child witnesses could produce false accusations."}]},{"id":"8c5f6da7-221b-4279-9f06-9fa4d5799b9f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Sir John Holt pushed witchcraft cases towards [ ] by insisting on [ ].","back":"Sir John Holt pushed witchcraft cases towards acquittal by insisting on stronger proof.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sir John Holt pushed witchcraft cases towards acquittal by insisting on stronger proof.","correct":true,"explanation":"Holt demanded more convincing evidence and challenged weak or doubtful testimony. This raised the prosecution’s burden and made acquittals in witchcraft trials more likely."},{"text":"Sir John Holt pushed witchcraft cases towards conviction by insisting on stronger proof.","correct":false,"explanation":"A higher evidential standard made convictions harder, not easier, to obtain. Holt’s insistence on stronger proof therefore pushed witchcraft cases towards acquittal."},{"text":"Sir John Holt pushed witchcraft cases towards acquittal by insisting on spectral evidence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spectral claims were doubtful supernatural evidence rather than the stronger proof Holt required. His rigorous treatment of evidence helped move cases towards acquittal."},{"text":"Sir John Holt pushed witchcraft cases towards conviction by insisting on confessions under torture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Holt did not promote torture-based confessions, and judicial torture was not standard English criminal procedure. He encouraged acquittal by demanding stronger, credible proof."}]},{"id":"fc4f4352-adc7-406a-b1e1-1ae941544a97","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Reginald Scot’s [ ] (1584) attacked credulity about witches.","back":"Reginald Scot’s The Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584) attacked credulity about witches.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Discoverie of Witchcraft","correct":true,"explanation":"Published in 1584, Scot’s work criticised credulous witch beliefs and exposed supposed magical practices, becoming a major early English contribution to witchcraft scepticism."},{"text":"Daemonologie","correct":false,"explanation":"Daemonologie was published by James VI in 1597 and defended belief in witchcraft. Scot’s sceptical 1584 work was The Discoverie of Witchcraft."},{"text":"Malleus Maleficarum","correct":false,"explanation":"The Malleus Maleficarum was a late fifteenth-century witch-hunting treatise by Heinrich Kramer, not Scot’s book. Scot wrote The Discoverie of Witchcraft."},{"text":"The Discovery of Witches","correct":false,"explanation":"This title is associated with Matthew Hopkins’s 1647 publication, not Reginald Scot. Scot’s 1584 attack on witchcraft credulity was The Discoverie of Witchcraft."}]},{"id":"dc7cbeca-45d7-4a66-9a03-048224edfbb4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did the Scientific Revolution make witchcraft claims less plausible?","back":"It favoured regular natural laws over constant supernatural intervention.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It favoured regular natural laws over constant supernatural intervention.","correct":true,"explanation":"Scientific thinkers increasingly explained events through consistent natural mechanisms. This made claims that witches repeatedly disrupted nature through supernatural powers appear less convincing."},{"text":"It favoured miraculous explanations over regular patterns in nature.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the Scientific Revolution’s tendency towards consistent natural explanation. Its emphasis on regular natural laws made frequent supernatural interference seem less plausible."},{"text":"It favoured ancient authorities over observation and experiment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Scientific inquiry increasingly challenged inherited authority through observation and investigation. Its preference for regular natural laws, rather than unquestioned tradition, weakened witchcraft explanations."},{"text":"It favoured constant divine intervention over mechanical explanations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Scientific thought increasingly sought mechanical and law-like explanations rather than constant supernatural intervention. This shift reduced the plausibility of alleged magical disruptions of nature."}]},{"id":"23980c54-eb1e-4d40-8fc9-063bacbb9410","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) argued that knowledge came from [ ].","back":"Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) argued that knowledge came from experience.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"experience","correct":true,"explanation":"Locke’s empiricism held that knowledge develops through sensory experience and reflection, rather than being innate. His argument challenged the idea that people are born with pre-existing ideas."},{"text":"divine revelation","correct":false,"explanation":"Divine revelation was associated with religious authority, not Locke’s empiricism. Locke argued that knowledge came from experience, gained through sensation and reflection rather than direct supernatural communication."},{"text":"inherited wisdom","correct":false,"explanation":"Inherited wisdom suggests that knowledge is passed down unchanged, but Locke rejected innate ideas. He argued that experience supplies the contents of the mind and allows knowledge to develop."},{"text":"astrological influence","correct":false,"explanation":"Astrological influence was a belief about how the stars affected human affairs, not Locke’s theory of knowledge. Locke argued that knowledge came from experience rather than celestial forces."}]},{"id":"19dd6ea5-4a76-4383-9a22-6bdc95509a4f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The North Berwick panic began with [ ], a servant suspected after her healing powers attracted attention.","back":"The North Berwick panic began with Gilly Duncan, a servant suspected after her healing powers attracted attention.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Gilly Duncan","correct":true,"explanation":"Gilly Duncan’s healing abilities attracted suspicion and helped trigger the North Berwick panic. Her accusations connected local concerns about witchcraft with the wider investigation surrounding King James VI."},{"text":"Agnes Sampson","correct":false,"explanation":"Agnes Sampson became one of the most prominent accused people in the North Berwick trials, but she was not the servant whose healing powers first attracted attention. That was Gilly Duncan."},{"text":"Barbara Napier","correct":false,"explanation":"Barbara Napier was accused in a different Scottish witchcraft case and was not the servant who initiated the North Berwick panic. The relevant figure was Gilly Duncan."},{"text":"Margaret Aitken","correct":false,"explanation":"Margaret Aitken was associated with the later Scottish witch-hunt of 1661-62, not the beginning of the North Berwick panic. Gilly Duncan was the servant whose healing drew suspicion."}]},{"id":"5ad25836-9cc6-4f04-9296-944bb76fafb0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did James VI’s 1589–90 Danish voyage feed North Berwick fears?","back":"Voyage storms were interpreted as witchcraft.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Voyage storms were interpreted as witchcraft.","correct":true,"explanation":"Storms delayed James VI’s Danish voyage and were interpreted as deliberately caused by witches. This transformed a dangerous journey into evidence of a supernatural plot against the king."},{"text":"Voyage delays were interpreted as proof of Catholic conspiracy.","correct":false,"explanation":"The voyage was delayed, but the crucial interpretation was that storms had been caused by witchcraft, not simply by a Catholic conspiracy. The storms connected the voyage to the panic."},{"text":"Voyage shipwrecks were interpreted as divine punishment.","correct":false,"explanation":"James’s voyage experienced severe storms rather than the shipwrecks described here, and the fears focused on witchcraft rather than divine punishment. Storms were treated as evidence of magical attack."},{"text":"Voyage illnesses were interpreted as poisoning by witches.","correct":false,"explanation":"Illness was not the central problem associated with the Danish voyage. Storms disrupted the journey and were blamed on witches, helping create fears of a supernatural attack on James."}]},{"id":"d369bbd4-1ee8-4948-95e7-3c694955344d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Bothwell’s alleged involvement make North Berwick politically explosive?","back":"Witchcraft could be framed as treason against the king.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Witchcraft could be framed as treason against the king.","correct":true,"explanation":"If witches were accused of attacking James VI or obstructing his voyage, witchcraft could be presented as treason against the monarch. Bothwell’s alleged involvement therefore made the case politically dangerous."},{"text":"Witchcraft could be framed as heresy against the Church.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heresy was a religious offence, but the political significance of Bothwell’s alleged involvement came from linking witchcraft to an attack on James VI. It could therefore be framed as treason."},{"text":"Witchcraft could be framed as rebellion by foreign merchants.","correct":false,"explanation":"Foreign merchants were not the focus of the North Berwick accusations. Bothwell’s alleged role made the affair explosive because supernatural attacks on James could be treated as treason against the king."},{"text":"Witchcraft could be framed as disobedience to local magistrates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Disobedience to local officials would not explain the national political danger of the case. The key issue was that witchcraft could be interpreted as treasonous action against James VI himself."}]},{"id":"75e9e9d8-63cf-4dd0-9a1f-5faaf75f3263","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"James VI’s [ ] (1597) gave royal and intellectual backing to belief in witches.","back":"James VI’s Daemonologie (1597) gave royal and intellectual backing to belief in witches.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Daemonologie","correct":true,"explanation":"James VI’s Daemonologie, published in 1597, defended the reality of witchcraft and supported the prosecution of witches. It gave royal authority and intellectual justification to these beliefs."},{"text":"Basilikon Doron","correct":false,"explanation":"Basilikon Doron was James VI’s advice book for his son and dealt mainly with kingship and conduct. His work specifically defending belief in witches was Daemonologie."},{"text":"The Discoverie of Witchcraft","correct":false,"explanation":"The Discoverie of Witchcraft was Reginald Scot’s sceptical 1584 work, which challenged belief in witchcraft. James VI’s 1597 defence of witch belief was Daemonologie."},{"text":"Leviathan","correct":false,"explanation":"Leviathan was written by Thomas Hobbes in 1651 and focused on political authority and human society. James VI’s royal defence of witchcraft appeared in Daemonologie."}]},{"id":"31d76bca-790d-4007-b61f-ae8394d22cd1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What legal effect did the 1604 Witchcraft Statute have?","back":"Severe witchcraft offences became capital crimes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Severe witchcraft offences became capital crimes.","correct":true,"explanation":"The 1604 statute made serious witchcraft offences punishable by death, strengthening the legal basis for prosecutions. It treated harmful magic and related offences as capital crimes in England."},{"text":"Severe witchcraft offences became ecclesiastical misdemeanours.","correct":false,"explanation":"The statute did not reduce serious witchcraft to church discipline. It made severe offences capital crimes, allowing the state courts to impose the death penalty."},{"text":"Severe witchcraft offences became transportable offences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transportation was not the principal punishment created by the 1604 Witchcraft Statute. Serious witchcraft offences became capital crimes, reflecting the law’s severe approach."},{"text":"Severe witchcraft offences became civil disputes.","correct":false,"explanation":"The statute treated serious witchcraft as a criminal matter rather than a private civil dispute. Its major effect was to make such offences capital crimes punishable by death."}]},{"id":"1ceaf4eb-44c2-4180-8d6b-cd1053f02982","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which event widened the 1612 Pendle accusations?","back":"The Malkin Tower Good Friday meeting.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Malkin Tower Good Friday meeting.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Good Friday meeting at Malkin Tower brought together people associated with the Device family and widened the accusations beyond the original suspects. It became central evidence in the Pendle prosecutions."},{"text":"The Samlesbury Hall Easter gathering.","correct":false,"explanation":"Samlesbury Hall was connected with a separate Lancashire witchcraft case, not the event that widened the Pendle accusations. The relevant gathering was the Good Friday meeting at Malkin Tower."},{"text":"The Lancaster Castle Christmas confession.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lancaster Castle was where accused people were imprisoned and tried, not the location of the meeting that expanded the accusations. That meeting took place at Malkin Tower on Good Friday."},{"text":"The Pendle Hill midsummer assembly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pendle Hill gave the area its name but was not the site of the gathering that widened the accusations. The key event was the Good Friday meeting at Malkin Tower."}]},{"id":"aae2bdfe-cd99-4aa7-8bfc-eba16a1e2d8b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which child witness was crucial at the Lancashire trial?","back":"Jennet Device.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Jennet Device.","correct":true,"explanation":"Jennet Device was a child witness whose testimony implicated members of her own family and other accused people. Her evidence was crucial to the prosecution case at the Lancashire trial."},{"text":"Alizon Device.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alizon Device was central to the beginning of the Pendle accusations, but she was not the child witness whose courtroom testimony widened the prosecution evidence. That witness was Jennet Device."},{"text":"Anne Whittle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Anne Whittle, also known as Chattox, was an accused woman in the Pendle case, not the crucial child witness at the Lancashire trial. The child witness was Jennet Device."},{"text":"Elizabeth Device.","correct":false,"explanation":"Elizabeth Device was an accused adult and the mother of Jennet Device, rather than the child witness whose evidence was used at trial. Jennet Device provided the crucial testimony."}]},{"id":"f89642d0-3242-4d7c-84ad-8e6f5b63e2d9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did torture widen the Bamberg hunt?","back":"It forced suspects to name accomplices.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It forced suspects to name accomplices.","correct":true,"explanation":"Torture encouraged suspects to implicate other people, creating further arrests and investigations. Each accusation expanded the alleged conspiracy and allowed the Bamberg hunt to spread."},{"text":"It forced suspects to confess publicly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Public confessions could support prosecutions, but they did not by themselves widen the hunt. The crucial effect was forcing suspects to name accomplices, generating further accusations."},{"text":"It forced suspects to identify officials.","correct":false,"explanation":"Torture was not mainly used to expose officials. Its damaging effect was to compel suspects to name accomplices, producing new suspects and extending the persecution."},{"text":"It forced suspects to reveal hidden wealth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Discovering wealth was linked to confiscation, not to how torture widened the hunt. Torture expanded the accusations because suspects were forced to name accomplices."}]},{"id":"c19ebdb6-317f-417b-834a-2da17ec2be70","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did property confiscations prolong Bamberg’s hunt?","back":"They created a financial incentive to continue.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They created a financial incentive to continue.","correct":true,"explanation":"Confiscated property could reward authorities and participants, making prosecutions materially profitable. This financial incentive encouraged the Bamberg authorities to continue the hunt rather than end it."},{"text":"They created a religious incentive to continue.","correct":false,"explanation":"Religious motives existed in witch-hunting, but confiscations specifically offered material gain. The correct explanation is that they created a financial incentive to continue the persecution."},{"text":"They created a political incentive to continue.","correct":false,"explanation":"Political authority could be strengthened by persecution, but property confiscations mattered because they generated financial rewards. That material incentive encouraged the hunt to continue."},{"text":"They created a legal incentive to continue.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confiscation was a consequence and source of profit, not a legal obligation to prosecute more people. The key reason was the financial incentive created by seized property."}]},{"id":"2b39f0bd-efac-4d04-a7de-6c5df4ed024d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The arrival of the [ ] in 1632 forced von Dornheim to flee, ending Bamberg’s persecution.","back":"The arrival of the Swedish Army in 1632 forced von Dornheim to flee, ending Bamberg’s persecution.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Swedish Army","correct":true,"explanation":"The Swedish Army’s arrival in 1632 threatened von Dornheim and forced him to flee Bamberg. His departure brought the major phase of the persecution to an end."},{"text":"Imperial Army","correct":false,"explanation":"Imperial forces were associated with the authorities von Dornheim supported, not the army that ended his persecution. The Swedish Army’s arrival forced him to flee in 1632."},{"text":"English Parliament","correct":false,"explanation":"The English Parliament did not intervene in Bamberg in 1632. The persecution ended when the Swedish Army arrived and forced von Dornheim to flee."},{"text":"French Army","correct":false,"explanation":"French forces did not force von Dornheim from Bamberg in 1632. The decisive intervention came from the Swedish Army during the Thirty Years’ War."}]},{"id":"c19bf54d-9345-4349-9059-522c3e5595aa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did the English Civil War help East Anglia’s craze spread?","back":"It weakened traditional legal authority.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It weakened traditional legal authority.","correct":true,"explanation":"Civil War disruption weakened established courts and magistrates in East Anglia. This created space for local activists and informal methods of witch-finding to spread the craze."},{"text":"It strengthened traditional legal authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Civil War disrupted, rather than strengthened, established legal structures. The correct effect was that it weakened traditional legal authority, allowing informal prosecutions to expand."},{"text":"It weakened central royal authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"Royal authority was affected by the Civil War, but this was not the specific explanation for the craze spreading. The key development was the weakening of traditional legal authority."},{"text":"It strengthened traditional religious authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"The main effect relevant to East Anglia was legal and institutional disruption, not strengthened religious authority. Weakened traditional legal authority made local witch-finding easier."}]},{"id":"a078ed14-3b84-4ac5-acf6-a8766ee4594b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was Hopkins’s watching method meant to prevent?","back":"Suspects sleeping.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Suspects sleeping.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hopkins’s watchers observed suspects continuously, preventing them from sleeping. The method was intended to make supposed signs of witchcraft appear through exhaustion and pressure."},{"text":"Suspects confessing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Watching was designed to prevent sleep, not confession. Hopkins believed sleep deprivation could reveal suspicious behaviour or supernatural signs and encourage further accusations."},{"text":"Suspects travelling.","correct":false,"explanation":"The watching method kept suspects under observation rather than restricting travel as its main purpose. Its intended target was sleeping, through continuous surveillance and exhaustion."},{"text":"Suspects meeting secretly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Secret meetings were not the specific behaviour Hopkins’s watching method was designed to prevent. The method aimed to stop suspects sleeping while they were continuously observed."}]},{"id":"721ce877-9b31-4880-a73c-73aab99ace57","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Who criticised excessive witch-finding in 1646?","back":"John Gaule.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"John Gaule.","correct":true,"explanation":"John Gaule criticised excessive witch-finding in 1646, challenging methods associated with Matthew Hopkins. His intervention reflected growing scepticism about indiscriminate accusations and prosecutions."},{"text":"Matthew Hopkins.","correct":false,"explanation":"Matthew Hopkins was the leading witch-finder associated with the East Anglian trials, not their principal critic. John Gaule criticised excessive witch-finding in 1646."},{"text":"William Harvey.","correct":false,"explanation":"William Harvey was a prominent physician, but he was not the figure who criticised excessive witch-finding in 1646. That criticism came from John Gaule."},{"text":"George Burroughs.","correct":false,"explanation":"George Burroughs was a minister executed during the Salem trials, not a critic of English witch-finding in 1646. The relevant critic was John Gaule."}]},{"id":"1f1cefcf-13d0-43ee-9334-ef5d55e04f48","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was the effect of Tituba’s confession at Salem?","back":"It widened the panic.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It widened the panic.","correct":true,"explanation":"Tituba’s confession confirmed suspicions that witchcraft existed in Salem and implicated others. Her claims therefore transformed an individual accusation into a wider panic and investigation."},{"text":"It ended the panic.","correct":false,"explanation":"The confession did not reassure Salem or stop accusations. By appearing to confirm witchcraft and implicate others, it widened the panic and encouraged further prosecutions."},{"text":"It reduced the accusations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tituba’s confession had the opposite effect: it supplied alleged evidence and names that encouraged more accusations. The correct consequence was that it widened the panic."},{"text":"It confined the panic.","correct":false,"explanation":"The confession did not limit suspicion to Tituba. Its claims suggested a broader conspiracy, so the panic widened as more people became potential suspects."}]},{"id":"e307f1dd-a4cc-4cd1-83ed-8928ece2845e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Salem’s spectral evidence claim?","back":"The accused person’s spirit attacked victims.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The accused person’s spirit attacked victims.","correct":true,"explanation":"Spectral evidence claimed that an accused witch’s invisible spirit could appear to victims and harm or torment them. This allowed accusations to rely on supernatural experiences rather than physical proof."},{"text":"The accused person’s body attacked victims.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spectral evidence concerned an invisible apparition or spirit, not the accused person’s physical body. The claim was that the accused person’s spirit attacked victims."},{"text":"The accused person’s familiar attacked victims.","correct":false,"explanation":"Familiars were separate supernatural creatures or animals in witchcraft beliefs. Spectral evidence specifically claimed that the accused person’s spirit attacked victims."},{"text":"The victim’s spirit attacked the accused.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the direction of the alleged attack. Spectral evidence claimed that the accused person’s spirit appeared and attacked victims, not that victims attacked the accused."}]},{"id":"05247d1a-a90d-450e-b595-09adcb3835ae","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Sir William Phips dissolve in 1692?","back":"The Court of Oyer and Terminer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Court of Oyer and Terminer.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sir William Phips dissolved this special court in October 1692, bringing the Salem witch trials to an end after criticism of its methods and reliance on spectral evidence."},{"text":"The General Court of Massachusetts.","correct":false,"explanation":"The General Court was Massachusetts’s legislature and was not dissolved by Phips. He dissolved the Court of Oyer and Terminer, replacing it with a superior court that used stricter evidence rules."},{"text":"The Court of Assistants.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Court of Assistants was an existing colonial judicial and legislative body, not the temporary court handling the Salem accusations. Phips dissolved the Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692."},{"text":"The Superior Court of Judicature.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Superior Court of Judicature was established to replace the temporary witchcraft court, so it could not have been the body dissolved. Phips dissolved the Court of Oyer and Terminer instead."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-12","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"The witch craze in Britain, Europe and North America, c1580–c1750","title":"The witch craze in Britain, Europe and North America, c1580–c1750 Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/history/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"604307b7-3a50-51c8-ad42-40c7ff213730","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]