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The making of modern China, 1860–1997
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Four phases, one big question

Four phases, one big question

Annotated timeline of China from 1860 to 1997 with four phases and key events in industry, foreign pressure, socialist planning, and reform and opening

This option is easier when you divide it into four phases: late Qing defensive reform, Republican instability and Japanese pressure, Soviet-style socialist planning, and reform and opening. Across all four, the core question is how China tried to modernise while preserving or recovering sovereignty.

The making of modern China, 1860–1997 Lesson

  1. AS Level
  2. /History
  3. /The making of modern China, 1860–1997

Step-by-step lessons on Edexcel AS Level History The making of modern China, 1860–1997. Each one builds up to exam-style questions.

Lessons