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keyboard and storage devices, which can be physically handled."},{"text":"Software","correct":false,"explanation":"Software consists of programs, instructions and related data rather than physical equipment. The correct term is hardware because it describes the electronic and mechanical components of a computer system."},{"text":"Firmware","correct":false,"explanation":"Firmware is specialised software stored in non-volatile memory, not the physical equipment itself. The correct term is hardware because the definition concerns tangible computer components."},{"text":"Data","correct":false,"explanation":"Data is information represented and processed by a computer, rather than its physical components. The correct term is hardware because it covers physical, electronic or mechanical equipment."}]},{"id":"52fe119f-b39d-4b0e-9e03-bb8be8a99fa6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is the programs, instructions and related data that tell hardware what to do.","back":"Software is the programs, instructions and related data that tell hardware what to do.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Software","correct":true,"explanation":"Software is the collection of programs, instructions and related data that directs computer hardware to perform operations and complete tasks."},{"text":"Hardware","correct":false,"explanation":"Hardware means the physical components that carry out instructions, not the instructions themselves. The correct term is software because programs and associated data direct the hardware."},{"text":"Firmware","correct":false,"explanation":"Firmware is only one specialised type of software, usually embedded in hardware. The broader correct term is software, which includes all programs, instructions and related data."},{"text":"Peripherals","correct":false,"explanation":"Peripherals are hardware devices connected to a computer, such as keyboards and printers. The correct term is software because the definition describes programs and instructions."}]},{"id":"5751b96e-8f32-419f-861a-53a49cb099c7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is hardware without software not useful?","back":"It has no instructions to follow.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It has no instructions to follow.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hardware can carry out operations only when software supplies instructions. Without those instructions, the physical components have no defined tasks to execute."},{"text":"It has no electricity to use.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hardware can receive electrical power independently of software, but power alone does not specify any operations. It is not useful because it has no software instructions to follow."},{"text":"It has no components to control.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hardware is itself made from components, so the problem is not an absence of components. Without software, it has no instructions defining how those components should operate."},{"text":"It has no storage to access.","correct":false,"explanation":"A computer may contain storage hardware even when no software is available. Hardware is nevertheless not useful because it has no instructions to follow or execute."}]},{"id":"728b2a06-e5bb-4db4-a837-2c97618de7a6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is software without hardware not useful?","back":"It has nowhere to run.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It has nowhere to run.","correct":true,"explanation":"Software requires physical hardware, including a processor and memory, to store and execute its instructions. Without hardware, there is nowhere for the software to run."},{"text":"It has nothing to store.","correct":false,"explanation":"Software contains instructions and often related data, so it does have information that could be stored. It is unusable without hardware because it has nowhere to run."},{"text":"It has no code to execute.","correct":false,"explanation":"Software consists of code or instructions, so lacking code is not the issue. Without physical processing and memory hardware, the software has nowhere to run."},{"text":"It has no user to control.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some software can operate automatically without direct user control. The essential missing requirement is hardware, because software needs physical processing resources on which to run."}]},{"id":"1bd42561-e03a-46d9-bcbd-d18e3eaf7820","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is software still classed as software when stored as bits on a disk?","back":"The key part is the instructions and data, not the storage medium.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The key part is the instructions and data, not the storage medium.","correct":true,"explanation":"Software is classified by its logical content: the instructions and related data. Recording those bits on physical hardware does not turn the software itself into hardware."},{"text":"The key part is the disk and drive, not the stored content.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the physical storage hardware with what is stored on it. Software remains software because its defining elements are the instructions and data, not the storage medium."},{"text":"The key part is the electronic equipment, not the stored instructions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electronic equipment is hardware, so this reverses the distinction between hardware and software. The defining part of software is its instructions and data, not the storage medium."},{"text":"The key part is the physical location, not the program’s purpose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Classification does not depend on where a program is physically stored. Software remains software because its instructions and data are distinct from the hardware storage medium."}]},{"id":"24147330-1f98-49bd-9b33-b91fd8152487","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] manages, controls or supports the computer system itself.","back":"System software manages, controls or supports the computer system itself.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"System software","correct":true,"explanation":"System software operates and supports the computer itself, managing hardware and providing the environment in which application software can run."},{"text":"Application software","correct":false,"explanation":"Application software performs tasks for an end user rather than primarily managing the computer. The correct term is system software, which controls or supports the system itself."},{"text":"Programming software","correct":false,"explanation":"Programming software helps developers create, translate or debug programs, rather than describing all software that manages the computer. The correct category is system software."},{"text":"Productivity software","correct":false,"explanation":"Productivity software helps users complete tasks such as writing documents or analysing data. System software is the correct term because it manages and supports the computer itself."}]},{"id":"04f3efe6-1720-4fb8-9fb2-42c442cd0a64","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] performs tasks directly for the end user.","back":"Application software performs tasks directly for the end user.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Application software","correct":true,"explanation":"Application software is designed to carry out tasks for the end user, such as word processing, web browsing, image editing or spreadsheet calculations."},{"text":"System software","correct":false,"explanation":"System software primarily manages hardware or supports the computer’s operation. The correct term is application software because it performs tasks directly for the end user."},{"text":"Utility software","correct":false,"explanation":"Utility software mainly maintains, protects or optimises the computer system and is generally classed as system software. Application software directly performs end-user tasks."},{"text":"Firmware software","correct":false,"explanation":"Firmware provides low-level control for particular hardware and is not primarily intended to perform user tasks. The correct term is application software."}]},{"id":"48c612d3-6e32-418e-ae30-a4ce16cdf94f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A virus scanner has a visible window, but mainly protects the system. Which software class is it?","back":"System software.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"System software.","correct":true,"explanation":"A virus scanner is a utility that protects and maintains the computer system. Its visible user interface does not change its primary classification as system software."},{"text":"Application software.","correct":false,"explanation":"A visible window does not automatically make a program application software. Because a virus scanner primarily protects and maintains the computer, it is classed as system software."},{"text":"Programming software.","correct":false,"explanation":"Programming software supports the creation, translation or debugging of code. A virus scanner instead protects the computer system, so it is classed as system software."},{"text":"Firmware software.","correct":false,"explanation":"Firmware is embedded software that provides low-level control of hardware devices. A virus scanner is a system utility, so its correct classification is system software."}]},{"id":"5fcd4987-cdb5-4408-b98b-7150ccac6f6f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is a spreadsheet classed as application software?","back":"It helps the user perform a direct task.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It helps the user perform a direct task.","correct":true,"explanation":"A spreadsheet enables users to carry out tasks such as calculations, data analysis and chart creation, so it is application software rather than system software."},{"text":"It helps the operating system manage a hardware resource.","correct":false,"explanation":"Managing hardware resources is a system software function, not the spreadsheet’s role. A spreadsheet is application software because it helps the user perform a direct task."},{"text":"It translates a program into executable machine code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translation into machine code is performed by system software such as a compiler. A spreadsheet is application software because it helps the user perform a direct task."},{"text":"It controls access to files as a security service.","correct":false,"explanation":"Controlling file access is an operating system or security function. A spreadsheet is application software because it helps the user perform a direct task."}]},{"id":"8bd8d4db-fd79-4c05-8562-b0d606c6af26","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which software attribute means ease of learning and use for intended users?","back":"Usability.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Usability.","correct":true,"explanation":"Usability measures how easily the intended users can learn, understand and operate software to complete their tasks effectively."},{"text":"Maintainability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Maintainability describes how easily software can be corrected, adapted or enhanced. Usability measures how easily intended users can learn and operate the software."},{"text":"Robustness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Robustness concerns handling invalid input and unexpected conditions without failing. Usability is the attribute describing ease of learning and use for intended users."},{"text":"Compatibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compatibility concerns whether software works with required hardware, operating systems and file formats. Usability describes ease of learning and use."}]},{"id":"1b4ab0e5-4ea6-4e87-98b0-c0b5523d9587","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] means handling unexpected inputs or errors without failing.","back":"Robustness means handling unexpected inputs or errors without failing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Robustness","correct":true,"explanation":"Robustness is the ability of software to respond safely to invalid inputs, errors or unexpected conditions rather than crashing or producing uncontrolled results."},{"text":"Reliability","correct":false,"explanation":"Reliability concerns consistent, correct operation over time. Robustness specifically describes the ability to handle unexpected inputs or errors without failing."},{"text":"Maintainability","correct":false,"explanation":"Maintainability describes how easily software can be repaired, adapted or improved. Robustness means handling unexpected inputs or errors without failing."},{"text":"Usability","correct":false,"explanation":"Usability describes how easy software is for intended users to learn and operate. Robustness concerns handling unexpected inputs or errors without failing."}]},{"id":"487729e6-2df9-44ef-a142-1654179dbd5f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which software attribute means working with required hardware, OS and file formats?","back":"Compatibility.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Compatibility.","correct":true,"explanation":"Compatibility measures whether software can operate correctly with the required hardware, operating system, other software and relevant file formats."},{"text":"Robustness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Robustness concerns coping with unexpected inputs or errors without failing. Compatibility describes whether software works with the required hardware, operating system and file formats."},{"text":"Portability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Portability describes how easily software can be transferred to another platform. Compatibility concerns whether it works with specified hardware, operating systems and file formats."},{"text":"Usability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Usability measures how easily intended users can learn and operate software. Compatibility describes working correctly with required hardware, operating systems and file formats."}]},{"id":"14fcf23b-c432-40dc-b782-8608859fcb71","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a backup tool classed as system software?","back":"It maintains the system by copying data for recovery.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It maintains the system by copying data for recovery.","correct":true,"explanation":"A backup utility supports system maintenance by creating copies of data that can be restored if the original is lost, damaged or corrupted."},{"text":"It translates source programs into machine code for execution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translating source programs is the role of language-processing system software, not a backup tool. A backup utility maintains the system by copying data for recovery."},{"text":"It manages processor scheduling while programs are running.","correct":false,"explanation":"Processor scheduling is performed by the operating system, not by a backup utility. A backup tool maintains the system by copying data for recovery."},{"text":"It helps users create documents for a direct task.","correct":false,"explanation":"Creating documents is a direct user task performed by application software. A backup utility is system software because it maintains the system by copying data for recovery."}]},{"id":"176d5385-3a44-4938-8ce9-00fb93498ab1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the purpose of an encryption utility?","back":"It makes data unreadable without the correct key.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It makes data unreadable without the correct key.","correct":true,"explanation":"Encryption transforms readable data into ciphertext, protecting its confidentiality because only someone with the correct key can convert it back into readable form."},{"text":"It creates a separate copy for later recovery.","correct":false,"explanation":"Creating a recoverable copy is the purpose of backup software. Encryption instead transforms data so it is unreadable without the correct decryption key."},{"text":"It makes data smaller by removing repeated patterns.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing repeated patterns to reduce file size is compression, not encryption. Encryption makes data unreadable to anyone who does not have the correct key."},{"text":"It detects data corruption using a check value.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using a check value to detect corruption is an integrity-checking technique such as a checksum. Encryption makes data unreadable without the correct key."}]},{"id":"ff17004d-f728-49fa-a697-d191c1d52abd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do libraries save development time?","back":"Programmers can reuse pre-written code instead of rewriting it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Programmers can reuse pre-written code instead of rewriting it.","correct":true,"explanation":"Libraries contain existing routines for common tasks, allowing programmers to include proven code rather than spending development time implementing the same functionality again."},{"text":"Programmers can avoid designing algorithms because libraries create solutions automatically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Libraries provide existing components but do not automatically design the program’s algorithms. They save time because programmers can reuse pre-written code instead of rewriting it."},{"text":"Programmers can skip all testing because library code is error-free.","correct":false,"explanation":"Library code may contain defects or be integrated incorrectly, so testing remains necessary. Libraries save time by allowing programmers to reuse pre-written code."},{"text":"Programmers can translate source code instantly without using a compiler.","correct":false,"explanation":"Libraries do not replace translators such as compilers or interpreters. They save development time by providing pre-written code that programmers can reuse."}]},{"id":"07216c60-a208-4740-921e-e1f66bf7f0a9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can widely used libraries improve reliability?","back":"Their code is often tested and reused many times.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their code is often tested and reused many times.","correct":true,"explanation":"Repeated use and testing expose defects in library code, allowing them to be identified and corrected, which can make established libraries more reliable."},{"text":"Their code is often faster to execute than newly written code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Execution speed concerns efficiency and does not necessarily indicate reliability. Widely used libraries may be more reliable because their code has been tested and reused many times."},{"text":"Their code is always guaranteed to be error-free by its licence.","correct":false,"explanation":"A software licence does not guarantee that code contains no defects. Reliability can improve because widely used library code is tested and reused many times."},{"text":"Their code requires less memory and processing power during execution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lower resource use is an efficiency benefit, not evidence of reliability. Widely used libraries can be reliable because repeated testing and reuse help expose defects."}]},{"id":"4561e3eb-9138-4506-8571-7f6762bee8b8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is human-written program code; [ ] is binary instructions the CPU executes directly.","back":"Source code is human-written program code; machine code is binary instructions the CPU executes directly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Source code is human-written program code; machine code is binary instructions the CPU executes directly.","correct":true,"explanation":"Source code is the human-readable form written by programmers, while machine code consists of binary instructions that the processor can fetch, decode and execute directly."},{"text":"Object code is human-written program code; machine code is binary instructions the CPU executes directly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Object code is translated output rather than the programmer’s original human-written code. Source code is human-written, while machine code is the binary form executed directly by the CPU."},{"text":"Source code is human-written program code; assembly code is binary instructions the CPU executes directly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assembly code uses mnemonic instructions and requires an assembler, so it is not executed directly as binary. Source code is human-written, while machine code is directly executable."},{"text":"Machine code is human-written program code; source code is binary instructions the CPU executes directly.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two forms have been reversed. Source code is written by humans, whereas machine code contains the binary instructions that the CPU executes directly."}]},{"id":"a9208150-b195-4624-a6ab-5941239d4e72","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which translator converts high-level source code before execution, usually producing object code or an executable?","back":"A compiler.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A compiler.","correct":true,"explanation":"A compiler translates a high-level program before it is run, normally producing object code that can be linked into an executable file."},{"text":"An interpreter.","correct":false,"explanation":"An interpreter translates and executes source code one statement at a time rather than usually producing object code or an executable. The required translator is a compiler."},{"text":"An assembler.","correct":false,"explanation":"An assembler translates assembly-language mnemonics, not high-level source code. A compiler converts high-level source code before execution and can produce object code."},{"text":"A linker.","correct":false,"explanation":"A linker combines object files and libraries after translation; it does not translate high-level source code itself. That initial translation is performed by a compiler."}]},{"id":"0c7b34aa-2205-41ac-8bfb-a1d7c51a066f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which translator converts assembly mnemonics into machine code?","back":"An assembler.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An assembler.","correct":true,"explanation":"An assembler replaces assembly-language mnemonics and operands with their corresponding binary machine-code instructions, generally creating object code for subsequent linking."},{"text":"A compiler.","correct":false,"explanation":"A compiler translates high-level languages rather than assembly mnemonics. An assembler performs the direct conversion from assembly language into machine code."},{"text":"An interpreter.","correct":false,"explanation":"An interpreter usually translates and executes high-level source statements as the program runs. Assembly mnemonics are instead converted into machine code by an assembler."},{"text":"A linker.","correct":false,"explanation":"A linker combines previously translated object-code modules and resolves references between them. The translator that converts assembly mnemonics into machine code is an assembler."}]},{"id":"073c5f68-7cac-4799-a7a1-ee215aedd3f7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is an interpreter useful for testing and interactive development?","back":"It runs code statement by statement and can stop at errors.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It runs code statement by statement and can stop at errors.","correct":true,"explanation":"Statement-by-statement execution lets a programmer test code immediately and identify the statement where execution fails, without first compiling the whole program."},{"text":"It translates the entire program first and can stop at errors.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translating the whole program before execution describes compilation, not interpretation. An interpreter supports testing by running statements individually and stopping when it encounters an error."},{"text":"It converts assembly mnemonics directly and can stop at errors.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assembly mnemonics are translated by an assembler, so this does not explain interactive testing. An interpreter executes code statement by statement and can halt at an error."},{"text":"It combines separate object files and can stop at errors.","correct":false,"explanation":"Combining object files is the linker’s role and occurs after translation. An interpreter is useful interactively because it executes one statement at a time and can stop at errors."}]},{"id":"aadeb74f-1c64-451a-ac1b-6b99a669d43a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do applications usually request OS services instead of controlling hardware directly?","back":"The OS provides simplified services and handles low-level hardware details.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The OS provides simplified services and handles low-level hardware details.","correct":true,"explanation":"The OS offers standard interfaces for facilities such as files, memory and devices, shielding applications from hardware-specific operations and other low-level implementation details."},{"text":"The OS provides unrestricted access and exposes low-level hardware details.","correct":false,"explanation":"Applications are not normally given unrestricted hardware access, as this would reduce security and stability. The OS instead provides simplified services while managing low-level details."},{"text":"The OS provides replacement drivers and removes low-level hardware requirements.","correct":false,"explanation":"The OS does not remove the need for hardware drivers; it uses drivers to communicate with devices. Its simplified services hide those low-level hardware details from applications."},{"text":"The OS provides binary instructions and reveals low-level hardware details.","correct":false,"explanation":"Direct binary instructions would expose hardware-specific complexity rather than simplify application development. The OS provides simplified services and handles low-level hardware operations on applications’ behalf."}]},{"id":"e9e6dfc7-e224-4dcd-b515-41d6ce977412","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If two programs need CPU time at once, what OS function decides which runs?","back":"Processor scheduling.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Processor scheduling.","correct":true,"explanation":"Processor scheduling selects which ready process receives CPU time, using a scheduling policy to share the processor between competing programs."},{"text":"Memory management.","correct":false,"explanation":"Memory management allocates and protects areas of main memory but does not choose which ready program receives CPU time. That decision belongs to processor scheduling."},{"text":"File management.","correct":false,"explanation":"File management organises stored files, directories and access permissions rather than allocating CPU time. Processor scheduling decides which competing process runs next."},{"text":"Interrupt handling.","correct":false,"explanation":"Interrupt handling responds to hardware or software signals, but the scheduling system selects between processes requiring CPU time. The relevant OS function is processor scheduling."}]},{"id":"409dfcad-55af-40dc-88ff-4b8898de04b1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does the OS keep processes' memory areas separate?","back":"To stop one process overwriting another process’s data.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To stop one process overwriting another process’s data.","correct":true,"explanation":"Memory separation protects each process’s instructions and data from accidental or malicious writes by another process, improving both system stability and security."},{"text":"To stop one process monopolising the processor’s time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Preventing a process from monopolising CPU time is a processor-scheduling responsibility, not the purpose of separate memory areas. Separation prevents processes from overwriting one another’s data."},{"text":"To stop one process overwriting another process’s files.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protecting stored files is handled through file permissions and access control rather than process memory separation. Separate memory areas stop one process overwriting another process’s data."},{"text":"To stop one process using another process’s peripheral.","correct":false,"explanation":"Peripheral allocation is managed through device and resource management, not by separating process memory. Memory separation prevents one process from overwriting another process’s data."}]},{"id":"ccacd09e-ff81-4041-b99e-7052e39a97e5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] means hiding unnecessary detail and showing only the features needed.","back":"Abstraction means hiding unnecessary detail and showing only the features needed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Abstraction","correct":true,"explanation":"Abstraction manages complexity by concealing irrelevant implementation details and presenting only the essential properties or operations needed at a particular level."},{"text":"Encapsulation","correct":false,"explanation":"Encapsulation groups data with methods and restricts direct access, but the general process of hiding unnecessary detail and exposing essential features is abstraction."},{"text":"Decomposition","correct":false,"explanation":"Decomposition breaks a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts. Hiding unnecessary details and presenting only relevant features is instead called abstraction."},{"text":"Virtualisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Virtualisation creates simulated versions of computing resources, such as machines or storage. The broader principle of hiding unnecessary detail is called abstraction."}]},{"id":"7bce351a-4f6a-41f2-8080-43dad2782173","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does OS abstraction make applications more portable?","back":"Applications use OS services without knowing exact hardware models.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Applications use OS services without knowing exact hardware models.","correct":true,"explanation":"The OS provides standard interfaces for hardware access, allowing applications to work with different devices without containing code for each specific hardware model."},{"text":"Applications use hardware-specific instructions without relying on any system software.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hardware-specific instructions tie an application to particular components or processor architectures. Portability comes from using OS services that hide the exact hardware models."},{"text":"Applications use identical machine code without recompilation on every processor architecture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different processor architectures generally require different machine code, so identical binaries are not universally portable. OS services instead abstract hardware details from applications."},{"text":"Applications use application-specific drivers without using standard OS interfaces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Application-specific drivers would increase hardware dependence and reduce portability. Applications normally use standard OS services, while the OS and its drivers manage particular hardware models."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Hardware and software","title":"Hardware and software Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/computer-science/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"c405f980-2d6b-5644-8fe4-965dc35f7857","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]