32:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/075vy1fh16gh5.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/060-i_62-vse1.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2yhf9vq09dqoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/316m85d5s15pp.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2_itvjgqsumf8.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2wptr05dvvad-.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/32qmkt01ta8b2.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/097slu7xaeast.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0shhrr8zrsvma.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0j1q2_fxvgx28.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0mgw5qzpc_1eu.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/09_ag440ieydu.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2ydqdr10ndcei.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/32i_8fssnjnil.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2eoustw-nfu98.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1oz24qjw4uq89.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0itrgb6vzmww0.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/00ol_16j3a2oa.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0odk_0my0_b5-.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0dbk553rgd90s.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0aq3eylxphp57.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2srfni4gkx9g6.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3k8iy5tn80za8.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2hccrcvndngge.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1bt82o91jhwht.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2_vtmw66zj1j7.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0ep4vrgb00zlb.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2s1hkstzlmj2o.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2wp4esku6l29e.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1__39-dgg7p8-.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2gb4dscyul4eg.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1y5xmyjgu8grb.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0kpd0j3i_7yor.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0sf7rskx57j6y.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3ghbpnibq2fva.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947"],"Gingerbread"] 34:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/075vy1fh16gh5.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/060-i_62-vse1.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2yhf9vq09dqoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/316m85d5s15pp.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2_itvjgqsumf8.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2wptr05dvvad-.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/32qmkt01ta8b2.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/097slu7xaeast.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0shhrr8zrsvma.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0j1q2_fxvgx28.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0mgw5qzpc_1eu.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/09_ag440ieydu.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2ydqdr10ndcei.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/32i_8fssnjnil.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2eoustw-nfu98.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1oz24qjw4uq89.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0itrgb6vzmww0.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/00ol_16j3a2oa.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0odk_0my0_b5-.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0dbk553rgd90s.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0aq3eylxphp57.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2srfni4gkx9g6.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3k8iy5tn80za8.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2hccrcvndngge.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1bt82o91jhwht.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2_vtmw66zj1j7.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0ep4vrgb00zlb.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2s1hkstzlmj2o.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2wp4esku6l29e.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1__39-dgg7p8-.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2gb4dscyul4eg.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1y5xmyjgu8grb.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0kpd0j3i_7yor.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0sf7rskx57j6y.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3ghbpnibq2fva.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947"],"RecordResourceResume"] 35:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/075vy1fh16gh5.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/060-i_62-vse1.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2yhf9vq09dqoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/316m85d5s15pp.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2_itvjgqsumf8.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2wptr05dvvad-.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/32qmkt01ta8b2.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/097slu7xaeast.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0shhrr8zrsvma.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0j1q2_fxvgx28.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0mgw5qzpc_1eu.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/09_ag440ieydu.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2ydqdr10ndcei.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/32i_8fssnjnil.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2eoustw-nfu98.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1oz24qjw4uq89.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0itrgb6vzmww0.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/00ol_16j3a2oa.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0odk_0my0_b5-.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0dbk553rgd90s.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0aq3eylxphp57.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2srfni4gkx9g6.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3k8iy5tn80za8.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2hccrcvndngge.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1bt82o91jhwht.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2_vtmw66zj1j7.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0ep4vrgb00zlb.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2s1hkstzlmj2o.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2wp4esku6l29e.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1__39-dgg7p8-.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2gb4dscyul4eg.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1y5xmyjgu8grb.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0kpd0j3i_7yor.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0sf7rskx57j6y.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3ghbpnibq2fva.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 36:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/075vy1fh16gh5.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/060-i_62-vse1.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2yhf9vq09dqoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/316m85d5s15pp.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2_itvjgqsumf8.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2wptr05dvvad-.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/32qmkt01ta8b2.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/097slu7xaeast.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0shhrr8zrsvma.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0j1q2_fxvgx28.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0mgw5qzpc_1eu.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/09_ag440ieydu.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2ydqdr10ndcei.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/32i_8fssnjnil.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2eoustw-nfu98.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1oz24qjw4uq89.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0itrgb6vzmww0.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/00ol_16j3a2oa.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0odk_0my0_b5-.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0dbk553rgd90s.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0aq3eylxphp57.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2srfni4gkx9g6.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3k8iy5tn80za8.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2hccrcvndngge.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1bt82o91jhwht.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2_vtmw66zj1j7.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0ep4vrgb00zlb.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2s1hkstzlmj2o.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2wp4esku6l29e.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1__39-dgg7p8-.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2gb4dscyul4eg.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1y5xmyjgu8grb.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0kpd0j3i_7yor.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/0sf7rskx57j6y.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/3ghbpnibq2fva.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790172947"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 23:[["$","$L32",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L33",["$","$L34",null,{"href":"/as-level/chemistry/edexcel/as-alkanes/flashcards","label":"Alkanes","subjectCode":"as_level_chemistry","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L35",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L36",null,{"decks":[{"id":"dbaf637b-4573-46f8-b95a-084593e70027","title":"Alkanes Flashcards","topicId":"d47ca73d-5deb-5963-88f2-a8e168606f6e","topicSlug":"as-alkanes","cards":[{"id":"e7a828c5-7483-4a8a-ae9d-53240be8b199","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Alkanes are [ ] containing only [ ].","back":"Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons containing only single covalent bonds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons containing only single covalent bonds.","correct":true,"explanation":"Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons because they contain only carbon-carbon single bonds, with no carbon-carbon double or triple bonds."},{"text":"Alkanes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing only single covalent bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"The single bonds are correct, but calling alkanes unsaturated is the misconception. Alkanes are saturated because they contain no carbon-carbon double or triple bonds."},{"text":"Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons containing only double covalent bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alkanes are saturated, but their carbon atoms are joined by single covalent bonds, not double bonds. Double bonds are characteristic of alkenes."},{"text":"Alkanes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing only double covalent bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both parts reverse the definition: alkanes are saturated and contain only single covalent bonds. Carbon-carbon double bonds instead indicate unsaturation, as in alkenes."}]},{"id":"03de6857-9925-4548-b25d-64044c33dbab","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the general formula for an open-chain alkane with n carbon atoms?","back":"CₙH₂ₙ₊₂","mcqOptions":[{"text":"CₙH₂ₙ₊₂","correct":true,"explanation":"An open-chain alkane with n carbon atoms has two hydrogen atoms for each carbon, plus two additional hydrogens, giving the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂."},{"text":"CₙH₂ₙ","correct":false,"explanation":"This formula is short by two hydrogen atoms and is associated with open-chain alkenes, which contain a carbon-carbon double bond. Open-chain alkanes follow CₙH₂ₙ₊₂."},{"text":"CₙH₂ₙ₋₂","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting two hydrogens represents a more unsaturated structure, such as an alkyne in an open chain. Saturated open-chain alkanes require CₙH₂ₙ₊₂."},{"text":"Cₙ₊₁H₂ₙ₊₂","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding one to the carbon count misrepresents the relationship between carbon and hydrogen atoms. For n carbon atoms in an open-chain alkane, the formula is CₙH₂ₙ₊₂."}]},{"id":"05869e5f-6647-407b-8d09-e78a74d95870","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Each carbon in an alkane is [ ], with bond angles close to [ ].","back":"Each carbon in an alkane is tetrahedral, with bond angles close to 109.5°.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each carbon in an alkane is tetrahedral, with bond angles close to 109.5°.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each alkane carbon forms four single covalent bonds arranged tetrahedrally. Electron-pair repulsion gives bond angles close to the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°."},{"text":"Each carbon in an alkane is tetrahedral, with bond angles close to 120°.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tetrahedral carbon has bond angles of about 109.5°. The 120° angle belongs to trigonal planar arrangements, such as carbon atoms involved in a double bond."},{"text":"Each carbon in an alkane is trigonal planar, with bond angles close to 109.5°.","correct":false,"explanation":"The angle is associated with tetrahedral geometry, but the shape has been misidentified. Alkane carbon atoms have four bonding pairs and are therefore tetrahedral."},{"text":"Each carbon in an alkane is linear, with bond angles close to 180°.","correct":false,"explanation":"Linear geometry and 180° bond angles involve two bonding directions, whereas alkane carbon forms four single bonds. Its geometry is tetrahedral with angles near 109.5°."}]},{"id":"55ed67bf-49ae-4dd5-aebe-000f3c7645b9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the alkane homologous series, neighbouring members differ by [ ] and have similar reactions because they contain [ ].","back":"In the alkane homologous series, neighbouring members differ by CH₂ and have similar reactions because they contain C-C and C-H single bonds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the alkane homologous series, neighbouring members differ by CH₂ and have similar reactions because they contain C-C and C-H single bonds.","correct":true,"explanation":"Successive members of a homologous series differ by one CH₂ unit. Alkanes have similar chemical reactions because their molecules contain the same C-C and C-H single bonds."},{"text":"In the alkane homologous series, neighbouring members differ by CH and have similar reactions because they contain C-C and C-H single bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"The shared single bonds explain the similar reactions, but neighbouring alkane formulae differ by CH₂, not CH. Each step adds one carbon and two hydrogen atoms."},{"text":"In the alkane homologous series, neighbouring members differ by CH₂ and have similar reactions because they contain C=C and C-H single bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"The CH₂ difference is correct, but alkanes do not contain carbon-carbon double bonds. Their characteristic carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds are single bonds."},{"text":"In the alkane homologous series, neighbouring members differ by CH₃ and have similar reactions because they contain C-C and C-H single bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alkanes do contain the stated single bonds, but successive members differ by CH₂, not CH₃. The additional member adds one carbon and two hydrogen atoms overall."}]},{"id":"7830be5b-1274-453d-86ae-8c06cf1dc8e6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"As alkane chain length increases, volatility [ ] and viscosity [ ].","back":"As alkane chain length increases, volatility decreases and viscosity increases.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"As alkane chain length increases, volatility decreases and viscosity increases.","correct":true,"explanation":"Longer alkane molecules have stronger London forces, so more energy is needed to vaporise them and their volatility decreases. Their larger, more entangled molecules also increase viscosity."},{"text":"As alkane chain length increases, volatility increases and viscosity increases.","correct":false,"explanation":"Viscosity does increase, but volatility decreases as chain length grows because stronger London forces make vaporisation harder. The first trend has been reversed."},{"text":"As alkane chain length increases, volatility decreases and viscosity decreases.","correct":false,"explanation":"Volatility decreases correctly, but viscosity increases with chain length. Longer molecules have greater surface contact and become more difficult to flow past one another."},{"text":"As alkane chain length increases, volatility increases and viscosity decreases.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both trends are reversed. Increasing chain length strengthens intermolecular attractions and makes molecules larger, causing lower volatility and higher viscosity."}]},{"id":"ed8d2756-985d-4bd2-a439-ed8813937750","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does alkane boiling point increase as chain length increases?","back":"

More electrons and surface contact.
Stronger London forces.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

More electrons and surface contact.
Stronger London forces.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Larger alkane molecules have more electrons and greater surface contact, producing stronger instantaneous dipoles. Therefore, their London forces are stronger and their boiling points are higher."},{"text":"

More protons and surface contact.
Stronger London forces.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The stronger London forces are correct, but their cause is the increasing number of electrons, not protons. More electrons make the electron cloud more polarisable."},{"text":"

More electrons and surface contact.
Stronger permanent dipole forces.

","correct":false,"explanation":"More electrons and surface contact do increase attraction, but alkanes are essentially non-polar. Their higher boiling points result from stronger London forces, not permanent dipole forces."},{"text":"

Fewer electrons and surface contact.
Stronger London forces.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Longer chains contain more electrons and usually offer greater surface contact. Fewer electrons would weaken, not strengthen, London forces, so it cannot explain the boiling-point increase."}]},{"id":"798e496e-b937-442b-8349-dfb191479200","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does hexane have a higher boiling point than 2,2-dimethylbutane?","back":"Hexane is less branched, so has stronger London forces.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hexane is less branched, so has stronger London forces.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hexane has a straighter chain and greater surface contact than 2,2-dimethylbutane. This allows stronger London forces between molecules, giving hexane the higher boiling point."},{"text":"2,2-dimethylbutane is less branched, so has stronger London forces.","correct":false,"explanation":"The branching comparison is reversed: hexane is the less-branched molecule. Its larger surface contact produces stronger London forces and the higher boiling point."},{"text":"Hexane is more branched, so has stronger London forces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hexane is less branched than 2,2-dimethylbutane. Branching reduces surface contact, so the less-branched hexane experiences stronger London forces."},{"text":"Hexane is less branched, so has weaker London forces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hexane is indeed less branched, but this gives it greater surface contact and stronger, not weaker, London forces. That stronger attraction raises its boiling point."}]},{"id":"55f3c7b3-5898-4c6a-875b-2a0e969504e5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Structural isomers have the same [ ] but different [ ].","back":"Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.","correct":true,"explanation":"Structural isomers contain the same numbers and types of atoms, giving the same molecular formula, but the atoms are connected in different arrangements shown by different structural formulae."},{"text":"Structural isomers have the same empirical formula but different structural formulae.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different compounds can share an empirical formula, so that description is not specific enough. Structural isomers must have the same molecular formula and different structural formulae."},{"text":"Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different molecular formulae.","correct":false,"explanation":"Structural isomers share one molecular formula; they do not have different molecular formulae. Their difference lies in how the atoms are connected, giving different structural formulae."},{"text":"Structural isomers have the same empirical formula but different molecular formulae.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both terms are incorrect for the definition. Structural isomers have the same molecular formula, while their different atom-to-atom arrangements produce different structural formulae."}]},{"id":"574a32d2-fc2e-477c-8ae8-66c515f3c621","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In naming a branched alkane, what chain becomes the parent chain?","back":"The longest continuous carbon chain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The longest continuous carbon chain.","correct":true,"explanation":"The parent hydrocarbon is based on the longest unbroken sequence of carbon atoms, which determines the alkane stem used in the compound’s systematic name."},{"text":"The shortest continuous carbon chain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Choosing the shortest chain gives the wrong parent stem and treats part of the true parent chain as a substituent. The longest continuous carbon chain must be selected."},{"text":"The longest horizontal carbon chain.","correct":false,"explanation":"The chain drawn horizontally is not automatically the parent, because displayed orientation has no chemical significance. The longest continuous carbon chain must be used."},{"text":"The most highly branched carbon chain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Selecting the most highly branched path can produce a parent chain that is too short. Chain length takes priority, so the longest continuous carbon chain is chosen."}]},{"id":"727e9111-0717-45be-985c-71ea7667ac87","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When numbering a branched alkane, what locant rule is used?","back":"Give substituents the lowest possible numbers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Give substituents the lowest possible numbers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Numbering begins from the end that produces the lowest set of locants for the substituents, allowing their positions to be specified unambiguously."},{"text":"Give substituents the highest possible numbers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Numbering from the wrong end can give unnecessarily high locants. Substituents must receive the lowest possible numbers, not the highest ones."},{"text":"Give substituents numbers in alphabetical order.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alphabetical order controls how different substituents are listed, but it does not normally determine the numbering direction. Numbering must give the lowest possible locants."},{"text":"Give largest substituents the lowest possible numbers.","correct":false,"explanation":"The largest substituent does not automatically receive the lowest locant. The entire set of substituent positions is considered to obtain the lowest possible numbers."}]},{"id":"da39ae01-9254-4670-be6d-05b60c521feb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name CH₃CH₂CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)CH₃.","back":"2,3-dimethylpentane","mcqOptions":[{"text":"2,3-dimethylpentane","correct":true,"explanation":"The longest chain contains five carbons, giving pentane, and numbering from the nearest end places the two methyl groups on carbons 2 and 3."},{"text":"3,4-dimethylpentane","correct":false,"explanation":"Numbering has begun from the farther end, producing locants 3 and 4. Reversing the numbering gives the required lower locants, 2 and 3."},{"text":"2-ethyl-3-methylbutane","correct":false,"explanation":"This name incorrectly chooses a four-carbon parent chain. The longest continuous chain contains five carbons, so the correct name is 2,3-dimethylpentane."},{"text":"2,3-methylpentane","correct":false,"explanation":"There are two methyl substituents, so the multiplicative prefix “di” is required. With the correct parent and locants, the name is 2,3-dimethylpentane."}]},{"id":"c492b88b-5f40-4fb7-9690-3eb1935df3fe","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What property separates hydrocarbons during fractional distillation of crude oil?","back":"Different boiling points","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Different boiling points","correct":true,"explanation":"The column has a temperature gradient, so hydrocarbons condense at different heights according to their boiling points. This separates crude oil into fractions."},{"text":"Different molecular masses","correct":false,"explanation":"Molecular mass generally affects boiling point, but the column does not directly sort molecules by mass. Separation occurs because the hydrocarbons have different boiling points."},{"text":"Different liquid densities","correct":false,"explanation":"Density is not the property used to separate vaporised crude oil in the column. Fractions condense at different temperatures because they have different boiling points."},{"text":"Different water solubilities","correct":false,"explanation":"Fractional distillation depends on condensation at different temperatures, not differences in water solubility. Hydrocarbons are separated according to their different boiling points."}]},{"id":"f644e6b6-4ab1-4c01-8efb-18b841ee9574","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where are shorter-chain alkanes collected in a fractionating column?","back":"Nearer the top, because they have lower boiling points.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Nearer the top, because they have lower boiling points.","correct":true,"explanation":"Shorter-chain alkanes have weaker London forces and lower boiling points, so they remain gaseous until reaching the cooler region near the column’s top."},{"text":"Nearer the bottom, because they have lower boiling points.","correct":false,"explanation":"The bottom is hotter and collects hydrocarbons with higher boiling points. Shorter-chain alkanes have lower boiling points, so they rise and condense nearer the top."},{"text":"Nearer the middle, because they have moderate boiling points.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shorter chains do not generally condense in the middle because their relatively low boiling points require cooler conditions. They are collected nearer the top."},{"text":"Nearer the furnace, because they have lower boiling points.","correct":false,"explanation":"The furnace inlet is the hottest part of the apparatus, where shorter hydrocarbons remain vaporised. Their low boiling points mean they are collected nearer the top."}]},{"id":"f93594aa-c4c5-4f21-a6d5-84aa3d9150d9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What two types of molecule are often produced by cracking?","back":"

A shorter alkane
An alkene

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

A shorter alkane
An alkene

","correct":true,"explanation":"Cracking splits a long-chain alkane into smaller molecules and commonly produces a shorter saturated alkane together with an unsaturated alkene."},{"text":"

A shorter alkane
Another alkane

","correct":false,"explanation":"Cracking does not typically turn both fragments into saturated molecules because the atoms must remain balanced. A shorter alkane and an alkene are commonly formed."},{"text":"

A shorter alkane
An alcohol

","correct":false,"explanation":"Alcohol formation would require oxygen, which is not supplied during hydrocarbon cracking. The usual products are a shorter alkane and an alkene."},{"text":"

A longer alkane
A shorter alkane

","correct":false,"explanation":"Cracking breaks large hydrocarbons rather than building a longer alkane, and it commonly creates an unsaturated product. A shorter alkane and an alkene are formed."}]},{"id":"59ff71b8-8dff-4d6a-a08d-296f273c4767","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What are the products of complete combustion of an alkane?","back":"Carbon dioxide and water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Carbon dioxide and water.","correct":true,"explanation":"With sufficient oxygen, every carbon atom is fully oxidised to carbon dioxide and the hydrogen atoms are oxidised to water."},{"text":"Carbon monoxide and water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon monoxide is produced during incomplete combustion when oxygen is limited. Complete combustion fully oxidises the carbon to carbon dioxide and also forms water."},{"text":"Carbon and water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solid carbon, or soot, indicates incomplete combustion caused by insufficient oxygen. Complete alkane combustion instead produces carbon dioxide and water."},{"text":"Carbon dioxide and hydrogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen is not released as an element during complete combustion; it is oxidised to water. The carbon is fully oxidised to carbon dioxide."}]},{"id":"e2c02de9-79ac-43f0-96aa-51edb9539658","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is alkane combustion exothermic?","back":"Forming strong C=O and O-H bonds releases more energy than bond breaking.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Forming strong C=O and O-H bonds releases more energy than bond breaking.","correct":true,"explanation":"Combustion releases energy overall because forming strong bonds in carbon dioxide and water releases more energy than is absorbed in breaking reactant bonds."},{"text":"Breaking strong C=O and O-H bonds releases more energy than bond forming.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bond breaking always absorbs energy rather than releasing it. Combustion is exothermic because forming strong C=O and O-H bonds releases more energy than bond breaking absorbs."},{"text":"Forming strong C-C and C-H bonds releases more energy than bond breaking.","correct":false,"explanation":"C-C and C-H bonds belong mainly to the alkane reactant and must be broken, which absorbs energy. Energy is released when strong C=O and O-H bonds form."},{"text":"Forming strong C=O and O-H bonds releases less energy than bond breaking.","correct":false,"explanation":"If bond formation released less energy than bond breaking required, the reaction would be endothermic. Combustion is exothermic because product bond formation releases more energy."}]},{"id":"c60149bd-3ec8-44e3-893b-5026dc15be3e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What carbon-containing products can incomplete combustion of alkanes form?","back":"

Carbon monoxide, CO
Carbon particulates, C

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Carbon monoxide, CO
Carbon particulates, C

","correct":true,"explanation":"Incomplete combustion has insufficient oxygen, so some carbon forms carbon monoxide and some remains as solid carbon particulates rather than being fully oxidised to carbon dioxide."},{"text":"

Carbon dioxide, CO₂
Water, H₂O

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are the products of complete combustion, where sufficient oxygen is available. Incomplete combustion instead produces carbon monoxide and carbon particulates because carbon is not fully oxidised."},{"text":"

Carbon dioxide, CO₂
Carbon particulates, C

","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is associated with complete oxidation of carbon, whereas incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide and carbon particulates when oxygen supply is limited."},{"text":"

Carbon monoxide, CO
Carbon dioxide, CO₂

","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is the fully oxidised carbon product of complete combustion. The carbon-containing products characteristic of incomplete combustion are carbon monoxide and solid carbon particulates."}]},{"id":"4dc0b538-84f4-4a1f-b874-205682c4507d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?","back":"It binds strongly to haemoglobin, reducing oxygen transport.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It binds strongly to haemoglobin, reducing oxygen transport.","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbon monoxide forms a stable complex with haemoglobin, preventing haemoglobin from carrying as much oxygen and therefore reducing oxygen transport around the body."},{"text":"It binds strongly to oxygen, reducing oxygen transport.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon monoxide does not significantly remove oxygen by binding to it directly. It binds strongly to haemoglobin, occupying oxygen-binding sites and reducing oxygen transport."},{"text":"It reacts strongly with water, reducing oxygen transport.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reaction with water is not the main cause of carbon monoxide poisoning. Its danger comes from strong binding to haemoglobin, which prevents effective oxygen transport."},{"text":"It binds weakly to haemoglobin, increasing oxygen transport.","correct":false,"explanation":"The binding is strong, not weak, and it decreases rather than increases oxygen transport. Carbon monoxide blocks haemoglobin’s oxygen-binding capacity by forming a stable complex."}]},{"id":"acbfd106-d319-4ddf-9d5b-bd3480e3fb72","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why are alkanes not easily attacked by nucleophiles or electrophiles?","back":"Their C-C and C-H bonds are effectively non-polar.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their C-C and C-H bonds are effectively non-polar.","correct":true,"explanation":"The small electronegativity difference in C-C and C-H bonds gives alkanes no significant polar regions, so nucleophiles and electrophiles are not readily attracted to them."},{"text":"Their C-C and C-H bonds are effectively polar.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alkanes contain bonds with very small electronegativity differences, so their C-C and C-H bonds are effectively non-polar. Polar bonds would be more susceptible to attack."},{"text":"Their C-C and C-H bonds are effectively ionic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ionic bonds involve electron transfer and oppositely charged ions, which are not present in alkane C-C and C-H bonds. These bonds are effectively non-polar."},{"text":"Their C-C and C-H bonds are effectively metallic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Metallic bonding involves delocalised electrons throughout a metal lattice, not shared electron pairs in molecules. Alkane C-C and C-H bonds are effectively non-polar covalent bonds."}]},{"id":"b02b9f68-6853-415f-861f-d646cfa30065","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Alkanes react with chlorine or bromine under [ ] by [ ].","back":"Alkanes react with chlorine or bromine under UV light by substitution.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Alkanes react with chlorine or bromine under UV light by substitution.","correct":true,"explanation":"UV light causes homolytic fission of the halogen molecule, generating radicals. The alkane then undergoes radical substitution, replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom."},{"text":"Alkanes react with chlorine or bromine under heat by substitution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although heat can promote some reactions, the required condition for halogenation of alkanes is UV light, which supplies energy for radical formation. The reaction is substitution."},{"text":"Alkanes react with chlorine or bromine under UV light by addition.","correct":false,"explanation":"UV light correctly identifies the radical initiation condition, but alkanes undergo substitution rather than addition because a hydrogen atom is replaced by a halogen atom."},{"text":"Alkanes react with chlorine or bromine under visible light by substitution.","correct":false,"explanation":"The reaction requires UV light, whose energy is sufficient to split the halogen bond homolytically. Visible light is not the specified condition for initiating this substitution."}]},{"id":"48022256-da5a-43e9-9864-c5d90ab92466","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens during homolytic fission?","back":"Each atom takes one electron from the shared pair, forming radicals.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each atom takes one electron from the shared pair, forming radicals.","correct":true,"explanation":"Homolytic fission splits a covalent bond evenly. Each atom receives one electron from the shared pair, leaving each fragment with an unpaired electron and forming radicals."},{"text":"Each atom takes both electrons from the shared pair, forming radicals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Taking both bonding electrons gives ions or charged species rather than radicals. In homolytic fission, each atom takes one electron, producing two radicals."},{"text":"Each atom takes one electron from the shared pair, forming ions.","correct":false,"explanation":"The one-electron split is correct, but it produces radicals because each fragment has an unpaired electron. Ions form when both electrons go to one atom."},{"text":"One atom takes both electrons from the shared pair, forming radicals.","correct":false,"explanation":"When one atom takes both bonding electrons, heterolytic fission occurs and ions form. Homolytic fission divides the pair equally, giving one electron to each atom."}]},{"id":"31f6c0cb-0675-4602-a4b7-df651c45ff1a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Write the initiation step for chlorination of methane.","back":"Cl₂ → 2Cl•","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cl₂ → 2Cl•","correct":true,"explanation":"UV light causes the chlorine molecule’s covalent bond to undergo homolytic fission. One electron goes to each chlorine atom, producing two chlorine radicals that initiate the chain reaction."},{"text":"Cl₂ → 2Cl⁻","correct":false,"explanation":"Two chloride ions would result from heterolytic electron transfer, not radical initiation. The initiation step is homolytic fission of Cl₂ to form two Cl• radicals."},{"text":"Cl₂ + CH₄ → HCl + CH₃Cl","correct":false,"explanation":"This represents the overall substitution equation, not the initiation step. Initiation only involves chlorine absorbing UV light and splitting into two chlorine radicals."},{"text":"Cl₂ → Cl₂•","correct":false,"explanation":"The chlorine bond must split to begin the chain, producing two separate radicals. A single chlorine molecule radical does not represent the homolytic fission step."}]},{"id":"21a84398-fd0a-42d3-8200-f01cb88d52d3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Write the first propagation step in chlorination of methane.","back":"Cl• + CH₄ → HCl + CH₃•","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cl• + CH₄ → HCl + CH₃•","correct":true,"explanation":"A chlorine radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from methane. This forms hydrogen chloride and leaves a methyl radical, which continues the chain by reacting with chlorine."},{"text":"Cl• + CH₄ → CH₃Cl + H•","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly forms chloromethane during the first propagation step. Chlorine abstracts hydrogen first, producing HCl and a methyl radical; CH₃Cl forms in the second propagation step."},{"text":"CH₃• + Cl₂ → HCl + CCl₃•","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses the methyl radical and changes its composition incorrectly. The first propagation step starts with Cl• attacking CH₄, producing HCl and CH₃•."},{"text":"Cl• + CH₄ → HCl + CH₃⁻","correct":false,"explanation":"The methane fragment is a methyl radical, not a negatively charged methyl ion, because the process is homolytic. The correct products are HCl and CH₃•."}]},{"id":"3abe293f-5b46-4bc1-89c6-8053d3caf341","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Write the second propagation step in chlorination of methane.","back":"CH₃• + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + Cl•","mcqOptions":[{"text":"CH₃• + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + Cl•","correct":true,"explanation":"The methyl radical forms a bond with one chlorine atom from Cl₂, producing chloromethane. The other chlorine atom becomes a new Cl• radical, propagating the chain."},{"text":"CH₃• + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + Cl⁻","correct":false,"explanation":"The chlorine fragment is a radical, not a chloride ion, because the reaction proceeds by homolytic bond breaking. The correct product is Cl•, which continues the chain."},{"text":"Cl• + CH₃Cl → CH₃Cl + Cl•","correct":false,"explanation":"This shows no net chemical change and does not use the methyl radical generated in the first propagation step. The second step consumes CH₃• and Cl₂ to form CH₃Cl and Cl•."},{"text":"CH₃• + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl₂•","correct":false,"explanation":"The methyl radical does not add to both chlorine atoms to form a chlorinated radical. One chlorine bonds to CH₃•, while the other leaves as Cl•."}]},{"id":"8bf9c973-db40-4d5f-a054-fc790eeff656","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In radical substitution, [ ] regenerates radicals, while [ ] removes radicals.","back":"In radical substitution, propagation regenerates radicals, while termination removes radicals.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In radical substitution, propagation regenerates radicals, while termination removes radicals.","correct":true,"explanation":"Propagation steps consume a radical but produce another radical, maintaining the chain reaction. Termination steps combine two radicals, removing them from the reaction and ending chains."},{"text":"In radical substitution, initiation regenerates radicals, while termination removes radicals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Initiation creates radicals by homolytic bond fission rather than regenerating them through chain steps. Propagation regenerates radicals, while termination removes them by combining two radicals."},{"text":"In radical substitution, termination regenerates radicals, while propagation removes radicals.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the roles of the two stages. Propagation consumes one radical and forms another, whereas termination removes radicals when two radical species react together."},{"text":"In radical substitution, propagation regenerates radicals, while initiation removes radicals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Initiation produces radicals through homolytic fission, so it does not remove them. Propagation regenerates radicals during the chain reaction, while termination removes them."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Alkanes","title":"Alkanes Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/chemistry/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"d47ca73d-5deb-5963-88f2-a8e168606f6e","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]