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molecules are joined.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes a polymer rather than a monomer. A monomer is a smaller unit from which larger molecules are made."},{"text":"A chemical bond through which larger molecules are joined.","correct":false,"explanation":"A bond connects molecular units but is not itself a monomer. A monomer is a smaller unit that can be joined to others to make larger molecules."},{"text":"A water molecule released when larger molecules are made.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water can be released during condensation, but it is not the monomer. A monomer is a smaller unit used to construct larger molecules."}]},{"id":"5bab6bc8-e9cc-45c9-b5e3-bedb18212660","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a polymer?","back":"A molecule made from a large number of monomers joined together.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A molecule made from a large number of monomers joined together.","correct":true,"explanation":"A polymer is a large molecule built by bonding many repeating or similar monomer units together, usually through condensation reactions."},{"text":"A molecule made from a single monomer joined to water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding water to one monomer does not produce a polymer. A polymer consists of a large number of monomers joined together."},{"text":"A molecule made from a large number of polymers joined together.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the structural hierarchy: polymers are not the subunits. A polymer is made by joining a large number of monomers."},{"text":"A molecule made when a large number of monomers are split apart.","correct":false,"explanation":"Splitting monomers apart cannot build a larger molecule and confuses polymerisation with breakdown. A polymer forms when many monomers are joined together."}]},{"id":"76a61f51-4bf3-44a9-93fe-9a67b38b83d0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are triglycerides not considered true polymers?","back":"

They are large molecules
They are NOT made from a long chain of repeating monomers

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

They are large molecules
They are NOT made from a long chain of repeating monomers

","correct":true,"explanation":"Each triglyceride contains one glycerol and three fatty acids rather than a long chain of repeating monomer units, so triglycerides are not true polymers."},{"text":"

They are large molecules
They are made from a long chain of repeating fatty acid monomers

","correct":false,"explanation":"Triglycerides do not contain a repeating chain of fatty acids. Each consists of one glycerol bonded to three fatty acids, so it is not a true polymer."},{"text":"

They are large molecules
They contain no covalent bonds between their components

","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycerol and fatty acids are joined by covalent ester bonds. Triglycerides are not true polymers because they lack a long chain of repeating monomers."},{"text":"

They are insoluble molecules
They are made from long chains of repeating glucose monomers

","correct":false,"explanation":"Long chains of glucose form polysaccharides, not triglycerides, and insolubility does not determine whether something is a polymer. Triglycerides lack repeating monomer chains."}]},{"id":"cfd5877b-6ee6-4eb5-b8c3-cc522f18aa6f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is meant by the shared biochemical basis of life?","back":"Diverse organisms all use a small set of similar molecules (e.g. nucleic acids, proteins) as building blocks.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Diverse organisms all use a small set of similar molecules (e.g. nucleic acids, proteins) as building blocks.","correct":true,"explanation":"Despite their diversity, organisms share core biological molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, indicating a common biochemical basis and evolutionary ancestry."},{"text":"Diverse organisms all use a completely different set of molecules (e.g. minerals, metals) as building blocks.","correct":false,"explanation":"Organisms do not each possess entirely different biochemistry. They share a small set of similar biological molecules, including nucleic acids and proteins, as fundamental building blocks."},{"text":"Diverse organisms all have the same sequence of genetic material (e.g. identical DNA, RNA) as building blocks.","correct":false,"explanation":"Organisms share nucleic acids and the genetic code, but their nucleotide sequences are not identical. Shared biochemical basis means using a small set of similar molecular types."},{"text":"Diverse organisms all use a small set of similar cells (e.g. neurones, erythrocytes) as building blocks.","correct":false,"explanation":"The idea concerns shared biological molecules rather than specialised cell types, which differ among organisms. Life uses a small set of similar molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids."}]},{"id":"217bf260-9af9-41c7-8df9-d317a70a98b4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Identify the monomer for polypeptides and proteins.","back":"Amino acids.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Amino acids.","correct":true,"explanation":"Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds in condensation reactions, producing polypeptide chains that fold to form functional proteins."},{"text":"Monosaccharides.","correct":false,"explanation":"Monosaccharides are the monomers of polysaccharides, not proteins. Polypeptides and proteins are constructed from amino acids joined by peptide bonds."},{"text":"Nucleotides.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nucleotides form nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA, not polypeptides. The monomers of polypeptides and proteins are amino acids."},{"text":"Fatty acids.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fatty acids combine with glycerol to form lipids rather than polypeptides. Proteins are built from amino acid monomers joined by peptide bonds."}]},{"id":"b2a73f79-1e90-4d5f-97a4-efca934a89d3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Identify the monomer for nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.","back":"Nucleotides.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Nucleotides.","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA and RNA are polynucleotides made from nucleotide monomers, each containing a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base."},{"text":"Amino acids.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amino acids form polypeptides and proteins, not nucleic acids. DNA and RNA are constructed from nucleotide monomers linked by phosphodiester bonds."},{"text":"Monosaccharides.","correct":false,"explanation":"Monosaccharides form polysaccharides and are not complete nucleic acid monomers. DNA and RNA are made from nucleotides, which each include a pentose sugar."},{"text":"Glycerol molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycerol is a component of triglycerides and phospholipids, not nucleic acids. DNA and RNA are polymers whose monomers are nucleotides."}]},{"id":"0e6441f2-7106-49c0-8ac4-4d0ab11756c3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What monomers join to form polysaccharides like starch and glycogen?","back":"Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose).","correct":true,"explanation":"Polysaccharides are formed when many monosaccharides join by glycosidic bonds. Starch and glycogen are specifically polymers of alpha-glucose."},{"text":"Amino acids (e.g. glycine).","correct":false,"explanation":"Amino acids join to form polypeptides rather than polysaccharides. Starch and glycogen are formed from monosaccharides, specifically alpha-glucose monomers."},{"text":"Nucleotides (e.g. ATP).","correct":false,"explanation":"Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids, not polysaccharides. Starch and glycogen consist of many monosaccharides, such as glucose, joined together."},{"text":"Fatty acids (e.g. palmitate).","correct":false,"explanation":"Fatty acids are components of lipids and do not polymerise to form starch or glycogen. These polysaccharides are made from glucose monomers."}]},{"id":"de584c30-dc59-460c-ae6c-abbf0af93d4a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What two things occur during a condensation reaction?","back":"

Two molecules join with a chemical bond
A molecule of water is released

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Two molecules join with a chemical bond
A molecule of water is released

","correct":true,"explanation":"During condensation, two molecules form a new covalent bond and an H and OH are removed, combining to release one molecule of water."},{"text":"

Two molecules join with a chemical bond
A molecule of water is absorbed

","correct":false,"explanation":"Bond formation is correct, but condensation releases rather than absorbs water. Water is absorbed during hydrolysis, when a chemical bond is broken."},{"text":"

Two molecules separate by breaking a chemical bond
A molecule of water is released

","correct":false,"explanation":"Condensation joins molecules rather than separating them. It forms a chemical bond and releases water; bond breaking with water occurs during hydrolysis."},{"text":"

Two molecules separate by breaking a chemical bond
A molecule of water is absorbed

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are the events of hydrolysis, not condensation. In condensation, two molecules join through a new chemical bond and a molecule of water is released."}]},{"id":"df310045-b5db-486f-8601-f0d9dda222be","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What two things occur during a hydrolysis reaction?","back":"

A chemical bond is broken
A molecule of water is used

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

A chemical bond is broken
A molecule of water is used

","correct":true,"explanation":"Hydrolysis splits a covalent bond by adding the components of a water molecule across it. Water is therefore consumed as the larger molecule separates into smaller units."},{"text":"

A chemical bond is formed
A molecule of water is used

","correct":false,"explanation":"Forming a bond is not hydrolysis. Hydrolysis uses a water molecule to break a chemical bond, separating a larger molecule into smaller units."},{"text":"

A chemical bond is broken
A molecule of water is produced

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the role of water. During hydrolysis, a chemical bond is broken and water is used, rather than produced, in the reaction."},{"text":"

A chemical bond is formed
A molecule of water is produced

","correct":false,"explanation":"Bond formation accompanied by water production describes a condensation reaction. Hydrolysis is the reverse process: a chemical bond is broken and a water molecule is used."}]},{"id":"94e74cd8-4683-424c-b8cc-8adad1df3536","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name the chemical bond formed between two monosaccharides.","back":"Glycosidic bond.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Glycosidic bond.","correct":true,"explanation":"A condensation reaction between the hydroxyl groups of two monosaccharides forms a glycosidic bond and releases one molecule of water."},{"text":"Peptide bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"Peptide bonds join amino acids, not monosaccharides. Two monosaccharides are linked by a glycosidic bond formed during a condensation reaction."},{"text":"Phosphodiester bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phosphodiester bonds link adjacent nucleotides in nucleic acids. The covalent link formed between two monosaccharides is a glycosidic bond."},{"text":"Ester bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ester bonds commonly link glycerol and fatty acids in lipids. Monosaccharides instead join through glycosidic bonds during condensation reactions."}]},{"id":"e5c303d8-b349-41fc-9107-9994f9d44046","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name the chemical bond formed between two amino acids.","back":"Peptide bond.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Peptide bond.","correct":true,"explanation":"The carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another, forming a peptide bond and releasing water."},{"text":"Glycosidic bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycosidic bonds join monosaccharides in carbohydrates. Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds formed between their amino and carboxyl groups."},{"text":"Ester bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ester bonds are associated with lipids, such as those between glycerol and fatty acids. The bond joining two amino acids is a peptide bond."},{"text":"Phosphodiester bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phosphodiester bonds connect nucleotides in nucleic acid backbones. Two amino acids are connected by a peptide bond following a condensation reaction."}]},{"id":"da31f8d5-ea9a-403e-a47b-9601e4c8476a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name the chemical bond formed within a polynucleotide strand.","back":"Phosphodiester bond.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Phosphodiester bond.","correct":true,"explanation":"Phosphodiester bonds link the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the pentose sugar of another, producing the sugar-phosphate backbone of a polynucleotide."},{"text":"Hydrogen bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen bonds can form between complementary bases in separate DNA strands, but they do not build one polynucleotide strand. Its nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds."},{"text":"Glycosidic bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycosidic bonds attach nitrogenous bases to pentose sugars within individual nucleotides. Adjacent nucleotides in a polynucleotide strand are linked by phosphodiester bonds."},{"text":"Peptide bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"Peptide bonds link amino acids in polypeptides rather than nucleotides. A polynucleotide’s sugar-phosphate backbone is held together by phosphodiester bonds."}]},{"id":"133396c7-5ca1-4d25-ad6e-f0b4dc0c6e61","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How does hydrolysis facilitate the process of digestion?","back":"It breaks down large food molecules into smaller, soluble units that can be absorbed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It breaks down large food molecules into smaller, soluble units that can be absorbed.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hydrolysis splits large, often insoluble biological molecules into small soluble products. These products can cross the intestinal epithelium and enter the blood or lymph."},{"text":"It removes water from small food molecules to form larger, insoluble units that can be stored.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing water to join smaller molecules describes condensation, not hydrolysis. Digestion uses hydrolysis to produce smaller, soluble units that can be absorbed."},{"text":"It breaks down large food molecules into smaller, insoluble units that cannot be absorbed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrolysis does produce smaller units, but digestion is facilitated because those units are soluble and can be absorbed across the intestinal wall."},{"text":"It joins small food molecules into larger, insoluble units that cannot be absorbed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Joining small molecules into larger ones is polymerisation by condensation, not digestion by hydrolysis. Hydrolysis produces smaller, soluble units that can be absorbed."}]},{"id":"1ea3a2fa-8cc9-4a2b-a692-8137e49d850e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a dimer?","back":"A molecule made from two monomers joined together.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A molecule made from two monomers joined together.","correct":true,"explanation":"The prefix “di” means two, so a dimer consists of exactly two monomers covalently joined together, usually through a condensation reaction."},{"text":"A molecule made from one monomer joined together.","correct":false,"explanation":"A single unjoined subunit is a monomer rather than a dimer. A dimer contains exactly two monomers joined together."},{"text":"A molecule made from three monomers joined together.","correct":false,"explanation":"A molecule containing three joined monomers is a trimer. A dimer contains exactly two monomer units joined by chemical bonding."},{"text":"A molecule made from many monomers joined together.","correct":false,"explanation":"A chain containing many joined monomers is generally called a polymer. A dimer specifically contains only two monomers joined together."}]},{"id":"cb82e1df-a9d0-406c-8707-33b7af3ac30b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A polypeptide consists of 30 amino acids in a straight chain. How many water molecules are needed to hydrolyse it completely?","back":"29 (using the $n - 1$ rule).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"29 (using the $n - 1$ rule).","correct":true,"explanation":"A straight chain of $n$ amino acids contains $n - 1$ peptide bonds. Each bond requires one water molecule for hydrolysis, so $30 - 1 = 29$."},{"text":"30 (using the $n$ rule).","correct":false,"explanation":"Using $n$ counts amino acids rather than peptide bonds. A chain of 30 amino acids has only 29 links, so complete hydrolysis requires 29 water molecules."},{"text":"31 (using the $n + 1$ rule).","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding one incorrectly treats the ends of the chain as additional bonds. There are 29 peptide bonds between 30 amino acids, requiring 29 water molecules."},{"text":"28 (using the $n - 2$ rule).","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting two omits one genuine peptide bond. Thirty amino acids arranged in one straight chain have 29 peptide bonds, each requiring one water molecule."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-13","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Monomers and polymers","title":"Monomers and polymers Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"352b1ded-1d6f-51e5-8836-606b12c59756","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]