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Different sequences of A, T, C and G provide the instructions for different products."},{"text":"The sugar sequence - the order of ribose and deoxyribose.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA contains only deoxyribose, so it does not have a variable sugar sequence. The genetic information is carried by the base sequence - the order of A, T, C and G."},{"text":"The bond sequence - the order of ionic and covalent bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA’s bonds maintain its structure but do not form a variable information code. The genetic information is carried by the base sequence - the order of A, T, C and G."},{"text":"The phosphate sequence - the order of phosphate groups.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phosphate groups repeat regularly in the DNA backbone, so their order does not encode information. The genetic information is carried by the base sequence - the order of A, T, C and G."}]},{"id":"132af46b-c1d3-4d83-bfb6-2c7e1dd98c48","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Each DNA nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a [ ] and a nitrogen-containing [ ].","back":"Each DNA nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen-containing base.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each DNA nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen-containing base.","correct":true,"explanation":"A DNA nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and one nitrogen-containing base. These are the three components from which DNA nucleotides are constructed."},{"text":"Each DNA nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a ribose sugar and a nitrogen-containing base.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ribose is found in RNA nucleotides, not DNA nucleotides. A DNA nucleotide contains deoxyribose sugar together with a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base."},{"text":"Each DNA nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen-containing amino acid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amino acids are the monomers of proteins rather than nucleotide components. A DNA nucleotide contains deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen-containing base alongside its phosphate group."},{"text":"Each DNA nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a ribose sugar and a nitrogen-containing amino acid.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses DNA nucleotides with both RNA and proteins. A DNA nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen-containing base, as well as a phosphate group."}]},{"id":"d9295b5f-417b-4854-b3cc-b608be157351","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is the main DNA of a prokaryotic cell found?","back":"In the cytoplasm.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the cytoplasm.","correct":true,"explanation":"Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound nucleus, so their main circular DNA molecule lies free in the cytoplasm, within a region often called the nucleoid."},{"text":"In the nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Prokaryotes do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, unlike eukaryotic cells. Their main DNA molecule is therefore found free in the cytoplasm."},{"text":"In the ribosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis and do not store the cell’s main DNA. Prokaryotic DNA is found free in the cytoplasm."},{"text":"In the cell wall.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cell wall provides structural support and does not contain the prokaryote’s main genetic material. The main DNA molecule is found in the cytoplasm."}]},{"id":"aa52abe5-9674-4a86-a27d-c72b983423c3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Prokaryotic DNA is [ ], so the DNA molecule forms a loop.","back":"Prokaryotic DNA is circular, so the DNA molecule forms a loop.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"circular","correct":true,"explanation":"The main prokaryotic DNA molecule is circular, meaning its two ends are joined to form a closed loop rather than remaining separate."},{"text":"linear","correct":false,"explanation":"Linear DNA has two distinct ends and is characteristic of eukaryotic nuclear chromosomes. Prokaryotic DNA is circular, so its molecule forms a closed loop."},{"text":"helical","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA is helical because its strands twist, but this does not explain why the molecule forms a loop. Prokaryotic DNA is circular because its ends are joined."},{"text":"single-stranded","correct":false,"explanation":"Prokaryotic chromosomal DNA is double-stranded, not single-stranded. It forms a loop because the DNA molecule is circular, with its ends joined together."}]},{"id":"3b86a453-346c-48ad-b823-f1ab89ff807b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Compared with eukaryotic nuclear DNA, what is prokaryotic DNA like in length?","back":"It is short.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is short.","correct":true,"explanation":"The main prokaryotic DNA molecule is short compared with the much longer total nuclear DNA found in a eukaryotic cell."},{"text":"It is long.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the comparison with eukaryotic nuclear DNA. Prokaryotic DNA is described as short because prokaryotes generally possess much less DNA than eukaryotic cells."},{"text":"It is equal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA are not generally equal in length. Prokaryotic DNA is short compared with the more extensive nuclear DNA of eukaryotic cells."},{"text":"It is variable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although genome length varies between species, this question asks for the standard comparison with eukaryotic nuclear DNA. Prokaryotic DNA is described as short."}]},{"id":"29388c67-c4a0-42e5-95d6-0e6a7c2fadaf","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In AQA wording, what is prokaryotic DNA not associated with?","back":"Proteins.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Proteins.","correct":true,"explanation":"In the AQA comparison, prokaryotic DNA is described as not being associated with proteins, unlike eukaryotic nuclear DNA, which is associated with histones."},{"text":"Phosphates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phosphate groups are essential parts of every DNA nucleotide and form the sugar-phosphate backbone. In AQA wording, prokaryotic DNA is described as not associated with proteins."},{"text":"Plasmids.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plasmids are additional small DNA molecules that may occur in prokaryotic cells, not packaging substances associated with DNA. The expected AQA answer is proteins."},{"text":"Ribosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis and are separate cellular structures rather than DNA-packaging molecules. In AQA wording, prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins."}]},{"id":"7855106c-d7ec-423c-9801-a2194204890b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which proteins help package and organise eukaryotic nuclear DNA?","back":"Histones.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Histones.","correct":true,"explanation":"Eukaryotic nuclear DNA winds around histone proteins, helping compact and organise the long DNA molecules into chromatin and, during cell division, chromosomes."},{"text":"Enzymes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some enzymes copy, repair or modify DNA, but they are not the principal packaging proteins. Eukaryotic nuclear DNA is wound around histones for organisation and compaction."},{"text":"Antibodies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are immune proteins that bind specific antigens and do not package nuclear DNA. Histones organise eukaryotic DNA by providing proteins around which it winds."},{"text":"Collagens.","correct":false,"explanation":"Collagens are extracellular structural proteins and do not organise DNA inside the nucleus. Histones package eukaryotic nuclear DNA by forming complexes around which it winds."}]},{"id":"0390576c-2782-4aac-9326-9c3ffd0b6b9d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Eukaryotic nuclear DNA is [ ], meaning each molecule has two ends.","back":"Eukaryotic nuclear DNA is linear, meaning each molecule has two ends.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"linear","correct":true,"explanation":"Eukaryotic nuclear DNA molecules are linear, so each molecule has two distinct ends. They are packaged with histones to form chromosomes within the nucleus."},{"text":"circular","correct":false,"explanation":"Circular DNA has its ends joined and is characteristic of prokaryotic chromosomes and organelle DNA. Eukaryotic nuclear DNA is linear, giving each molecule two ends."},{"text":"helical","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA is helical because its two strands twist, but helicity does not mean the molecule has two ends. Eukaryotic nuclear DNA is linear."},{"text":"single-stranded","correct":false,"explanation":"Eukaryotic nuclear DNA is double-stranded, so single-stranded describes neither its usual structure nor why it has ends. It has two ends because it is linear."}]},{"id":"9a9d32d9-9a69-4fcf-8855-495e7d8c022c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a eukaryotic nuclear chromosome more than just a DNA molecule?","back":"It includes associated proteins, such as histones.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It includes associated proteins, such as histones.","correct":true,"explanation":"A eukaryotic nuclear chromosome consists of DNA packaged with proteins, especially histones. These proteins organise and compact the DNA, so a chromosome is more than a naked DNA molecule."},{"text":"It includes associated phospholipids, such as cholesterol.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phospholipids and cholesterol are major components of cell membranes, not chromosome packaging. Nuclear chromosomes contain associated proteins, especially histones, which organise and compact their DNA."},{"text":"It includes associated carbohydrates, such as glycogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycogen is a carbohydrate used for energy storage and is not a structural chromosome component. Chromosomal DNA is associated with proteins such as histones."},{"text":"It includes additional bases, such as uracil.","correct":false,"explanation":"Uracil is an RNA base and is not added to DNA to form a chromosome. A nuclear chromosome is DNA associated with proteins, particularly histones."}]},{"id":"41a821a3-b586-4180-9376-243f527e58e0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A DNA molecule is long, linear and associated with histones. Where is it found?","back":"In the eukaryotic nucleus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the eukaryotic nucleus.","correct":true,"explanation":"Eukaryotic nuclear DNA occurs as long, linear molecules associated with histone proteins. Together, each DNA molecule and its associated proteins form a nuclear chromosome."},{"text":"In the prokaryotic cytoplasm.","correct":false,"explanation":"Prokaryotic chromosomal DNA lies in the cytoplasm, but it is usually circular rather than long and linear. Long, linear, histone-associated DNA is found in the eukaryotic nucleus."},{"text":"In the mitochondrial matrix.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitochondrial DNA is located in the matrix, but it is short, circular and not associated with histones. The described molecule is found in the eukaryotic nucleus."},{"text":"In the chloroplast stroma.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chloroplast DNA occurs in the stroma, but it is short, circular and not histone-associated. Long, linear DNA packaged with histones occurs in the eukaryotic nucleus."}]},{"id":"ab9cf510-a59c-4330-b3c7-e9cb11e11183","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA is short, circular and [ ].","back":"Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA is short, circular and not associated with protein.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"not associated with protein","correct":true,"explanation":"Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA resembles prokaryotic DNA: it is short, circular and not associated with histone proteins, unlike the linear DNA of eukaryotic nuclear chromosomes."},{"text":"associated with histones","correct":false,"explanation":"Association with histones is characteristic of eukaryotic nuclear DNA, not organelle DNA at this level. Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA is short, circular and not associated with protein."},{"text":"enclosed within a nucleus","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles outside the nucleus and contain their own DNA. This DNA is short, circular and not associated with protein."},{"text":"organised into linear chromosomes","correct":false,"explanation":"Linear chromosomes are characteristic of the eukaryotic nucleus. Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA instead occurs as short, circular molecules that are not associated with protein."}]},{"id":"dd5725f2-1716-4f24-b4ed-6545ff284509","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a DNA sequence coding for tRNA still a gene?","back":"Genes can code for functional RNA, not just polypeptides.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Genes can code for functional RNA, not just polypeptides.","correct":true,"explanation":"A gene is a DNA sequence that codes for either a polypeptide or a functional RNA molecule. Because tRNA performs a cellular function, its coding sequence is a gene."},{"text":"Genes can code for amino acids, not just polypeptides.","correct":false,"explanation":"Individual triplets correspond to amino acids, but a gene does not directly code for a single amino acid. The tRNA sequence is a gene because genes can code for functional RNA."},{"text":"Genes can code for non-functional RNA, not just polypeptides.","correct":false,"explanation":"The defining point is that the RNA product has a function; tRNA transports amino acids during translation. Genes can code for functional RNA as well as polypeptides."},{"text":"Genes can code for DNA nucleotides, not just polypeptides.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA nucleotides are the components from which genes are made, not products encoded by genes. A tRNA sequence is a gene because it codes for functional RNA."}]},{"id":"359fad3a-1928-45d3-87c7-00e683763e34","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] forms part of ribosomes; [ ] carries amino acids during protein synthesis.","back":"rRNA forms part of ribosomes; tRNA carries amino acids during protein synthesis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"rRNA forms part of ribosomes; tRNA carries amino acids during protein synthesis.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ribosomal RNA combines with proteins to form ribosomes, where translation occurs. Transfer RNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis."},{"text":"mRNA forms part of ribosomes; tRNA carries amino acids during protein synthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Messenger RNA provides the codon sequence used during translation rather than forming the ribosome. rRNA forms part of ribosomes, while tRNA carries amino acids."},{"text":"rRNA forms part of ribosomes; mRNA carries amino acids during protein synthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Messenger RNA carries the genetic code from DNA, not amino acids. rRNA forms part of ribosomes, while tRNA carries amino acids during protein synthesis."},{"text":"tRNA forms part of ribosomes; rRNA carries amino acids during protein synthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the functions of the two RNA types. rRNA is a structural and catalytic part of ribosomes, whereas tRNA transports amino acids to them."}]},{"id":"69e1dd18-fde7-4ad2-b8fd-ed8fca995394","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A locus is the [ ] of a gene on a DNA molecule.","back":"A locus is the fixed position of a gene on a DNA molecule.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"fixed position","correct":true,"explanation":"A locus is the specific, fixed position occupied by a gene on a DNA molecule or chromosome. Different alleles of the gene occupy the same locus."},{"text":"variable position","correct":false,"explanation":"A gene does not normally move between positions on homologous chromosomes. Its locus is its fixed position, where alternative alleles of that gene may occur."},{"text":"base sequence","correct":false,"explanation":"A base sequence describes the order of nucleotides within DNA, not a gene’s location. A locus is the fixed position of a gene on a DNA molecule."},{"text":"physical length","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical length describes how much DNA a gene spans rather than where it is located. A locus is the gene’s fixed position on a DNA molecule."}]},{"id":"8d0208ce-40bf-41a3-8140-4c4d2d69f333","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many DNA bases make one triplet?","back":"Three.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Three.","correct":true,"explanation":"A triplet consists of three consecutive DNA bases. After transcription and translation, each coding triplet corresponds to a particular amino acid in a polypeptide."},{"text":"One.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses a single nucleotide with a triplet. By definition, one DNA triplet contains three consecutive bases, which together specify an amino acid."},{"text":"Two.","correct":false,"explanation":"This may result from confusing complementary base pairing with the genetic code. A DNA triplet contains three bases on one strand, not two."},{"text":"Four.","correct":false,"explanation":"Four is the number of different DNA bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. A single triplet contains three bases selected from those four types."}]},{"id":"8f4a7311-cd55-4272-bdcd-2513b94f94b5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does one DNA triplet code for?","back":"A specific amino acid.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A specific amino acid.","correct":true,"explanation":"The order of three DNA bases determines a corresponding mRNA codon, which specifies a particular amino acid during translation according to the genetic code."},{"text":"A specific nucleotide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nucleotides are the individual units that make up a triplet, not its coded product. A DNA triplet ultimately specifies a particular amino acid during translation."},{"text":"A specific polypeptide.","correct":false,"explanation":"A whole gene containing many triplets can code for a polypeptide. One DNA triplet specifies only one particular amino acid within that polypeptide."},{"text":"A specific tRNA molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"A tRNA molecule uses its anticodon to pair with an mRNA codon and carries an amino acid. The DNA triplet ultimately specifies that particular amino acid."}]},{"id":"86e6342f-1908-46e3-a1a5-8b59fb21f9b6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The genetic code is [ ] because the same triplet codes for the same amino acid in almost all organisms.","back":"The genetic code is universal because the same triplet codes for the same amino acid in almost all organisms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"universal","correct":true,"explanation":"The same triplet specifies the same amino acid in almost all organisms, so the genetic code is described as universal."},{"text":"degenerate","correct":false,"explanation":"Degenerate means that most amino acids are specified by more than one triplet. The shared meaning of triplets across almost all organisms makes the code universal."},{"text":"ambiguous","correct":false,"explanation":"An ambiguous code would allow one triplet to specify several amino acids. Instead, triplet meanings are almost identical across organisms, so the code is universal."},{"text":"overlapping","correct":false,"explanation":"An overlapping code would use individual bases in more than one triplet. The statement concerns triplets having the same meaning across organisms, which makes the code universal."}]},{"id":"5b11754a-daf2-4933-9dbb-cafea725650c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a non-overlapping genetic code mean for each base?","back":"Each base is part of only one triplet.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each base is part of only one triplet.","correct":true,"explanation":"In a non-overlapping code, the triplets are read as separate consecutive groups, so no individual base is reused as part of another triplet."},{"text":"Each base is part of two adjacent triplets.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reusing a base in two adjacent triplets would make the code overlapping. In a non-overlapping code, each base belongs to only one triplet."},{"text":"Each base is part of three different triplets.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes extensive overlap between neighbouring triplets. A non-overlapping genetic code places each base in only one triplet."},{"text":"Each base is part of every possible triplet.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bases are read in fixed groups of three rather than being reused in every combination. Each base is therefore part of only one triplet."}]},{"id":"7a19c307-dc95-4ef6-82f8-3ff649d6c139","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If the genetic code is degenerate, what is true for most amino acids?","back":"They are coded for by more than one triplet.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are coded for by more than one triplet.","correct":true,"explanation":"The genetic code is degenerate because there are more triplets than amino acids, allowing most amino acids to be specified by multiple triplets."},{"text":"They are coded for by only one triplet.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the meaning of degeneracy. Most amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet, although each triplet specifies only one amino acid."},{"text":"They are coded for by all 64 possible triplets.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 64 triplets specify different amino acids or act as stop signals. Degeneracy means most amino acids have more than one corresponding triplet, not all 64."},{"text":"They are coded for by different triplets in different cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Triplet meanings do not normally vary between cells. Degeneracy means that more than one triplet can code for the same amino acid."}]},{"id":"76da7620-2003-4c58-a373-d97aa1d8a925","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does degenerate not mean ambiguous?","back":"One triplet does not code for several different amino acids.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"One triplet does not code for several different amino acids.","correct":true,"explanation":"Although several triplets may specify the same amino acid, each individual triplet has only one meaning and therefore does not specify several different amino acids."},{"text":"One triplet does code for several different amino acids.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the definition of an ambiguous code, not a degenerate one. Each triplet specifies only one amino acid, even though several triplets may specify that amino acid."},{"text":"One amino acid is coded for by only one triplet.","correct":false,"explanation":"This denies degeneracy by reversing the relevant relationship. Most amino acids have several possible triplets, but each individual triplet codes for only one amino acid."},{"text":"Every triplet codes for an amino acid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some triplets are stop signals and do not code for amino acids. Degeneracy is unambiguous because one triplet cannot code for several different amino acids."}]},{"id":"1c1d1f95-ab0b-4a5d-87dd-11c5e7f4545c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In eukaryotic nuclear DNA, where are non-coding multiple repeats found?","back":"Between genes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Between genes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Multiple repetitive non-coding DNA sequences in eukaryotic nuclear DNA are located between genes rather than forming part of the protein-coding sequences."},{"text":"Within exons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Exons are the expressed regions retained in mature RNA, so they are not the location identified for non-coding multiple repeats. These repeats are found between genes."},{"text":"Inside codons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Codons are triplets in coding sequences that specify amino acids or stop signals. Non-coding multiple repeats are instead located between genes."},{"text":"At splice junctions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Splice junctions mark the boundaries between introns and exons, not the general location of non-coding multiple repeats. Such repeats are found between genes."}]},{"id":"3864b7cd-1a7e-44bb-9f9e-3de165ae9698","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If a non-coding sequence lies within a eukaryotic gene, what is it called?","back":"An intron.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An intron.","correct":true,"explanation":"An intron is a non-coding sequence within a eukaryotic gene that is transcribed into pre-mRNA but removed during RNA splicing."},{"text":"An exon.","correct":false,"explanation":"Exons are retained when pre-mRNA is spliced and may contribute to the final protein-coding sequence. A non-coding sequence within the gene is an intron."},{"text":"An codon.","correct":false,"explanation":"A codon is a three-base sequence in mRNA that specifies an amino acid or stop signal. A non-coding sequence within a eukaryotic gene is an intron."},{"text":"An promoter.","correct":false,"explanation":"A promoter is a regulatory DNA sequence where transcription machinery binds, usually upstream of the transcribed region. The non-coding sequence within the gene is an intron."}]},{"id":"7776e8ae-98e1-498a-89fa-0b19efc72ede","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which sequences within eukaryotic protein-coding genes code for amino acid sequences?","back":"Exons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Exons.","correct":true,"explanation":"Exons are the expressed sections of a eukaryotic gene that remain after RNA splicing and contain the sequence used to determine the amino acid sequence."},{"text":"Introns.","correct":false,"explanation":"Introns are transcribed into pre-mRNA but removed during splicing, so they do not determine the amino acid sequence. The relevant sequences are exons."},{"text":"Promoters.","correct":false,"explanation":"Promoters regulate the initiation of transcription by providing binding sites for transcription factors and RNA polymerase. Exons contain the sequences coding for amino acids."},{"text":"Telomeres.","correct":false,"explanation":"Telomeres are repetitive sequences at chromosome ends that protect chromosomes from deterioration. Exons within protein-coding genes contain the amino acid-coding sequences."}]},{"id":"9b68262b-fb14-4c2d-977d-d38056e103d0","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"A eukaryotic gene has exons of 120, 90 and 150 bases, plus introns of 300 and 600 bases. How many amino acids are coded for?","back":"120 amino acids.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"120 amino acids.","correct":true,"explanation":"Only exons contribute to the coding sequence: $120 + 90 + 150 = 360$ bases. Three bases code for each amino acid, giving $360 \\div 3 = 120$."},{"text":"420 amino acids.","correct":false,"explanation":"This results from adding all $1260$ exon and intron bases before dividing by three. Introns are removed, so only $360$ exon bases code for $120$ amino acids."},{"text":"360 amino acids.","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakes the number of coding bases for the number of amino acids. The exons contain $360$ bases, and dividing by three gives $120$ amino acids."},{"text":"300 amino acids.","correct":false,"explanation":"This comes from adding the $900$ intron bases and dividing by three. Introns are non-coding and removed, while the $360$ exon bases code for $120$ amino acids."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-13","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"DNA, genes and chromosomes","title":"DNA, genes and chromosomes Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"f3c20f7e-e73e-5b98-9927-a5377a29d49b","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]