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23:[["$","$L32",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L33",["$","$L34",null,{"href":"/as-level/biology/aqa/as-atp/flashcards","label":"ATP","subjectCode":"as_level_biology__aqa","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L35",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L36",null,{"decks":[{"id":"349bfa2e-67e6-4a98-8d76-9d790b9b532e","title":"ATP Flashcards","topicId":"89a4a6af-a788-56a0-9394-4bf217bc5e83","topicSlug":"as-atp","cards":[{"id":"87689aff-0722-4341-9a3a-e115aa69e68f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are the three components of an ATP molecule?","back":"

Adenine (nitrogenous base)
Ribose (pentose sugar)
Three phosphate groups

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Adenine (nitrogenous base)
Ribose (pentose sugar)
Three phosphate groups

","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP consists of the nitrogenous base adenine, the pentose sugar ribose and a chain of three phosphate groups. Adenine and ribose together form adenosine."},{"text":"

Adenine (nitrogenous base)
Deoxyribose (pentose sugar)
Three phosphate groups

","correct":false,"explanation":"Deoxyribose is the sugar found in DNA nucleotides, not ATP. ATP contains adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups."},{"text":"

Guanine (nitrogenous base)
Ribose (pentose sugar)
Three phosphate groups

","correct":false,"explanation":"Guanine is another nitrogenous base, but it is not present in ATP. ATP is made from adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups."},{"text":"

Adenine (nitrogenous base)
Ribose (pentose sugar)
Two phosphate groups

","correct":false,"explanation":"Two phosphate groups would describe ADP rather than ATP. ATP contains adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups, as indicated by the prefix tri-."}]},{"id":"dc03a9db-8983-41ae-b6d5-f931e545a471","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"ATP is described as a [ ] because it follows the basic nucleotide structure but contains three phosphate groups.","back":"ATP is described as a nucleotide derivative because it follows the basic nucleotide structure but contains three phosphate groups.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"nucleotide derivative","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP has the basic nucleotide components of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and phosphate, but its three phosphate groups make it a nucleotide derivative."},{"text":"nucleoside","correct":false,"explanation":"A nucleoside contains only a nitrogenous base and a sugar, with no phosphate group. ATP contains three phosphates, so it is classified as a nucleotide derivative."},{"text":"dinucleotide","correct":false,"explanation":"A dinucleotide consists of two nucleotides joined together. ATP contains one adenine-ribose unit and three phosphates, so it is a nucleotide derivative."},{"text":"polynucleotide","correct":false,"explanation":"A polynucleotide is a chain of many nucleotides, such as a strand of DNA or RNA. ATP is a single nucleotide derivative with three phosphate groups."}]},{"id":"6ff27a51-4b08-4168-9f59-2e5e8bb4f807","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"ATP is described as a nucleotide derivative because it follows the basic nucleotide structure but contains [ ] phosphate groups.","back":"ATP is described as a nucleotide derivative because it follows the basic nucleotide structure but contains three phosphate groups.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"three","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP contains three phosphate groups attached in a chain. The prefix tri- in adenosine triphosphate indicates this number."},{"text":"one","correct":false,"explanation":"One phosphate group would produce adenosine monophosphate, or AMP. ATP is adenosine triphosphate and therefore contains three phosphate groups."},{"text":"two","correct":false,"explanation":"Two phosphate groups would produce adenosine diphosphate, or ADP. ATP contains three phosphate groups, as shown by the prefix tri-."},{"text":"four","correct":false,"explanation":"The name adenosine triphosphate specifies three phosphate groups, not four. Confusing the number of bonds or components with phosphate groups can lead to this error."}]},{"id":"b9f9c33f-700d-473b-a014-378a35e82732","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What two components form the molecule adenosine?","back":"Adenine and ribose.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Adenine and ribose.","correct":true,"explanation":"Adenosine is a nucleoside formed when the nitrogenous base adenine bonds to the pentose sugar ribose. It does not include any phosphate groups."},{"text":"Adenine and deoxyribose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adenine joined to deoxyribose forms deoxyadenosine, not adenosine. Adenosine contains adenine bonded to the pentose sugar ribose."},{"text":"Adenine and phosphate.","correct":false,"explanation":"A phosphate group is not part of adenosine itself. Adenosine is formed from adenine and ribose; adding phosphates produces AMP, ADP or ATP."},{"text":"Ribose and three phosphate groups.","correct":false,"explanation":"This omits the nitrogenous base adenine and incorrectly includes phosphates. Adenosine consists specifically of adenine joined to ribose."}]},{"id":"0be1f31c-8f2b-4b62-8eed-9db1d3b17e05","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"State the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP.","back":"$$$ATP + H_2O \\to ADP + P_i + energy$$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$$ATP + H_2O \\to ADP + P_i + energy$$","correct":true,"explanation":"Hydrolysis uses water to split ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate. Breaking the terminal phosphate bond releases a small, manageable quantity of usable energy."},{"text":"$$$ADP + P_i + energy \\to ATP + H_2O$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the reverse reaction: the condensation and phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP. Hydrolysis instead uses water and releases ADP, inorganic phosphate and energy."},{"text":"$$$ATP \\to ADP + P_i + H_2O + energy$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly places water among the products. Hydrolysis consumes water, so the correct equation is ATP plus water forming ADP, inorganic phosphate and energy."},{"text":"$$$ATP + H_2O \\to ADP + 2P_i + energy$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Standard ATP hydrolysis removes one terminal phosphate group, not two. It therefore produces ADP and one inorganic phosphate ion while releasing energy."}]},{"id":"9c8b8d13-0afe-4edc-bd6a-9ae64c988743","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP?","back":"ATP hydrolase.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ATP hydrolase.","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP hydrolase catalyses ATP hydrolysis by lowering the reaction’s activation energy, allowing ATP to be split into ADP and inorganic phosphate."},{"text":"ATP synthase.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP synthase catalyses ATP production from ADP and inorganic phosphate, particularly during chemiosmosis. ATP hydrolase catalyses the reverse process of ATP hydrolysis."},{"text":"DNA polymerase.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA polymerase catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds during DNA replication. ATP hydrolysis is instead catalysed by ATP hydrolase."},{"text":"NAD dehydrogenase.","correct":false,"explanation":"NAD dehydrogenase transfers electrons from reduced NAD in respiratory pathways. It does not catalyse ATP breakdown; ATP hydrolase catalyses ATP hydrolysis."}]},{"id":"2333909d-880c-4922-9845-497c79a7c68b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"ATP hydrolysis is often [ ] to energy-requiring reactions, meaning the energy is used directly to drive another process.","back":"ATP hydrolysis is often coupled to energy-requiring reactions, meaning the energy is used directly to drive another process.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"coupled","correct":true,"explanation":"Coupling transfers the energy released by ATP hydrolysis directly to an energy-requiring reaction, allowing an otherwise unfavourable cellular process to occur."},{"text":"opposed","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP hydrolysis does not work against energy-requiring reactions. It is coupled to them so that its released energy can drive processes requiring an energy input."},{"text":"unrelated","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating the reactions as unrelated misses the direct transfer of energy between them. ATP hydrolysis is coupled to energy-requiring reactions to make those processes possible."},{"text":"converted","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP hydrolysis is not converted into another reaction. Instead, it is coupled to an energy-requiring process, transferring released energy directly to that process."}]},{"id":"a0f88c0c-7d9f-48b3-beea-c7445e07a976","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is the small, manageable amount of energy released by ATP an advantage?","back":"It reduces the amount of energy wasted as heat.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It reduces the amount of energy wasted as heat.","correct":true,"explanation":"Releasing energy in small, manageable quantities means cells can transfer more of it to useful processes, reducing the proportion dissipated to the surroundings as heat."},{"text":"It increases the amount of energy wasted as heat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Smaller energy releases decrease rather than increase heat loss. They more closely match cellular energy requirements, so less excess energy is dissipated as heat."},{"text":"It allows energy to be stored for long periods.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP is an immediate energy-transfer molecule rather than a long-term energy store. Its manageable energy release is advantageous because it reduces energy wasted as heat."},{"text":"It releases all available energy in a single step.","correct":false,"explanation":"Releasing a large quantity at once would increase heat loss and could damage cells. ATP instead releases small, manageable amounts, reducing energy wasted as heat."}]},{"id":"8e086416-d622-4afb-86c1-bf73a06ceb2f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Define phosphorylation.","back":"The addition of an inorganic phosphate ($P_i$) group to a molecule.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The addition of an inorganic phosphate ($P_i$) group to a molecule.","correct":true,"explanation":"Phosphorylation adds an inorganic phosphate group to another molecule. This often transfers energy or changes the molecule’s shape, activity, stability or reactivity."},{"text":"The removal of an inorganic phosphate ($P_i$) group from a molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing an inorganic phosphate group is dephosphorylation, the reverse process. Phosphorylation is the addition of an inorganic phosphate ($P_i$) group to a molecule."},{"text":"The addition of a water molecule ($H_2O$) to a molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding water is associated with hydration or hydrolysis, not phosphorylation. Phosphorylation specifically adds an inorganic phosphate ($P_i$) group to a molecule."},{"text":"The removal of a water molecule ($H_2O$) from a molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing water occurs during condensation reactions and does not define phosphorylation. Phosphorylation is the addition of an inorganic phosphate ($P_i$) group to a molecule."}]},{"id":"09f078b9-a656-4855-bfe9-eda3b61d8971","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does phosphorylation change a molecule's reactivity?","back":"It makes the molecule more reactive by making it less stable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It makes the molecule more reactive by making it less stable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Adding a phosphate group raises the molecule’s energy and reduces its stability. The phosphorylated molecule is therefore more reactive and can participate more readily in reactions."},{"text":"It makes the molecule less reactive by making it more stable.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both effects of phosphorylation. Adding a phosphate group makes the molecule less stable and therefore more reactive, allowing subsequent reactions to occur more readily."},{"text":"It makes the molecule more reactive by making it more stable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater stability would normally reduce a molecule’s tendency to react. Phosphorylation increases reactivity because the added phosphate makes the molecule less stable, not more stable."},{"text":"It makes the molecule less reactive by making it less stable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced stability increases rather than decreases the tendency to react. Phosphorylation makes a molecule less stable and consequently more reactive."}]},{"id":"25e1c30e-cd95-4a62-8483-a68f0c8415cb","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The resynthesis of ATP from ADP and $P_i$ is a [ ] reaction catalysed by the enzyme ATP synthase.","back":"The resynthesis of ATP from ADP and $P_i$ is a condensation reaction catalysed by the enzyme ATP synthase.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"condensation","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP formation joins ADP and inorganic phosphate while removing water, so it is a condensation reaction. ATP synthase catalyses this energy-requiring process."},{"text":"hydrolysis","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrolysis is the reverse process: water is used to split ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate. Resynthesising ATP joins these components by condensation."},{"text":"oxidation","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxidation involves the loss of electrons or hydrogen, rather than the joining of ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP resynthesis is classified as a condensation reaction."},{"text":"neutralisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutralisation is a reaction between an acid and a base, which is unrelated to ATP formation. Joining ADP and inorganic phosphate is a condensation reaction."}]},{"id":"b333b718-0f9c-4c58-9285-42ee0a1b82d1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The resynthesis of ATP from ADP and $P_i$ is a condensation reaction catalysed by the enzyme [ ].","back":"The resynthesis of ATP from ADP and $P_i$ is a condensation reaction catalysed by the enzyme ATP synthase.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ATP synthase","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP synthase uses energy from a proton gradient to catalyse the combination of ADP and inorganic phosphate, producing ATP during respiration or photosynthesis."},{"text":"ATPase","correct":false,"explanation":"ATPases generally catalyse ATP hydrolysis, releasing energy by converting ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate. The reverse process of ATP resynthesis is catalysed by ATP synthase."},{"text":"phosphatase","correct":false,"explanation":"Phosphatases remove phosphate groups from molecules rather than synthesising ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase catalyses ATP resynthesis."},{"text":"catalase","correct":false,"explanation":"Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen and has no role in ATP resynthesis. ATP synthase catalyses the formation of ATP."}]},{"id":"93ae6348-8bd5-4d90-837c-a2c91830fe60","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"During which two major cellular processes is ATP resynthesised?","back":"

Respiration
Photosynthesis

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Respiration
Photosynthesis

","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP is resynthesised during respiration in respiring cells and during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in photosynthetic cells."},{"text":"

Respiration
Protein synthesis

","correct":false,"explanation":"Protein synthesis consumes ATP for processes such as amino acid activation rather than being a major source of ATP. The two major resynthesis processes are respiration and photosynthesis."},{"text":"

Photosynthesis
Active transport

","correct":false,"explanation":"Active transport uses ATP to move substances against concentration gradients; it does not principally resynthesise ATP. ATP is resynthesised during respiration and photosynthesis."},{"text":"

Mitosis
Meiosis

","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitosis and meiosis require energy but are not the two major ATP-producing processes. ATP is chiefly resynthesised during respiration and photosynthesis."}]},{"id":"eb9b63ba-73d0-4573-9eba-dc18113415f4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is ATP a better immediate energy source than glucose?","back":"

Energy is released in a single-step reaction
Energy is released in small, manageable amounts

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Energy is released in a single-step reaction
Energy is released in small, manageable amounts

","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP hydrolysis releases energy through one rapid reaction and provides only a small quantity at a time, allowing cells to control energy transfer precisely."},{"text":"

Energy is released in a multi-step reaction
Energy is released in large, unmanageable amounts

","correct":false,"explanation":"These features describe why glucose is unsuitable as an immediate source. ATP releases energy in a single-step reaction and in small, manageable amounts."},{"text":"

Energy is released in a single-step reaction
Energy is released in large, unmanageable amounts

","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP hydrolysis is a single-step reaction, but it does not release a large, uncontrolled quantity. Its advantage is releasing small, manageable amounts of energy."},{"text":"

Energy is released in a multi-step reaction
Energy is released in small, manageable amounts

","correct":false,"explanation":"Although ATP releases a manageable amount of energy, its immediate availability also depends on hydrolysis being a single-step reaction rather than a multi-step pathway."}]},{"id":"90b4989f-0522-4e17-8d67-ca93a5609715","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"ATP is useful for movement because it can be [ ] and is small and soluble enough to move around the cell.","back":"ATP is useful for movement because it can be rapidly resynthesised and is small and soluble enough to move around the cell.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"rapidly resynthesised","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP can be regenerated rapidly from ADP and inorganic phosphate, ensuring that an immediate energy supply remains available for movement and other cellular processes."},{"text":"slowly resynthesised","correct":false,"explanation":"Slow resynthesis would prevent ATP from meeting rapidly changing energy demands. ATP is useful because it can be rapidly resynthesised from ADP and inorganic phosphate."},{"text":"stored for long periods","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP is not a long-term energy store and cells maintain only small quantities of it. Its usefulness depends on its ability to be rapidly resynthesised."},{"text":"transported throughout the body","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP is produced and used locally within cells rather than transported throughout the body as an energy supply. It can instead be rapidly resynthesised where needed."}]},{"id":"84fc2a4a-5e06-46b9-842b-8340b0eee80c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"ATP is useful for movement because it can be rapidly resynthesised and is [ ] enough to move around the cell.","back":"ATP is useful for movement because it can be rapidly resynthesised and is small and soluble enough to move around the cell.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"small and soluble","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP’s small size and solubility allow it to move through the aqueous cytoplasm to locations where energy is required for cellular activities."},{"text":"large and insoluble","correct":false,"explanation":"A large, insoluble molecule would be difficult to transport through the aqueous cytoplasm. ATP is useful because it is small and soluble enough to move around the cell."},{"text":"small and insoluble","correct":false,"explanation":"Small size alone is insufficient because an insoluble molecule cannot move readily through the aqueous cytoplasm. ATP is both small and soluble."},{"text":"large and soluble","correct":false,"explanation":"Solubility aids movement through cytoplasm, but a large molecule would still be transported less readily. ATP moves efficiently because it is small as well as soluble."}]},{"id":"4ca785f9-a9c7-44ea-b833-a38e90b07490","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is ATP used in active transport?","back":"

Hydrolysis transfers energy to the carrier protein
The released $P_i$ phosphorylates the protein, changing its shape

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Hydrolysis transfers energy to the carrier protein
The released $P_i$ phosphorylates the protein, changing its shape

","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP hydrolysis releases usable energy and inorganic phosphate. Phosphorylation changes the carrier protein’s conformation, allowing it to move a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient."},{"text":"

Hydrolysis transfers energy to the transported substance
The released $P_i$ phosphorylates the substance, changing its charge

","correct":false,"explanation":"Active transport does not involve ATP phosphorylating the transported substance. Hydrolysis supplies energy to the carrier protein, while the released $P_i$ phosphorylates the protein and changes its shape."},{"text":"

Hydrolysis transfers energy to the phospholipid bilayer
The released $P_i$ phosphorylates the membrane, changing its shape

","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP does not provide energy by phosphorylating the phospholipid bilayer. Its hydrolysis transfers energy to a carrier protein, which is phosphorylated and changes conformation to transport the substance."},{"text":"

Hydrolysis transfers energy to the carrier protein
The released $P_i$ dephosphorylates the protein, changing its shape

","correct":false,"explanation":"Dephosphorylation is the removal, not addition, of phosphate and would not describe ATP’s action on the carrier. The released $P_i$ phosphorylates the carrier protein, causing its shape to change."}]},{"id":"6ccc1844-a563-48bd-8eae-84a3001f04f4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is it incorrect to say ATP stores energy?","back":"It is an immediate energy-transfer molecule that is constantly recycled, not a long-term store.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is an immediate energy-transfer molecule that is constantly recycled, not a long-term store.","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP is continually hydrolysed to transfer energy to cellular processes and rapidly resynthesised from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Cells therefore maintain only a small, short-term ATP supply."},{"text":"It is a long-term energy-storage molecule that steadily accumulates, not a rapidly recycled molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP is not accumulated as a large energy reserve because cells contain only small quantities and use it rapidly. Glycogen and lipids provide long-term storage, while ATP transfers energy immediately."},{"text":"It is a biological catalyst molecule that lowers activation energy, not an immediate energy-transfer molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP is a nucleotide rather than a protein catalyst, so describing it as an enzyme confuses energy transfer with catalysis. It transfers energy through hydrolysis and is continually resynthesised."},{"text":"It is an electron-transfer molecule that carries hydrogen permanently, not a rapidly recycled molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP does not primarily carry electrons or hydrogen; reduced NAD and reduced FAD perform that role. ATP instead transfers energy immediately and is continually hydrolysed and resynthesised."}]},{"id":"1b36c798-523c-41e6-81bd-020255651c5c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the initial stages of respiration, [ ] is phosphorylated to make it more reactive so it can be broken down.","back":"In the initial stages of respiration, glucose is phosphorylated to make it more reactive so it can be broken down.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"glucose","correct":true,"explanation":"During glycolysis, ATP phosphorylates glucose. This raises its energy level and makes it more reactive, preparing the six-carbon molecule for subsequent splitting and oxidation."},{"text":"pyruvate","correct":false,"explanation":"Pyruvate is produced at the end of glycolysis after phosphorylated glucose has already been split and oxidised. The molecule phosphorylated in the initial stages is glucose."},{"text":"oxygen","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor during oxidative phosphorylation, rather than being phosphorylated for breakdown. Glucose is phosphorylated during the initial stages of respiration."},{"text":"acetyl coenzyme A","correct":false,"explanation":"Acetyl coenzyme A is formed after glycolysis during the link reaction, so it is not the initial respiratory substrate described. Glucose is the molecule phosphorylated to increase reactivity."}]},{"id":"47ed2e3d-0efc-40be-859c-c4d30b773343","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the initial stages of respiration, glucose is phosphorylated to make it [ ] so it can be broken down.","back":"In the initial stages of respiration, glucose is phosphorylated to make it more reactive so it can be broken down.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"more reactive","correct":true,"explanation":"Adding phosphate groups raises the energy level of glucose and destabilises it. This makes glucose more reactive and therefore easier to split during the subsequent stages of glycolysis."},{"text":"less reactive","correct":false,"explanation":"Phosphorylation activates and destabilises glucose rather than reducing its reactivity. ATP supplies phosphate groups and energy, making glucose more reactive so it can be broken down."},{"text":"more stable","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater stability would make glucose harder, not easier, to break down. Phosphorylation raises its energy level and makes it more reactive during the early stages of glycolysis."},{"text":"less soluble","correct":false,"explanation":"Phosphorylation helps retain glucose within the cell but does not make it less soluble for breakdown. Its key effect here is to make glucose more reactive."}]},{"id":"c7eb43d6-1793-46a6-b342-0fba5261e9be","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to the terminal phosphate group during ATP hydrolysis?","back":"It is removed and can be used to phosphorylate other molecules.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is removed and can be used to phosphorylate other molecules.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hydrolysis breaks the bond to ATP’s terminal phosphate, forming ADP and inorganic phosphate. The phosphate can be transferred to another molecule, making that molecule more reactive."},{"text":"It remains attached and can be used to dephosphorylate other molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP hydrolysis removes the terminal phosphate rather than leaving it attached. The resulting inorganic phosphate can phosphorylate another molecule, while ATP becomes ADP."},{"text":"It is removed and can be used to release heat from other molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"The phosphate is not simply lost as heat; ATP hydrolysis produces inorganic phosphate that can be transferred to other molecules. This phosphorylation can alter their energy or reactivity."},{"text":"It is removed and can be used to carry electrons between other molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"A phosphate group does not become an electron carrier during ATP hydrolysis. It is removed as inorganic phosphate and can phosphorylate another molecule, altering that molecule’s properties."}]},{"id":"1be2205a-6362-4186-b943-4e1b56fc7164","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"ATP is not a long-term energy store like [ ] or lipids.","back":"ATP is not a long-term energy store like glycogen or lipids.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"glycogen","correct":true,"explanation":"Glycogen is an insoluble, compact glucose polymer used for longer-term energy storage in animals. ATP instead provides a small, rapidly recycled supply for immediate energy transfer."},{"text":"ADP","correct":false,"explanation":"ADP is part of the rapid ATP-ADP recycling system rather than a long-term energy reserve. Glycogen and lipids store energy over longer periods."},{"text":"glucose","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose is an immediate respiratory substrate and is too soluble and reactive to be an efficient long-term cellular store. Animals store glucose in the form of glycogen."},{"text":"pyruvate","correct":false,"explanation":"Pyruvate is a short-lived product of glycolysis that is processed in later respiratory pathways, not an energy-storage molecule. Glycogen provides long-term carbohydrate storage."}]},{"id":"735c4809-1c6f-468e-8ac5-ff846ceade98","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"ATP is not a long-term energy store like glycogen or [ ].","back":"ATP is not a long-term energy store like glycogen or lipids.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"lipids","correct":true,"explanation":"Lipids are compact, energy-dense molecules used for long-term energy storage. ATP differs because it is present in small quantities and is rapidly hydrolysed and resynthesised."},{"text":"ribosomes","correct":false,"explanation":"Ribosomes are structures that synthesise proteins and are not energy reserves. Glycogen and lipids provide long-term storage, whereas ATP transfers energy immediately."},{"text":"enzymes","correct":false,"explanation":"Enzymes catalyse metabolic reactions and are not maintained as energy stores. Lipids, alongside glycogen, are long-term reserves, while ATP is continually used and regenerated."},{"text":"nucleotides","correct":false,"explanation":"Nucleotides are primarily monomers of nucleic acids, not a general long-term energy reserve. Lipids are stored as energy-dense molecules for use over extended periods."}]},{"id":"735fb9d3-4d51-4131-8e30-9ae663dcc502","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is ATP resynthesis necessary?","back":"Cells only keep a small supply of ATP because it is used and remade very quickly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cells only keep a small supply of ATP because it is used and remade very quickly.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cells contain only enough ATP for a short period of activity. Continuous resynthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate is therefore essential to maintain energy transfer for cellular processes."},{"text":"Cells always keep a large supply of ATP because it is used and remade very slowly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cells do not maintain a large ATP reserve because ATP is rapidly used and unsuitable for long-term storage. They keep a small supply that must be continuously resynthesised."},{"text":"Cells only keep a small supply of ATP because it is used once and cannot be recycled.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP can be resynthesised from ADP and inorganic phosphate, so the claim that it cannot be recycled reverses the process. Resynthesis is necessary because the cellular supply is small."},{"text":"Cells only keep a small supply of ATP because it is required only during strenuous exercise.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP is required continuously for processes such as active transport and biosynthesis, not only during exercise. Its small supply must therefore be rapidly resynthesised in all active cells."}]},{"id":"049a3b8a-c7f2-4408-8161-e5966d915b41","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Explain why ATP is described as a 'link' in metabolism.","back":"It links energy-releasing processes (like respiration) to energy-requiring processes (like active transport).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It links energy-releasing processes (like respiration) to energy-requiring processes (like active transport).","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP captures energy released during processes such as respiration and transfers it in manageable amounts to processes requiring energy, including active transport, biosynthesis and muscle contraction."},{"text":"It links energy-releasing processes (like active transport) to energy-requiring processes (like respiration).","correct":false,"explanation":"Active transport requires energy, while respiration releases energy used to synthesise ATP, so these examples are reversed. ATP links energy-releasing respiration to energy-requiring active transport."},{"text":"It links oxygen-releasing processes (like photosynthesis) to oxygen-requiring processes (like respiration).","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP does not couple metabolic processes by transferring oxygen between them. It transfers energy released by processes such as respiration to energy-requiring processes such as active transport."},{"text":"It links energy-releasing processes (like respiration) to energy-requiring processes (like diffusion).","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion is passive and does not require ATP, so it is not an example of energy-requiring work. ATP instead supplies energy to processes such as active transport."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-13","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"ATP","title":"ATP Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/as-level/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"89a4a6af-a788-56a0-9394-4bf217bc5e83","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]