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disease","correct":true,"explanation":"The World Health Organization’s broad definition treats health as complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, rather than merely having no disease."},{"text":"presence of symptoms","correct":false,"explanation":"Symptoms indicate possible illness rather than defining what health is not limited to. The definition states that health is not just the absence of disease."},{"text":"availability of treatment","correct":false,"explanation":"Access to treatment can influence health outcomes, but it is not the narrow definition being contrasted. Health is more than simply the absence of disease."},{"text":"ability to work","correct":false,"explanation":"Equating health with working capacity is a functional misconception that excludes many people. The definition says health is not just the absence of disease."}]},{"id":"faab4588-23f4-4fce-981b-225a5059a823","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Disease is a [ ]; illness is the [ ].","back":"Disease is a biological or pathological condition; illness is the lived experience of being unwell.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Disease is a biological or pathological condition; illness is the lived experience of being unwell.","correct":true,"explanation":"Disease refers to an objectively identified bodily condition, whereas illness refers to the subjective experience and personal meaning of feeling unwell."},{"text":"Disease is a lived experience of being unwell; illness is the biological or pathological condition.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the concepts. Disease is the biological or pathological condition, while illness is the individual’s lived and subjective experience of being unwell."},{"text":"Disease is a social response to poor health; illness is the biological or pathological condition.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses social reactions and biological conditions. Disease is a biological or pathological condition, while illness is the lived experience of being unwell."},{"text":"Disease is a biological or pathological condition; illness is the professional diagnosis of poor health.","correct":false,"explanation":"A professional diagnosis identifies disease rather than defining illness. Illness is the person’s lived, subjective experience of being unwell, whether or not diagnosis occurs."}]},{"id":"43f7e8de-f2f3-4390-a7e3-48965d4a7e13","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"According to Oliver’s social model, what turns impairment into disability?","back":"Social barriers, such as inaccessible buildings, inflexible work or stigma.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Social barriers, such as inaccessible buildings, inflexible work or stigma.","correct":true,"explanation":"Oliver argues that impairment becomes disability when social organisation, physical environments and prejudiced attitudes prevent people with impairments from participating equally."},{"text":"Physical impairments, such as limited mobility, chronic pain or sensory loss.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating bodily impairment itself as disability reflects the medical model. Oliver’s social model identifies social barriers, including inaccessible environments and stigma, as disabling."},{"text":"Clinical diagnoses, such as medical assessments, test results or treatment plans.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diagnosis may identify an impairment, but it does not create disability in Oliver’s model. Social barriers, such as inaccessible buildings and discrimination, turn impairment into disability."},{"text":"Individual attitudes, such as low confidence, poor motivation or dependence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Blaming disabled individuals reflects an individualistic misconception. Oliver argues that external social barriers, not personal confidence or motivation, transform impairment into disability."}]},{"id":"8673af55-3821-4dd8-98e0-387b3c726d3f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The medical model of disability locates disability in the [ ], while the social model locates it in [ ].","back":"The medical model of disability locates disability in the individual body, while the social model locates it in social barriers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The medical model of disability locates disability in the individual body, while the social model locates it in social barriers.","correct":true,"explanation":"The medical model treats disability as an individual bodily problem, whereas the social model argues that inaccessible environments and discriminatory arrangements create disability."},{"text":"The medical model of disability locates disability in the social barriers, while the social model locates it in individual body.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two models. The medical model locates disability in the individual body, while the social model locates it in social barriers."},{"text":"The medical model of disability locates disability in the individual body, while the social model locates it in genetic inheritance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genetic inheritance is a biological explanation associated with individual impairment, not the social model. The social model locates disability in socially created barriers."},{"text":"The medical model of disability locates disability in the cultural attitudes, while the social model locates it in social barriers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although cultural attitudes can be social barriers, the medical model does not centre them. It locates disability in the individual body, unlike the social model."}]},{"id":"1405ddbb-1435-42de-811c-1ea9d58842b3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If a doctor uses a biomedical explanation, where will they look for illness causes?","back":"Biological problems inside the body.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Biological problems inside the body.","correct":true,"explanation":"The biomedical approach explains illness through internal biological abnormalities, such as infection, genetic defects, organ dysfunction or chemical imbalances in the body."},{"text":"Social inequalities outside the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social inequalities are central to sociological and social-determinants explanations, not a strictly biomedical account. Biomedical doctors primarily seek biological problems inside the body."},{"text":"Cultural meanings attached to illness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural meanings help explain how illness is interpreted and experienced, but they are not the biomedical model’s main causal focus. It looks for biological problems inside the body."},{"text":"Environmental barriers facing the patient.","correct":false,"explanation":"Environmental barriers are emphasised by social explanations, particularly the social model of disability. A biomedical explanation searches for biological problems inside the body."}]},{"id":"ba5f1054-034f-474a-81c6-cfbf32062dc2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is the biomedical model often seen as reliable?","back":"It uses standardised tests and clinical guidelines.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It uses standardised tests and clinical guidelines.","correct":true,"explanation":"Standardised testing and shared clinical guidelines produce consistent, evidence-based procedures, allowing diagnoses and treatments to be checked, compared and replicated by professionals."},{"text":"It uses personal accounts and individual interpretations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Personal accounts provide valuable subjective evidence, but they are not why biomedicine is viewed as reliable. Its reliability is linked to standardised tests and clinical guidelines."},{"text":"It uses traditional beliefs and cultural explanations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Traditional beliefs vary across cultures and are not the basis of biomedical reliability. Biomedicine gains credibility from standardised tests and consistent clinical guidelines."},{"text":"It uses informal judgements and flexible definitions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Informal judgements and flexible definitions can reduce consistency between practitioners. The biomedical model is considered reliable because it uses standardised tests and clinical guidelines."}]},{"id":"b146aa77-aa5a-4eae-a5ba-fd2a25d8d57b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What key factor can the biomedical model ignore?","back":"Social determinants of health.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Social determinants of health.","correct":true,"explanation":"A narrow biomedical focus can overlook how income, housing, employment, education and environment shape exposure to illness and access to health-promoting resources."},{"text":"Biological mechanisms of disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biological mechanisms are the biomedical model’s central concern, so they are not usually ignored. Its key limitation is neglecting social determinants of health."},{"text":"Clinical symptoms of patients.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clinical symptoms are routinely assessed within biomedical diagnosis rather than overlooked. The model is criticised for underestimating social determinants such as poverty, housing and employment."},{"text":"Laboratory evidence of infection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Laboratory evidence fits the biomedical model’s emphasis on measurable bodily causes. The factor it can neglect is the wider social determinants of health."}]},{"id":"8a10bfb0-6fab-46a7-ae46-9d9b68a2d64c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Defining more areas of life as medical problems is [ ]; harm caused by medicine is [ ].","back":"Defining more areas of life as medical problems is medicalisation; harm caused by medicine is iatrogenesis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Defining more areas of life as medical problems is medicalisation; harm caused by medicine is iatrogenesis.","correct":true,"explanation":"Medicalisation describes the expansion of medical definitions and control into everyday life, while iatrogenesis refers to illness or harm produced by medical intervention itself."},{"text":"Defining more areas of life as medical problems is iatrogenesis; harm caused by medicine is medicalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the concepts. Medicalisation is defining more aspects of life as medical problems, whereas iatrogenesis is harm caused by medical treatment or institutions."},{"text":"Defining more areas of life as medical problems is medicalisation; harm caused by medicine is socialisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Socialisation is the process of learning society’s norms and values, not medical harm. Harm caused by medicine is iatrogenesis, while expanded medical definition is medicalisation."},{"text":"Defining more areas of life as medical problems is stigmatisation; harm caused by medicine is iatrogenesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stigmatisation involves attaching a discrediting label, not expanding medical authority over everyday life. That expansion is medicalisation, while medical harm is iatrogenesis."}]},{"id":"a0fea459-7a3e-4e7a-b1b1-c98835ccc738","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why do functionalists see health as important for society?","back":"Healthy people can perform social roles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Healthy people can perform social roles.","correct":true,"explanation":"Functionalists view society as an interdependent system. Good health enables individuals to fulfil roles in families, education and employment, helping society operate smoothly."},{"text":"Healthy people can avoid social competition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reducing competition is not the functionalist reason for valuing health. Functionalists emphasise that healthy people can perform social roles and contribute to social stability."},{"text":"Healthy people can reject social norms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Health does not remove the need for shared norms. Functionalists value health because it allows people to perform their expected social roles effectively."},{"text":"Healthy people can eliminate social inequality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Functionalists do not argue that health eliminates inequality. Their central claim is that healthy people can carry out social roles that support society’s functioning."}]},{"id":"7f8f73a7-2e49-4b9b-8733-e9745578e396","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Under Parsons’ sick role, what normal expectation may ill people be excused from?","back":"Normal responsibilities.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Normal responsibilities.","correct":true,"explanation":"Parsons argues that legitimately ill people may be excused from their usual duties because illness prevents them from fulfilling ordinary social roles."},{"text":"Medical treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ill people are excused from ordinary duties, not medical treatment. The sick role requires them to seek competent help and cooperate in recovery."},{"text":"Seeking recovery.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sick role does not exempt people from wanting recovery. Parsons identifies normal responsibilities as the expectation from which legitimately ill people may be excused."},{"text":"Professional guidance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Following professional advice remains part of the sick role rather than something waived by it. Ill people may instead be excused from normal responsibilities."}]},{"id":"98f0d28e-0fb3-47d9-98d5-ca011f35e8ee","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In Parsons’ sick role, ill people should want to [ ] and seek [ ].","back":"In Parsons’ sick role, ill people should want to recover and seek competent medical help.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In Parsons’ sick role, ill people should want to recover and seek competent medical help.","correct":true,"explanation":"Parsons treats sickness as a temporary, regulated form of deviance. Ill people must want to recover and seek competent medical help in return for exemption from normal duties."},{"text":"In Parsons’ sick role, ill people should want to remain dependent and seek competent medical help.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parsons does not expect ill people to accept permanent dependency. The sick role requires a desire to recover and an effort to obtain competent medical help."},{"text":"In Parsons’ sick role, ill people should want to recover and seek informal social sympathy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Seeking informal sympathy confuses social support with the sick role’s obligations. Parsons argues that ill people should want to recover and seek competent medical help."},{"text":"In Parsons’ sick role, ill people should want to avoid recovery and seek independent self-diagnosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoiding recovery and relying on self-diagnosis breach both obligations of Parsons’ sick role. Ill people should want to recover and seek competent medical help."}]},{"id":"1c4366a0-3815-49fb-8a96-748c1ef9fa5b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are doctors gatekeepers in Parsons’ sick role?","back":"They decide who is legitimately ill.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They decide who is legitimately ill.","correct":true,"explanation":"Doctors possess the authority to diagnose illness and validate entry into the sick role. They therefore determine who can legitimately claim its exemptions."},{"text":"They decide who is morally responsible.","correct":false,"explanation":"Doctors do not determine who is morally responsible for becoming ill. Their gatekeeping role is to decide whose illness legitimately qualifies them for the sick role."},{"text":"They decide who is suitably employed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Allocating employment is not the gatekeeping function Parsons assigns to doctors. Their medical authority allows them to decide who is legitimately ill."},{"text":"They decide who is socially successful.","correct":false,"explanation":"Doctors may recommend treatment, but Parsons’ gatekeeper concept specifically concerns validating illness. They decide who is legitimately ill and entitled to sick-role exemptions."}]},{"id":"b95551c9-01f2-440e-a00d-6260540a9d0f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the sick role weak for disability?","back":"Disability is often long-term, not temporary sickness.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Disability is often long-term, not temporary sickness.","correct":true,"explanation":"Parsons’ model assumes that illness is temporary and recovery is expected. Many disabilities are long-term, so this expectation does not adequately fit disabled people’s experiences."},{"text":"Disability is often short-term, like temporary sickness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Disability is not generally a brief condition fitting Parsons’ recovery-based model. The main weakness is that disability is often long-term rather than temporary sickness."},{"text":"Disability is often voluntary, not temporary sickness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating disability as voluntary wrongly resembles the claim that sick people choose deviance. The model is weak because disability is often long-term, not temporary sickness."},{"text":"Disability is often imaginary, not temporary sickness.","correct":false,"explanation":"The criticism is not that disability is imaginary or socially invented. Parsons’ model fits poorly because disability is often long-term rather than a temporary illness followed by recovery."}]},{"id":"43fbc154-0176-410b-9553-90083231029a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do Marxists say deprived areas often have worse health?","back":"Material deprivation increases exposure to illness.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Material deprivation increases exposure to illness.","correct":true,"explanation":"Marxists link poor health to unequal access to income, housing, nutrition and safe working conditions. Material deprivation therefore increases disadvantaged groups’ exposure to illness."},{"text":"Cultural conformity increases exposure to illness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural conformity does not explain the structural concentration of poor health in deprived areas. Marxists identify material deprivation as increasing exposure to illness."},{"text":"Social mobility increases exposure to illness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social mobility would involve movement between class positions, not the harmful living conditions causing health inequalities. Marxists argue that material deprivation increases exposure to illness."},{"text":"Political participation increases exposure to illness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Political participation is not Marxists’ main explanation for worse health in deprived areas. They emphasise material deprivation, including poor housing, low income and dangerous work."}]},{"id":"544660c5-a644-497f-a6b0-79ef8339bd14","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Tudor Hart’s [ ] says those needing medical care most are often least likely to receive good care.","back":"Tudor Hart’s inverse care law says those needing medical care most are often least likely to receive good care.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"inverse care law","correct":true,"explanation":"The inverse care law states that the availability or quality of medical care tends to be lowest where the population’s need for it is greatest."},{"text":"social gradient law","correct":false,"explanation":"The social gradient describes patterned health differences across social classes, not unequal access to medical services. Tudor Hart called the latter pattern the inverse care law."},{"text":"inverse square law","correct":false,"explanation":"The inverse square law is a scientific relationship involving distance, not healthcare distribution. Tudor Hart’s inverse care law links greatest medical need with poorest access."},{"text":"law of demand","correct":false,"explanation":"The law of demand concerns the relationship between price and consumer demand. Tudor Hart’s inverse care law explains why those needing healthcare most often receive the least."}]},{"id":"2cddc323-f977-4bc0-b6b3-dbf48ce5683b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can medicine support capitalist ideology, according to Marxists?","back":"It treats illness as an individual problem, not socially produced.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It treats illness as an individual problem, not socially produced.","correct":true,"explanation":"Marxists argue that individualising illness conceals harmful working and living conditions created by capitalism. This shifts attention away from the social production of poor health."},{"text":"It treats illness as a class conflict, not socially produced.","correct":false,"explanation":"Presenting illness as a class conflict would expose rather than support capitalist ideology. Marxists argue that medicine instead treats illness as an individual problem, obscuring social causes."},{"text":"It treats illness as collective exploitation, not socially produced.","correct":false,"explanation":"Defining illness as collective exploitation would direct attention towards capitalist structures. Marxists claim medicine supports capitalism by treating illness as an individual problem instead."},{"text":"It treats illness as an economic structure, not socially produced.","correct":false,"explanation":"Describing illness as an economic structure does not individualise blame or conceal social causes. Marxists argue medicine supports capitalist ideology by framing illness as an individual problem."}]},{"id":"bdb11e1f-8c59-4b3c-8650-edf0883a7b20","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can capitalism exclude disabled people, according to materialist disability theorists?","back":"It values a narrow idea of the productive body.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It values a narrow idea of the productive body.","correct":true,"explanation":"Materialist theorists argue that capitalism values bodies capable of profitable paid work. Disabled people may therefore be marginalised when they do not fit this narrow standard of productivity."},{"text":"It values a broad idea of the independent body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Independence may influence attitudes towards disability, but materialists focus on capitalist production. The correct answer is that capitalism values a narrow idea of the productive body."},{"text":"It promotes an equal idea of the social body.","correct":false,"explanation":"An equal conception of the social body would encourage inclusion rather than exclusion. Materialists argue that capitalism instead values a narrow idea of the productive body."},{"text":"It rejects a narrow idea of the working body.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the materialist argument: capitalism does not reject narrow standards of work capacity. It values a narrow idea of the productive body, which can exclude disabled people."}]},{"id":"4654f1a5-1d8e-445e-9550-816c36d21a92","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can a diagnosis affect someone, according to interactionists?","back":"It becomes a label shaping how others treat them.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It becomes a label shaping how others treat them.","correct":true,"explanation":"Interactionists argue that diagnosis creates a social label, not merely a medical description. Other people may interpret and respond to the individual through expectations attached to that label."},{"text":"It becomes a treatment changing how their body functions.","correct":false,"explanation":"A diagnosis identifies or names a condition; it is not itself a treatment. Interactionists emphasise that it becomes a label shaping how others treat the diagnosed person."},{"text":"It becomes a choice determining how they present themselves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diagnosis is not simply a freely chosen identity or presentation. Interactionists argue that it becomes a label shaping how others interpret and treat the person."},{"text":"It becomes a cure removing how others perceive them.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses diagnosis with cure and overlooks social reactions. Interactionists argue that diagnosis becomes a label shaping how others treat the person, sometimes reinforcing stigma."}]},{"id":"def98df4-2706-4782-9b24-a0383aa15dc9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Goffman called a socially discrediting attribute [ ].","back":"Goffman called a socially discrediting attribute stigma.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"stigma","correct":true,"explanation":"Goffman used stigma to describe an attribute that is socially discrediting because others interpret it negatively, potentially reducing a person from a whole individual to a devalued identity."},{"text":"deviance","correct":false,"explanation":"Deviance describes behaviour or identity that breaches social norms, rather than the discrediting attribute itself. Goffman’s specific term for such an attribute was stigma."},{"text":"master status","correct":false,"explanation":"A master status is an identity that dominates how someone is perceived, which may result from labelling. Goffman called the socially discrediting attribute itself stigma."},{"text":"sick role","correct":false,"explanation":"The sick role is Parsons’s concept describing the rights and responsibilities attached to illness. Goffman’s term for a socially discrediting attribute was stigma."}]},{"id":"3e1be8b4-e7e5-4deb-b510-f3c98bd098c8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"According to Freidson, what professional power do doctors have?","back":"Power to define illness.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Power to define illness.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freidson argued that medical professionals possess authority to determine which conditions count as illness. This power allows doctors to shape recognised diagnoses and legitimate claims to being ill."},{"text":"Power to eliminate illness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Medical expertise cannot eliminate all illness, so this exaggerates doctors’ capabilities. Freidson focused on their professional power to define illness and establish legitimate medical categories."},{"text":"Power to reject diagnosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although doctors may reject an individual diagnostic claim, this is not Freidson’s central argument. He emphasised their broader professional power to define illness."},{"text":"Power to obey patients.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Freidson’s account of medical dominance by placing authority with patients. He argued that doctors possess professional power to define illness."}]},{"id":"327a46e5-dfbb-44df-b8e5-b09aaeeb8a51","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In feminist theory, what explains gendered healthcare inequalities?","back":"Patriarchy - male power and gender inequality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Patriarchy - male power and gender inequality.","correct":true,"explanation":"Feminist theories connect gendered healthcare inequalities to patriarchy, arguing that male power shapes medical research, institutions and practices in ways that may disadvantage women."},{"text":"Biology - natural difference and genetic inequality.","correct":false,"explanation":"This biological explanation treats healthcare inequalities as natural rather than socially produced. Feminist theory identifies Patriarchy - male power and gender inequality - as the central explanation."},{"text":"Meritocracy - equal opportunity and individual achievement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meritocracy assumes outcomes reflect fair competition and individual achievement, so it does not explain systematic gender disadvantage. Feminists instead emphasise Patriarchy - male power and gender inequality."},{"text":"Functionalism - social order and value consensus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Functionalism explains institutions through social order and shared values, not unequal power between genders. Feminist theory attributes gendered healthcare inequalities to Patriarchy - male power and gender inequality."}]},{"id":"b2a6796a-8567-4c2e-9f6e-5c99efc88955","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can hegemonic masculinity affect men’s health behaviour?","back":"It can discourage help-seeking.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can discourage help-seeking.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hegemonic masculinity associates being a man with toughness, independence and emotional control. Men may therefore avoid seeking medical help because doing so could appear weak or dependent."},{"text":"It can encourage help-seeking.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the expected relationship: masculine ideals of toughness and self-reliance can make seeking assistance appear weak. Hegemonic masculinity can therefore discourage help-seeking."},{"text":"It can discourage risk-taking.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hegemonic masculinity is often associated with greater risk-taking rather than caution. Its important effect on health behaviour is that it can discourage help-seeking."},{"text":"It can encourage emotional openness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Traditional masculine norms often restrict emotional expression rather than promote openness. By rewarding toughness and self-reliance, hegemonic masculinity can discourage help-seeking."}]},{"id":"1d32ad53-d7bc-424e-90ab-0a75fc9815ae","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What makes disabled women’s health experiences intersectional?","back":"They may face both ableism and sexism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They may face both ableism and sexism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Intersectionality examines how forms of inequality combine rather than operate separately. Disabled women’s experiences may be shaped simultaneously by discrimination based on disability and gender."},{"text":"They may face both ageism and classism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Age and class can affect health experiences, but they do not identify the two inequalities highlighted by being disabled women. These women may face both ableism and sexism."},{"text":"They may face only ableism and exclusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Focusing only on disability overlooks how gender also structures disabled women’s experiences. An intersectional account recognises that they may face both ableism and sexism."},{"text":"They may face only sexism and inequality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Focusing only on gender ignores discrimination connected to disability. Their experiences are intersectional because they may face both ableism and sexism at the same time."}]},{"id":"da5c632e-1a7a-475e-89e3-41e1d529f046","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What effect does Foucault’s medical gaze have on patients?","back":"It turns people into cases, symptoms and bodies to be examined.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It turns people into cases, symptoms and bodies to be examined.","correct":true,"explanation":"Foucault’s medical gaze separates illness from the patient’s wider identity and social experience. Medical professionals consequently view the person primarily as an observable body or clinical case."},{"text":"It turns people into experts, carers and doctors to be consulted.","correct":false,"explanation":"The medical gaze gives authority to medical professionals rather than turning patients into experts or doctors. It turns people into cases, symptoms and bodies to be examined."},{"text":"It turns people into citizens, workers and consumers to be regulated.","correct":false,"explanation":"Regulation of citizens and workers relates to wider social control, but this misses the clinical focus of the medical gaze. It turns people into cases, symptoms and bodies to be examined."},{"text":"It turns people into stories, identities and voices to be understood.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes a person-centred approach that attends to subjective experience. Foucault argued that the medical gaze instead turns people into cases, symptoms and bodies to be examined."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-14","paperLabel":"Component 1"},"heading":"Theories and explanations of health and disability","title":"Theories and explanations of health and disability Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/sociology/eduqas/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"5b34fd39-00a1-57c9-a0c0-4c58c489a131","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]