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policy","correct":true,"explanation":"Social policy is action taken by governments or organisations to address an identified social problem, such as crime, poverty, poor health or educational inequality."},{"text":"social problem","correct":false,"explanation":"A social problem is the condition identified as harmful, not the response to it. The government or organisational response designed to address that problem is social policy."},{"text":"sociological theory","correct":false,"explanation":"Sociological theory explains social behaviour and institutions but is not itself an organisational response. A practical government or organisational response is called social policy."},{"text":"political ideology","correct":false,"explanation":"Political ideology is a system of beliefs that may influence decision-making, rather than the response itself. The resulting action addressing a social problem is social policy."}]},{"id":"cbf2b08a-1d56-47e1-a2ee-8dd1a80a7f9e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What do crime theories mainly define for social policy?","back":"The problem policy should target.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The problem policy should target.","correct":true,"explanation":"Crime theories identify what causes or constitutes crime, thereby defining the problem that policymakers believe intervention should target through prevention, punishment or wider social reform."},{"text":"The punishment policy should impose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating theory as merely selecting a punishment overlooks its explanatory role. Crime theories mainly define the problem that policy should target, which then shapes the chosen response."},{"text":"The population policy should monitor.","correct":false,"explanation":"Monitoring a population is a possible policy method, not what crime theories primarily define. Theories principally frame the problem that policymakers should seek to address."},{"text":"The cost policy should minimise.","correct":false,"explanation":"Policy costs are determined through budgeting and evaluation rather than primarily by crime theory. Theories chiefly define the problem that the proposed policy should target."}]},{"id":"7882fea8-b305-4e22-81b0-96c25310c6fe","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Theory rarely turns into policy in a [ ] way.","back":"Theory rarely turns into policy in a simple, automatic way.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"simple, automatic","correct":true,"explanation":"Theory does not directly and inevitably produce policy. Political ideology, available resources, public opinion and institutional interests mediate whether and how theoretical ideas are implemented."},{"text":"complex, contested","correct":false,"explanation":"Complexity and contestation usually characterise the route from theory to policy rather than being rare features. The intended point is that the process is rarely simple and automatic."},{"text":"political, selective","correct":false,"explanation":"Policymakers commonly select theories according to political values and priorities, so this is not what the sentence identifies as rare. Theory rarely becomes policy in a simple, automatic way."},{"text":"gradual, negotiated","correct":false,"explanation":"Policy development is often gradual and negotiated because different groups influence decisions. The rare process described is instead a simple, automatic translation of theory into policy."}]},{"id":"eca50938-cfd6-4bdb-8006-1972bdba06b4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If crime is explained as rational choice, what policy response is likely?","back":"Increase deterrence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Increase deterrence.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rational choice theory assumes offenders weigh expected benefits against likely costs. Increasing the certainty or severity of punishment should therefore make offending appear less worthwhile."},{"text":"Increase rehabilitation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rehabilitation treats offending as arising from needs, learned behaviour or personal difficulties rather than primarily from calculated choice. Rational choice explanations instead support increased deterrence."},{"text":"Increase welfare provision.","correct":false,"explanation":"Welfare provision targets deprivation and restricted opportunities, not the cost-benefit calculation emphasised by rational choice theory. That explanation is more likely to produce increased deterrence."},{"text":"Increase restorative justice.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restorative justice focuses on repairing harm through communication between offenders, victims and communities. Rational choice theory more directly supports increasing deterrence by raising crime’s expected costs."}]},{"id":"5ba75b86-ac13-4519-95e8-d2eb33587567","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If crime is explained as deprivation, what policy response is likely?","back":"Invest in youth services and opportunities.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Invest in youth services and opportunities.","correct":true,"explanation":"A deprivation explanation links crime to poverty, exclusion and limited legitimate opportunities. Youth services and improved opportunities address these underlying social and economic conditions."},{"text":"Invest in police patrols and surveillance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Patrols and surveillance reflect deterrence or situational prevention by increasing the risk of detection. A deprivation explanation instead supports investment in youth services and opportunities."},{"text":"Invest in prison capacity and longer sentences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Prison expansion and longer sentences treat punishment as the main solution, rather than addressing deprivation. The corresponding policy is investment in youth services and legitimate opportunities."},{"text":"Invest in victim services and compensation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Victim services respond to the consequences of crime but do not tackle deprivation as its proposed cause. Youth services and opportunities address the underlying explanation more directly."}]},{"id":"f7c16f9c-75c9-40bc-be40-9e2ab3356a03","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Durkheim’s anomie means [ ].","back":"Durkheim’s anomie means normlessness or weakened moral regulation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"normlessness or weakened moral regulation","correct":true,"explanation":"For Durkheim, anomie occurs when shared norms and moral regulation weaken, leaving individuals without clear guidance about acceptable behaviour, particularly during rapid social change."},{"text":"economic inequality or unequal wealth distribution","correct":false,"explanation":"Economic inequality concerns the distribution of material resources, not Durkheim’s specific concept of anomie. Anomie means normlessness or weakened moral regulation within society."},{"text":"value consensus or strengthened social integration","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Durkheim’s meaning because strong consensus and integration help regulate behaviour. Anomie refers to normlessness or weakened moral regulation, not strengthened social bonds."},{"text":"status frustration or blocked group recognition","correct":false,"explanation":"Status frustration is associated with Cohen’s account of delinquent subcultures, not Durkheim’s anomie. Durkheim used anomie to mean normlessness or weakened moral regulation."}]},{"id":"f30839ef-ce27-4592-9455-2c6bc0fbc99c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"According to Merton, why can strain lead to crime?","back":"People seek success but lack legitimate opportunities.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"People seek success but lack legitimate opportunities.","correct":true,"explanation":"Merton argued that society promotes culturally approved success goals while access to legitimate means is unequal. This strain can encourage innovation through criminal or deviant methods."},{"text":"People reject success but have legitimate opportunities.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mertonian strain does not mainly arise because people reject success despite having legitimate opportunities. It develops when people seek socially approved success but lack legitimate means."},{"text":"People seek success and have equal legitimate opportunities.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal access to legitimate opportunities would remove the contradiction central to strain theory. Strain arises because people seek success while lacking sufficient legitimate opportunities to achieve it."},{"text":"People avoid success but lack legitimate opportunities.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lacking opportunities alone does not capture Merton’s central tension if success is not desired. Strain occurs when people seek culturally valued success but cannot access legitimate means."}]},{"id":"4810d0d8-4137-44fc-96ac-34dc5301bb39","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a key criticism of functionalist views of crime policy?","back":"They underplay power and stratification.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They underplay power and stratification.","correct":true,"explanation":"Functionalism emphasises shared values and crime’s possible functions for social order. Critics argue this neglects unequal power and how class stratification shapes laws and enforcement."},{"text":"They ignore consensus and social order.","correct":false,"explanation":"Functionalists place consensus and social order at the centre of their analysis rather than ignoring them. The key criticism is that they underplay power and stratification."},{"text":"They overstate power and stratification.","correct":false,"explanation":"Overemphasising power and stratification is more commonly associated with Marxist approaches. Functionalist accounts are criticised for doing the opposite and underplaying these inequalities."},{"text":"They reject shared norms and values.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shared norms and values are fundamental to functionalist explanations of social order and crime. The criticism is that this emphasis underplays power and social stratification."}]},{"id":"4849a494-64d4-4c95-af1b-d19635463575","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The New Right stresses [ ] and [ ].","back":"The New Right stresses individual responsibility and discipline.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The New Right stresses individual responsibility and discipline.","correct":true,"explanation":"New Right thinkers argue that individuals should take responsibility for their behaviour and that firm discipline strengthens social order, rather than relying heavily on state intervention."},{"text":"The New Right stresses collective responsibility and rehabilitation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Collective responsibility and rehabilitation fit more closely with social or welfare-based explanations. The New Right instead stresses individual responsibility and discipline as foundations of social order."},{"text":"The New Right stresses structural inequality and redistribution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Structural inequality and redistribution are associated more strongly with left-wing approaches. The New Right focuses on individual responsibility and discipline rather than economic restructuring."},{"text":"The New Right stresses social construction and decriminalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social construction and decriminalisation are closer to interactionist and labelling perspectives. The New Right argues for individual responsibility and discipline to discourage disorder and offending."}]},{"id":"9937a36d-8cda-4358-a3cb-ae21059c96bd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In broken windows theory, what can happen if visible disorder is ignored?","back":"It may encourage further crime by weakening informal control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It may encourage further crime by weakening informal control.","correct":true,"explanation":"Broken windows theory argues that unaddressed signs of disorder suggest that nobody is maintaining control, weakening informal social regulation and encouraging further crime."},{"text":"It may encourage greater conformity by strengthening informal control.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the theory’s predicted effect. Ignored disorder weakens rather than strengthens informal control, signalling low supervision and potentially encouraging further crime."},{"text":"It may encourage police withdrawal by strengthening community cohesion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Broken windows theory does not predict that visible disorder strengthens cohesion or causes police withdrawal. It may encourage further crime because neglected disorder weakens informal control."},{"text":"It may encourage less offending by normalising visible disorder.","correct":false,"explanation":"Normalising visible disorder is not expected to reduce offending. Broken windows theory claims that leaving disorder unchallenged weakens informal control and may encourage further crime."}]},{"id":"3316df4e-de7c-4730-92d7-28ef0a720805","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Which kinds of crime does right realism tend to neglect?","back":"

Corporate crime
State crime

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Corporate crime
State crime

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Street crime
Property crime

","correct":false,"explanation":"Street and property offences are central concerns of right realism, not neglected categories. Critics instead argue that the perspective overlooks corporate crime and state crime."},{"text":"

Violent crime
Public disorder

","correct":false,"explanation":"Right realism gives substantial attention to violence and public disorder because of their effects on communities. Its major blind spots are corporate crime and state crime."},{"text":"

Burglary
Robbery

","correct":false,"explanation":"Burglary and robbery are precisely the visible street offences emphasised by right realists. The approach is criticised for neglecting corporate crime and state crime."}]},{"id":"6eeb6968-974b-4221-aa71-e224e8991b4f","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which three concepts explain crime in left realism?","back":"

Relative deprivation
Marginalisation
Subculture

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Relative deprivation
Marginalisation
Subculture

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Absolute deprivation
Social integration
Consensus

","correct":false,"explanation":"Left realism emphasises perceived inequality rather than absolute poverty, and exclusion rather than integration or consensus. Its three concepts are relative deprivation, marginalisation and subculture."},{"text":"

Relative deprivation
Social control
Labelling

","correct":false,"explanation":"Social control and labelling belong primarily to other explanations of deviance. Left realism explains crime through relative deprivation, marginalisation and the formation of subcultures."},{"text":"

Rational choice
Marginalisation
Underclass

","correct":false,"explanation":"Rational choice and the underclass thesis are more closely associated with right realism. Left realism instead combines relative deprivation, marginalisation and subculture."}]},{"id":"6102e344-c7e8-4e98-9540-4d209fca54d4","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which four sides make up the left realist square of crime?","back":"

Offender
Victim
State
Public

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Offender
Victim
State
Public

","correct":true,"explanation":"The left realist square examines the relationships among offenders, victims, the state and the public, recognising that crime and its control involve all four parties."},{"text":"

Offender
Police
Court
Prison

","correct":false,"explanation":"Police, courts and prisons are institutions within the state rather than separate sides of the square. The four sides are offender, victim, state and public."},{"text":"

Victim
Media
Family
School

","correct":false,"explanation":"Media, family and school may influence crime, but they are not the four elements of the left realist model. The square comprises offender, victim, state and public."},{"text":"

Offender
Victim
Workplace
Community

","correct":false,"explanation":"Workplace and community are not the model’s formal sides, although communities may shape crime. The left realist square consists of offender, victim, state and public."}]},{"id":"15061856-7ceb-4ea8-90a5-fbced543b45d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which 1998 policy reflected left realist multi-agency thinking?","back":"Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships.","correct":true,"explanation":"Created through the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, these partnerships required agencies such as local authorities and police to cooperate in reducing crime and disorder."},{"text":"Police and Crime Commissioners.","correct":false,"explanation":"Police and Crime Commissioners were introduced much later, following legislation in 2011, and are elected oversight roles. The 1998 multi-agency policy was Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships."},{"text":"Neighbourhood Watch Schemes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neighbourhood Watch developed before 1998 and centres on residents assisting local crime prevention. The specific 1998 multi-agency policy was Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships."},{"text":"Troubled Families Programme.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Troubled Families Programme began in 2011 and focused on coordinated support for selected families. Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships were the relevant 1998 policy."}]},{"id":"05ba3a5f-eda2-402a-b559-9f58e31b4092","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"If someone internalises a deviant label, it can lead to [ ].","back":"If someone internalises a deviant label, it can lead to secondary deviance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"secondary deviance","correct":true,"explanation":"Secondary deviance occurs when a person internalises a deviant label and changes their identity or behaviour accordingly, potentially continuing or escalating their deviance."},{"text":"primary deviance","correct":false,"explanation":"Primary deviance describes the initial rule-breaking that occurs before a deviant label is internalised. Accepting the label can instead lead to secondary deviance."},{"text":"formal social control","correct":false,"explanation":"Formal social control refers to regulation by official institutions such as courts and police, not the outcome of internalising a label. That process can produce secondary deviance."},{"text":"decriminalisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Decriminalisation is a policy that removes or reduces criminal penalties for an act. Internalising a deviant label can instead result in secondary deviance."}]},{"id":"01de69ef-3879-482d-879a-512998aef6a3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What policy direction does labelling theory support for minor offences?","back":"Diversion away from formal courts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Diversion away from formal courts.","correct":true,"explanation":"Labelling theorists support diversion because keeping minor offenders outside formal courts can prevent stigmatising labels, damaged identities and the development of secondary deviance."},{"text":"Prosecution through formal courts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Formal prosecution can publicly attach a deviant label and increase the risk of secondary deviance. Labelling theory therefore supports diversion away from formal courts."},{"text":"Imprisonment following formal conviction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Imprisonment intensifies formal labelling and may reinforce a deviant identity, especially for minor offenders. Labelling theorists instead favour diversion away from formal courts."},{"text":"Zero-tolerance policing before formal courts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Zero-tolerance policing reflects right realist deterrence and may expand formal labelling of minor offenders. Labelling theory instead supports diversion away from formal courts."}]},{"id":"b9cb9e86-3ef1-4fd1-a656-79c0d3b378ab","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How would labelling theorists criticise ASBOs?","back":"They risk stigmatising young working-class people.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They risk stigmatising young working-class people.","correct":true,"explanation":"Labelling theorists argue that ASBOs publicly attach a deviant identity to recipients, encouraging stigma, exclusion and possibly further offending through a self-fulfilling prophecy."},{"text":"They risk under-policing young working-class people.","correct":false,"explanation":"Labelling theory emphasises excessive social control and the selective labelling of disadvantaged groups, not under-policing. ASBOs risk stigmatising young working-class people as deviant."},{"text":"They risk liberating young working-class people.","correct":false,"explanation":"ASBOs impose restrictions rather than liberating their recipients. Labelling theorists argue that they risk stigmatising young working-class people and reinforcing a deviant identity."},{"text":"They risk rehabilitating young working-class people.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rehabilitation aims to reduce offending by changing behaviour, whereas labelling theory stresses the harmful effects of official labels. ASBOs risk stigmatising young working-class people."}]},{"id":"85ee2dac-cbe2-4efe-9ce5-4e6eebd7b884","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What policy response follows from Marxist concern with corporate crime?","back":"Stricter corporate regulation and fraud investigation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Stricter corporate regulation and fraud investigation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Marxists argue that powerful companies can cause serious harm while escaping adequate punishment, so stronger corporate regulation and fraud investigation are appropriate policy responses."},{"text":"Stricter street policing and stop-and-search powers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater street policing targets visible offences associated with less powerful groups, reproducing the bias Marxists criticise. Their concern supports stricter corporate regulation and fraud investigation."},{"text":"Stricter border controls and immigration enforcement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Border controls do not address offences committed by powerful businesses. Marxist analysis instead supports stricter corporate regulation and fraud investigation to tackle corporate wrongdoing."},{"text":"Stricter youth curfews and school discipline.","correct":false,"explanation":"Youth curfews focus on working-class street crime rather than harmful actions by corporations. Marxist concern with corporate crime supports stricter corporate regulation and fraud investigation."}]},{"id":"490ecf35-585d-4e74-a58c-334c8cbf36c4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Feminism explains crime and justice through [ ], meaning male power and female subordination.","back":"Feminism explains crime and justice through patriarchy, meaning male power and female subordination.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"patriarchy","correct":true,"explanation":"Patriarchy describes a social system in which men hold greater power and women are subordinated, making it central to feminist explanations of crime and justice."},{"text":"matriarchy","correct":false,"explanation":"Matriarchy means a system dominated by women, reversing the relationship identified by feminism. The correct term is patriarchy, which describes male power and female subordination."},{"text":"capitalism","correct":false,"explanation":"Capitalism concerns private ownership and class relations and is central to Marxist explanations. Feminism uses patriarchy to describe male power and the subordination of women."},{"text":"anomie","correct":false,"explanation":"Anomie refers to weakened norms or a mismatch between cultural goals and legitimate means. The feminist term for male power and female subordination is patriarchy."}]},{"id":"c7bda9a0-fc88-4d51-9831-6ba350d3bde6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which offence under the Serious Crime Act 2015 shows feminist influence?","back":"Coercive control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Coercive control.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Serious Crime Act 2015 created the offence of controlling or coercive behaviour in an intimate or family relationship, reflecting feminist attention to patterns of domestic abuse."},{"text":"Forced marriage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Forced marriage became a specific criminal offence under the Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014. The Serious Crime Act 2015 offence showing feminist influence is coercive control."},{"text":"Marital rape.","correct":false,"explanation":"Marital rape was recognised in English law following the 1991 case of R v R, not created by the 2015 Act. The relevant offence is coercive control."},{"text":"Sexual harassment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sexual harassment is addressed through other legal provisions and was not the offence introduced by this Act. The Serious Crime Act 2015 criminalised coercive control."}]},{"id":"1fc92013-e37d-4dfe-9ca7-f01ed48e12a9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does Foucault’s panopticon discipline people?","back":"People self-monitor because they might be watched.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"People self-monitor because they might be watched.","correct":true,"explanation":"In the panopticon, people cannot know when surveillance is occurring, so they internalise discipline and regulate their own behaviour as though they are always being watched."},{"text":"People break rules because they cannot be watched.","correct":false,"explanation":"The panopticon creates the possibility of constant observation rather than an absence of surveillance. People therefore self-monitor because they might be watched."},{"text":"People copy others because they want to be accepted.","correct":false,"explanation":"Copying others for acceptance describes conformity or social learning, not panoptic discipline. Foucault argues that people self-monitor because they might be watched."},{"text":"People obey orders because authority is legitimate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Obedience to legitimate authority relies on direct commands, whereas panoptic power operates through uncertain surveillance. People self-monitor because they might be watched."}]},{"id":"b7b9e2e1-831c-406f-8cb6-0a2cc8ca1faf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Crime Survey for England and Wales is a [ ] that captures some [ ].","back":"The Crime Survey for England and Wales is a victim survey that captures some unreported crime.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Crime Survey for England and Wales is a victim survey that captures some unreported crime.","correct":true,"explanation":"The survey asks people about their experiences of victimisation, including incidents they did not report to the police, so it reveals part of the dark figure of crime."},{"text":"The Crime Survey for England and Wales is a police record that captures some unreported crime.","correct":false,"explanation":"Police records cannot include offences that never come to police attention. The Crime Survey for England and Wales is a victim survey that captures some unreported crime."},{"text":"The Crime Survey for England and Wales is a victim survey that captures some all criminal activity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Victim surveys omit some offences, victims and experiences, so they cannot capture all criminal activity. The survey captures some unreported crime by questioning victims directly."},{"text":"The Crime Survey for England and Wales is a self-report study that captures some police-recorded crime.","correct":false,"explanation":"Self-report studies ask respondents about offences they have committed, while this survey asks about victimisation. It is a victim survey capturing some unreported crime."}]},{"id":"e476e00a-dcf0-4d04-af07-38df67d5ed6d","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What mixture did New Labour’s crime slogan represent?","back":"

Right realist control
Left realist concern with social exclusion

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Right realist control
Left realist concern with social exclusion

","correct":true,"explanation":"New Labour combined tough enforcement associated with right realism with left realist attention to the social exclusion and deprivation that can contribute to crime."},{"text":"

Left realist control
Marxist concern with capitalism

","correct":false,"explanation":"The slogan did not propose a Marxist transformation of capitalism, and its tough control element reflected right realism. It combined right realist control with left realist concern about social exclusion."},{"text":"

Marxist control
Functionalist concern with social order

","correct":false,"explanation":"Marxism does not provide the slogan’s punitive control strand, while functionalist order overlooks its focus on exclusion. The mixture was right realist control and left realist social concern."},{"text":"

Feminist control
Labelling concern with deviant identities

","correct":false,"explanation":"Although feminism and labelling theory influence other policies, they were not the main combination behind New Labour’s slogan. It joined right realist control with left realist concern about social exclusion."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-14","paperLabel":"Component 1"},"heading":"The influence of theories and explanations on social policy","title":"The influence of theories and explanations on social policy Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/sociology/eduqas/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"95b0c15f-6274-5bee-b006-1cbc9be1d350","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]