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income/wealth.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"life chances","correct":true,"explanation":"Life chances are the opportunities people have to improve their wellbeing, such as accessing education, healthcare, secure employment and political influence. Inequality therefore extends beyond differences in income or wealth."},{"text":"social classes","correct":false,"explanation":"Social classes are groups with similar economic or social positions, not an additional resource people have unequal access to. The missing concept is life chances, meaning opportunities to improve wellbeing."},{"text":"political rights","correct":false,"explanation":"Political rights are one possible area of inequality, but they do not cover wider opportunities such as education, healthcare and employment. The correct term is life chances."},{"text":"material goods","correct":false,"explanation":"Material goods are possessions or products, and focusing on them would make inequality mainly about wealth and consumption. The broader concept required here is life chances."}]},{"id":"4b9c0e73-f5e0-47c4-907e-a73932739082","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Patterns of global inequality are repeated distributions of advantage and disadvantage [ ] and [ ].","back":"Patterns of global inequality are repeated distributions of advantage and disadvantage between countries and within countries.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Patterns of global inequality are repeated distributions of advantage and disadvantage between countries and within countries.","correct":true,"explanation":"Global inequality is examined both comparatively, through differences between countries, and internally, through unequal distributions of advantage and disadvantage within individual countries."},{"text":"Patterns of global inequality are repeated distributions of advantage and disadvantage between continents and within continents.","correct":false,"explanation":"Continents are too broad and do not capture the standard comparison of national inequality. The correct dimensions are between countries and within countries."},{"text":"Patterns of global inequality are repeated distributions of advantage and disadvantage between countries and within continents.","correct":false,"explanation":"The second dimension should identify inequality inside individual countries, not across a whole continent. The correct wording is between countries and within countries."},{"text":"Patterns of global inequality are repeated distributions of advantage and disadvantage between households and within households.","correct":false,"explanation":"Household comparisons focus on family-level inequality rather than the global pattern of national differences and internal national divisions. The correct terms are between countries and within countries."}]},{"id":"c2fdc77c-d472-47e2-84cc-97bb1fe093b9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can high fertility reduce each child’s life chances?","back":"Household resources are spread across more children.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Household resources are spread across more children.","correct":true,"explanation":"When a household has more children, available money, food, care and educational support must be shared among more dependants. This can reduce each child’s life chances."},{"text":"Household resources are concentrated on fewer children.","correct":false,"explanation":"High fertility means there are more children, so resources are divided among more dependants rather than concentrated on fewer. The correct explanation is that resources are spread across more children."},{"text":"Household resources are increased by more children.","correct":false,"explanation":"Having additional children does not automatically increase household income or resources; it usually raises demands on them. Resources are instead spread across more children, reducing each child’s share."},{"text":"Household resources are spread across fewer adults.","correct":false,"explanation":"The key effect of high fertility concerns the number of children sharing resources, not fewer adults. Resources are spread across more children, potentially limiting food, education and healthcare."}]},{"id":"e14aa6e3-4335-40b5-8299-884ca27db0ad","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does a high dependency ratio make harder for families or governments?","back":"Supporting many dependants with fewer working-age adults.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Supporting many dependants with fewer working-age adults.","correct":true,"explanation":"A high dependency ratio means relatively many children or older people rely on a smaller working-age population. Families or governments therefore face greater costs of care, benefits and services."},{"text":"Supporting many workers with fewer dependants.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the meaning of a high dependency ratio. The difficulty is supporting many dependants with fewer working-age adults, not supporting workers who have relatively few dependants."},{"text":"Supporting fewer dependants with more working-age adults.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fewer dependants and more working-age adults describe a low dependency burden, which makes support easier. A high dependency ratio creates the opposite pressure."},{"text":"Supporting many dependants with more working-age adults.","correct":false,"explanation":"More working-age adults would provide a larger tax base and greater potential support. A high dependency ratio means many dependants must be supported with fewer working-age adults."}]},{"id":"e4ffe4be-b587-4ae3-bf93-05d2f039a33c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Thomas Malthus argued population could grow faster than [ ], causing poverty, famine and conflict.","back":"Thomas Malthus argued population could grow faster than food supply, causing poverty, famine and conflict.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"food supply","correct":true,"explanation":"Malthus argued that population could increase geometrically while food supply grew more slowly. This imbalance could produce poverty, famine and conflict unless population growth was checked."},{"text":"employment","correct":false,"explanation":"Malthus’s central concern was the relationship between population and available food, not jobs. The correct term is food supply, which he believed could fail to keep pace."},{"text":"industrial production","correct":false,"explanation":"Industrial production is associated more closely with later technological and economic arguments than with Malthus’s key prediction. He argued that population could outgrow food supply."},{"text":"government revenue","correct":false,"explanation":"Government revenue was not the resource Malthus identified as limiting population growth. His argument focused on population growing faster than food supply, causing subsistence crises."}]},{"id":"02249e1f-4491-4cd0-9d4b-8674324d4ed6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Boserup challenged Malthus by arguing that population pressure can encourage [ ] in farming and technology.","back":"Boserup challenged Malthus by arguing that population pressure can encourage innovation in farming and technology.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"innovation","correct":true,"explanation":"Boserup argued that population pressure creates incentives to develop more intensive farming methods and new technologies. Innovation can therefore increase food production rather than simply causing famine."},{"text":"stagnation","correct":false,"explanation":"Stagnation means a lack of change, which contradicts Boserup’s argument that population pressure encourages new farming methods and technologies. The correct term is innovation."},{"text":"deindustrialisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Deindustrialisation refers to a decline in industrial activity and is not Boserup’s explanation of how societies respond to population pressure. She emphasised innovation in farming and technology."},{"text":"migration","correct":false,"explanation":"Migration may change where people live, but it is not the key process Boserup used to challenge Malthus. Her argument focused on innovation increasing agricultural productivity."}]},{"id":"2b663067-77e2-4204-8c9a-3b5f8a84371d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"When does urbanisation tend to create inequality?","back":"When city growth outpaces jobs, housing and public services.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When city growth outpaces jobs, housing and public services.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rapid urban growth can create more demand than cities can meet. Shortages of employment, affordable housing and public services then produce informal settlements, unemployment and unequal living conditions."},{"text":"When city growth outpaces population decline and rural depopulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Population decline and rural depopulation do not describe shortages created by rapid urbanisation. Inequality tends to increase when growth outpaces jobs, housing and public services."},{"text":"When city growth outpaces wealthy residents, luxury housing and private transport.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are not the basic needs used to explain urban inequality and would not capture exclusion from essential opportunities. The relevant shortages are jobs, housing and public services."},{"text":"When city growth outpaces food exports, foreign investment and tourism.","correct":false,"explanation":"These economic activities may affect cities but are not the core services and opportunities required by expanding populations. The correct factors are jobs, housing and public services."}]},{"id":"92433921-1537-4781-822b-7e85f3cd3084","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can urbanisation also reduce poverty?","back":"It can increase access to jobs, education and healthcare.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can increase access to jobs, education and healthcare.","correct":true,"explanation":"Urban areas often concentrate employers, schools, hospitals and transport links. Moving to a city can therefore improve access to jobs, education and healthcare, although these benefits are not equally available to everyone."},{"text":"It can increase access to rural isolation, subsistence farming and informal work.","correct":false,"explanation":"These conditions are more associated with limited opportunities or insecure livelihoods, not the main potential advantages of urbanisation. Cities can increase access to jobs, education and healthcare."},{"text":"It can increase access to fewer jobs, smaller schools and reduced healthcare.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the potential benefits of urbanisation and describes worsening access rather than improved opportunity. The correct answer identifies greater access to jobs, education and healthcare."},{"text":"It can increase access to wealth for all residents, free housing and guaranteed employment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Urbanisation can expand opportunities but does not guarantee wealth, housing or employment for every resident. Its potential poverty-reducing effects come through access to jobs, education and healthcare."}]},{"id":"48435552-e7ba-4a87-8177-50f71ea7f55e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does marginalisation produce inequality?","back":"Groups are excluded from resources, rights and decision-making.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Groups are excluded from resources, rights and decision-making.","correct":true,"explanation":"Marginalisation places groups at the edge of society, limiting their access to resources, political rights and participation in decisions that affect their lives."},{"text":"Groups are rewarded with resources, rights and decision-making.","correct":false,"explanation":"Marginalisation involves exclusion, not preferential rewards. Groups are denied access to resources, rights and decision-making, which creates disadvantage and contributes to inequality."},{"text":"Groups are integrated into resources, rights and decision-making.","correct":false,"explanation":"Integration implies inclusion and participation, whereas marginalisation pushes groups to the edges of society. The correct explanation is that they are excluded from resources, rights and decision-making."},{"text":"Groups are protected by resources, rights and decision-making.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protection does not describe the mechanism of marginalisation. Inequality results because marginalised groups are excluded from resources, rights and decision-making, rather than being protected by them."}]},{"id":"fcec13e4-7e56-40be-b595-5f146d27a94b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does Weber’s social closure explain inequality?","back":"Privileged groups restrict access to jobs, education, land or status.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Privileged groups restrict access to jobs, education, land or status.","correct":true,"explanation":"Weber’s social closure describes privileged groups preserving their advantages by restricting outsiders’ access to valued resources, opportunities and positions such as jobs, education, land or status."},{"text":"Privileged groups expand access to jobs, education, land or status.","correct":false,"explanation":"Expanding access would weaken social closure by allowing more outsiders to compete. Social closure creates inequality when privileged groups restrict access to jobs, education, land or status."},{"text":"Privileged groups redistribute access to jobs, education, land or status.","correct":false,"explanation":"Redistribution suggests deliberately sharing opportunities, not excluding outsiders. Weber’s explanation focuses on privileged groups restricting access to valued jobs, education, land or status."},{"text":"Privileged groups equalise access to jobs, education, land or status.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equalising access would reduce inequality rather than reproduce it. Social closure operates when privileged groups restrict access to jobs, education, land or status to protect their advantages."}]},{"id":"e71acba0-8cbe-427e-a844-2afa6d5450e7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does Sen’s capability approach add to income-based explanations?","back":"Inequality is about real freedom to live valued lives.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Inequality is about real freedom to live valued lives.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sen argues that income alone is insufficient: inequality concerns people’s actual capabilities, or real freedom, to pursue lives they have reason to value."},{"text":"Inequality is about equal income to live valued lives.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sen’s capability approach goes beyond income equality. It asks whether people have the real freedom and capabilities to live valued lives, since similar incomes can produce different opportunities."},{"text":"Inequality is about legal rights to live valued lives.","correct":false,"explanation":"Legal rights may support equality but do not guarantee people can use opportunities in practice. Sen focuses on real freedom and capabilities, not rights alone."},{"text":"Inequality is about material wealth to live valued lives.","correct":false,"explanation":"Material wealth is an income-based measure and is not sufficient for Sen’s approach. The key issue is people’s real freedom to achieve lives they value."}]},{"id":"83c26bbb-b203-46fa-bc0c-143d399eee81","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why may official statistics understate marginalised groups’ inequality?","back":"They may undercount informal workers, undocumented migrants and unregistered settlements.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They may undercount informal workers, undocumented migrants and unregistered settlements.","correct":true,"explanation":"Official surveys and censuses can miss people outside formal systems, including informal workers, undocumented migrants and unregistered settlements, making the scale of their inequality appear smaller."},{"text":"They may overcount informal workers, undocumented migrants and unregistered settlements.","correct":false,"explanation":"These groups are often difficult for official agencies to identify, so undercounting is the usual problem. Overcounting would make their inequality appear greater, not understated."},{"text":"They may reclassify informal workers, undocumented migrants and unregistered settlements.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reclassification can affect categories, but the key reason for understatement is that official statistics may fail to count these groups at all or count too few of them."},{"text":"They may equalise informal workers, undocumented migrants and unregistered settlements.","correct":false,"explanation":"Statistics cannot equalise people’s social conditions. Inequality may be understated because informal workers, undocumented migrants and unregistered settlements are undercounted in official data."}]},{"id":"6d6116f9-1250-43b6-a480-a9a84f9210dc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do modernisation theorists see aid reducing inequality?","back":"Aid provides capital, technology and expertise for development.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Aid provides capital, technology and expertise for development.","correct":true,"explanation":"Modernisation theorists see aid as an injection of investment, technical knowledge and skills that can promote economic growth, modern institutions and reduced inequality."},{"text":"Aid provides labour, sanctions and protection for development.","correct":false,"explanation":"Modernisation theory emphasises investment and productive knowledge, not sanctions and protection. The expected mechanism is aid supplying capital, technology and expertise for development."},{"text":"Aid provides debt, markets and competition for development.","correct":false,"explanation":"Debt and market competition are not the central resources modernisation theorists identify as aid’s developmental contribution. They emphasise capital, technology and expertise."},{"text":"Aid provides tradition, isolation and dependency for development.","correct":false,"explanation":"Modernisation theorists view traditional practices and isolation as obstacles rather than benefits of aid. They argue that aid should provide capital, technology and expertise to support development."}]},{"id":"0c765f98-b02c-4130-85cb-5e5c3e1644be","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Sachs argued for a [ ] to help countries escape [ ].","back":"Sachs argued for a big push to help countries escape poverty traps.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sachs argued for a big push to help countries escape poverty traps.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sachs argues that a large, coordinated investment can overcome the low-income cycle in which poverty prevents savings and investment, creating persistent poverty traps."},{"text":"Sachs argued for a small adjustment to help countries escape poverty traps.","correct":false,"explanation":"A small adjustment would not provide the scale of investment Sachs considered necessary to break the cycle of poverty. His proposal was a big push to overcome poverty traps."},{"text":"Sachs argued for a big push to help countries escape dependency traps.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sachs’s term identifies a cycle caused by insufficient resources for development: poverty traps. The proposed solution is a big push, not a focus on dependency traps."},{"text":"Sachs argued for a small adjustment to help countries escape dependency traps.","correct":false,"explanation":"This combines two incorrect substitutions. Sachs advocated a big push, aimed at helping countries break out of poverty traps through large-scale coordinated investment."}]},{"id":"364d8f6f-d274-43f4-ac12-b843e06260aa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can tied aid reproduce donor interests?","back":"Recipients must buy goods or services from the donor country.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Recipients must buy goods or services from the donor country.","correct":true,"explanation":"Tied aid links assistance to purchases from the donor, so recipients cannot freely choose the most suitable or cheapest suppliers and donor firms gain economically."},{"text":"Recipients must sell goods or services to the donor country.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tied aid concerns the conditions attached to receiving assistance, especially being required to purchase from the donor. It does not primarily require recipients to sell to it."},{"text":"Recipients must give goods or services to neighbouring countries.","correct":false,"explanation":"The defining condition is the donor’s control over where aid is spent. Recipients must buy goods or services from the donor country, rather than giving them to neighbours."},{"text":"Recipients must borrow goods or services from private companies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tied aid is not defined by borrowing from private companies. It reproduces donor interests because recipients are required to buy goods or services from the donor country."}]},{"id":"69618a4d-f0a4-4bc9-814e-912b7d9a942c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can debt servicing increase inequality?","back":"Repayments crowd out public spending on schools, hospitals, housing and welfare.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Repayments crowd out public spending on schools, hospitals, housing and welfare.","correct":true,"explanation":"When governments prioritise debt repayments, fewer resources remain for essential public services. This can worsen inequality by reducing access to schools, hospitals, housing and welfare."},{"text":"Repayments increase public spending on schools, hospitals, housing and welfare.","correct":false,"explanation":"Debt repayments normally reduce the funds available for public services rather than increasing them. They crowd out spending on schools, hospitals, housing and welfare, worsening inequality."},{"text":"Repayments replace private spending on schools, hospitals, housing and welfare.","correct":false,"explanation":"The key pressure is on government budgets, not the replacement of private spending. Debt servicing crowds out public spending on essential services and can deepen inequality."},{"text":"Repayments protect public spending on schools, hospitals, housing and welfare.","correct":false,"explanation":"Debt servicing can make public spending harder to maintain, especially where government revenue is limited. The correct mechanism is that repayments crowd out spending on essential services."}]},{"id":"7d327be8-1314-43f4-bdaf-bffbf95c1f43","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What did structural adjustment programmes typically promote?","back":"

Cuts to public spending
Privatisation and trade liberalisation
Reduced state intervention

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Cuts to public spending
Privatisation and trade liberalisation
Reduced state intervention

","correct":true,"explanation":"Structural adjustment programmes followed neoliberal principles, requiring governments to cut public expenditure, privatise state-owned industries, liberalise trade and reduce their direct involvement in the economy."},{"text":"

Increases in public spending
Nationalisation and trade protection
Expanded state intervention

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are protectionist and interventionist policies associated with state-led development, not structural adjustment. Structural adjustment promoted spending cuts, privatisation, trade liberalisation and reduced state intervention."},{"text":"

Progressive taxation of wealth
Land reform and redistribution
Strengthened welfare provision

","correct":false,"explanation":"Redistributive taxation, land reform and stronger welfare provision are not the typical neoliberal conditions of structural adjustment. These programmes instead promoted spending cuts, privatisation and a smaller state."},{"text":"

Expansion of state ownership
Import substitution and tariffs
Stricter price controls

","correct":false,"explanation":"State ownership, import substitution and price controls involve greater government management of the economy. Structural adjustment prescribed the opposite: privatisation, trade liberalisation and reduced state intervention."}]},{"id":"8cc9c672-d684-4f10-afc7-52128b4da0f5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Dependency theory argues poorer countries are kept underdeveloped because wealth is [ ] by richer countries, TNCs and global institutions.","back":"Dependency theory argues poorer countries are kept underdeveloped because wealth is extracted by richer countries, TNCs and global institutions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"extracted","correct":true,"explanation":"Dependency theorists argue that richer countries, TNCs and global institutions extract wealth and resources from poorer countries, reproducing an unequal relationship between the core and periphery."},{"text":"redistributed","correct":false,"explanation":"Redistribution suggests wealth is shared or transferred to correct inequality. Dependency theory instead argues that wealth is extracted from poorer countries for the benefit of richer countries and corporations."},{"text":"retained","correct":false,"explanation":"Retention would mean poorer countries keep their wealth within their own economies. Dependency theory argues the opposite: wealth is extracted by richer countries, TNCs and global institutions."},{"text":"generated","correct":false,"explanation":"Generation describes the creation of wealth rather than its unequal transfer. Dependency theory specifically claims that wealth is extracted from poorer countries by more powerful global actors."}]},{"id":"da0e22a0-594b-41fd-8330-1bc5f44360a1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Frank called colonial-capitalist underdevelopment the [ ].","back":"Frank called colonial-capitalist underdevelopment the development of underdevelopment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"development of underdevelopment","correct":true,"explanation":"Frank argued that poverty was actively produced by colonialism and capitalism rather than representing an original condition. He therefore described this process as the development of underdevelopment."},{"text":"modernisation of tradition","correct":false,"explanation":"Linear modernisation is associated with modernisation theory, which treats development as progression through common stages. Frank instead called colonial-capitalist impoverishment the development of underdevelopment."},{"text":"cycle of poverty","correct":false,"explanation":"A cycle of poverty describes self-reinforcing deprivation but does not capture Frank’s claim that capitalism actively creates peripheral poverty. His phrase was the development of underdevelopment."},{"text":"take-off into growth","correct":false,"explanation":"Take-off into growth comes from Rostow’s modernisation theory and describes economic expansion. Frank’s dependency perspective instead labelled colonial-capitalist impoverishment the development of underdevelopment."}]},{"id":"c6e41074-c2b0-4298-9dc7-0a405d867fb6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In Wallerstein’s world-systems theory, what role do peripheral countries often play?","back":"They supply raw materials, cheap labour and low-profit manufacturing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They supply raw materials, cheap labour and low-profit manufacturing.","correct":true,"explanation":"In world-systems theory, peripheral countries occupy a dependent position in the global economy, supplying raw materials, inexpensive labour and low-profit manufacturing for more powerful core economies."},{"text":"They control finance, advanced technology and high-profit production.","correct":false,"explanation":"Control of finance, advanced technology and highly profitable production characterises core countries, not peripheral ones. Peripheral countries typically provide raw materials, cheap labour and low-profit manufacturing."},{"text":"They specialise in advanced services, skilled labour and corporate headquarters.","correct":false,"explanation":"Advanced services, highly skilled labour and corporate headquarters are concentrated in core economies. Peripheral countries instead tend to supply raw materials, cheap labour and low-profit manufacturing."},{"text":"They dominate global institutions, trade rules and investment decisions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dominating global institutions and setting trade rules reflects the power of core states. Peripheral countries have less influence and commonly supply raw materials, cheap labour and low-profit manufacturing."}]},{"id":"5d559376-97f0-4d83-8e60-9271c3d02245","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is one criticism of dependency theory?","back":"It can be too deterministic; some states industrialised rapidly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can be too deterministic; some states industrialised rapidly.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dependency theory can understate countries’ capacity to alter their position in the global economy. Rapid industrialisation in some states shows that underdevelopment is not always an inevitable outcome."},{"text":"It ignores colonial exploitation; history has no role.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ignoring colonialism is more commonly a criticism of modernisation theory. Dependency theory places colonial exploitation at the centre, while its own limitation is that it can be too deterministic."},{"text":"It presents global trade as equal; all states benefit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dependency theory does not portray trade as equally beneficial; it argues that unequal exchange advantages richer countries. A genuine criticism is that this account can be too deterministic."},{"text":"It examines only internal culture; global relationships are excluded.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dependency theory emphasises external relationships between core and peripheral economies rather than considering only internal culture. Its determinism is criticised because some dependent states industrialised rapidly."}]},{"id":"9d92098f-54f3-41c6-ab48-8eb8b2af4116","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do feminist explanations change global inequality analysis?","back":"They show inequality is gendered through patriarchy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They show inequality is gendered through patriarchy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Feminist explanations add gender as a key dimension of global inequality, showing how patriarchal institutions distribute income, work, property, power and opportunities unequally between women and men."},{"text":"They show inequality is biologically determined by sex differences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Feminist sociology generally challenges biological explanations of inequality and focuses on socially constructed power relations. It shows that global inequality is gendered through patriarchal institutions."},{"text":"They show inequality is temporary during economic modernisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"The idea that inequality is temporary during development belongs more closely to modernisation approaches. Feminist explanations instead reveal how patriarchy makes global inequality systematically gendered."},{"text":"They show inequality is caused only by international class relations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reducing inequality solely to international class relations overlooks women’s distinct experiences within classes and countries. Feminist analysis shows that inequality is also gendered through patriarchy."}]},{"id":"c42cec99-7d2d-4961-b303-15697ea46f0e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is unpaid care work central to feminist explanations?","back":"It is essential to the economy but often invisible in development measures.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is essential to the economy but often invisible in development measures.","correct":true,"explanation":"Unpaid care work reproduces and sustains the labour force by caring for children, older people and households. Its exclusion from many economic measures conceals women’s contribution to development."},{"text":"It is mainly a leisure activity with little influence on economic development.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating care as leisure overlooks the labour required to maintain households and support workers. It is economically essential, although its unpaid character often makes it invisible in development measures."},{"text":"It is fully counted in national income and clearly visible in development measures.","correct":false,"explanation":"National income statistics usually exclude unpaid household labour because no market transaction occurs. Feminists stress that care is essential to the economy despite remaining invisible in many development measures."},{"text":"It is shared equally between genders and therefore removes economic inequality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Women perform a disproportionate share of unpaid care work globally, reinforcing gendered divisions of labour. Feminists emphasise that this essential economic contribution is frequently omitted from development measures."}]},{"id":"6566e68b-74b3-48b1-8ab2-3405a5cc204e","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are Moser’s three roles for women?","back":"

Reproductive work
Productive work
Community management

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Reproductive work
Productive work
Community management

","correct":true,"explanation":"Moser’s triple-role framework recognises women’s reproductive responsibilities, income-generating productive work and unpaid community management, highlighting how women often carry several overlapping workloads."},{"text":"

Reproductive work
Productive work
Political leadership

","correct":false,"explanation":"Political leadership is not one of Moser’s three named roles, although women may undertake it. The framework identifies reproductive work, productive work and community management."},{"text":"

Consumer activity
Productive work
Community management

","correct":false,"explanation":"Consumer activity is not one of Moser’s three roles. Her framework distinguishes women’s reproductive work, productive work and community management to expose their multiple responsibilities."},{"text":"

Reproductive work
Leisure activity
Community management

","correct":false,"explanation":"Leisure is not a role in Moser’s framework and may be restricted by women’s multiple workloads. The three roles are reproductive work, productive work and community management."}]},{"id":"8afcb778-d828-4130-a5a6-dbe956ebc08a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does intersectionality add to feminist explanations of global inequality?","back":"Gender intersects with class, caste, ethnicity, disability, religion and migration status.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Gender intersects with class, caste, ethnicity, disability, religion and migration status.","correct":true,"explanation":"Intersectionality shows that gender inequality is shaped by overlapping social divisions. Women’s experiences differ according to class, caste, ethnicity, disability, religion and migration status, rather than being determined by gender alone."},{"text":"Gender inequality is experienced in the same way by all women, regardless of social background.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats women as a single, uniform group and overlooks differences between them. Intersectionality instead argues that gender intersects with class, caste, ethnicity, disability, religion and migration status."},{"text":"Gender is replaced as the main division by class, income, occupation, education and social mobility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Intersectionality does not replace gender with class-based factors or focus only on socioeconomic status. It examines how gender intersects with class, caste, ethnicity, disability, religion and migration status."},{"text":"Global inequality is explained mainly by differences between men and women in paid employment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Focusing only on paid employment narrows feminist analysis too much and ignores overlapping identities. Intersectionality includes class, caste, ethnicity, disability, religion and migration status alongside gender."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-14","paperLabel":"Component 1"},"heading":"Explanations for patterns of inequality","title":"Explanations for patterns of inequality Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/sociology/eduqas/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"0c21e94a-5f79-5528-ad07-ae3691088da3","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]