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23:[["$","$L31",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L32",["$","$L33",null,{"href":"/a-level/sociology/eduqas/ethical-issues/flashcards","label":"Ethical issues","subjectCode":"a_level_sociology__eduqas","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L34",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L35",null,{"decks":[{"id":"03e0cc87-d5a3-4fe1-adc1-d2c0aa92f716","title":"Ethical issues Flashcards","topicId":"0a63d096-29b5-51de-9d20-b80a1b488a26","topicSlug":"ethical-issues","cards":[{"id":"5af51d52-402b-4470-aebe-21373994d5e4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do ethical issues matter in sociological research?","back":"Sociology studies real people, so research can affect dignity, safety, reputation and trust.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sociology studies real people, so research can affect dignity, safety, reputation and trust.","correct":true,"explanation":"Because sociological research involves real people, it can influence their wellbeing, public image and relationships. Ethical safeguards help protect participants and maintain trust in the research process."},{"text":"Sociology studies social theories, so research can affect dignity, safety, reputation and trust.","correct":false,"explanation":"The tempting mistake is focusing on theories rather than participants. Sociology studies real people, so ethical issues matter because research can affect their dignity, safety, reputation and trust."},{"text":"Sociology studies large populations, so research can affect dignity, safety, reputation and trust.","correct":false,"explanation":"A large sample may increase the scale of possible effects, but sample size is not the central reason. Sociology studies real people whose dignity, safety, reputation and trust may be affected."},{"text":"Sociology studies social statistics, so research can affect dignity, safety, reputation and trust.","correct":false,"explanation":"Statistics are tools used to analyse evidence, not the people most directly affected by research. Ethical issues matter because sociologists study real people and can influence their dignity, safety, reputation and trust."}]},{"id":"9592c469-04d7-411f-be29-907f06d0ba5c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Ethical issues ask whether research is conducted [ ] and avoids [ ].","back":"Ethical issues ask whether research is conducted responsibly and avoids unnecessary harm.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ethical issues ask whether research is conducted responsibly and avoids unnecessary harm.","correct":true,"explanation":"Responsible research considers participants’ rights and welfare, while avoiding harm that is not justified by the study’s aims. This captures the central purpose of ethical guidelines."},{"text":"Ethical issues ask whether research is conducted secretively and avoids all disagreement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethical research does not need to be secretive or eliminate disagreement. The correct principles are conducting research responsibly and avoiding unnecessary harm to participants."},{"text":"Ethical issues ask whether research is conducted quickly and avoids participant involvement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Speed and excluding participants are not ethical goals. Ethical issues ask whether research is conducted responsibly and avoids unnecessary harm, while respecting participants’ rights."},{"text":"Ethical issues ask whether research is conducted efficiently and avoids all risk.","correct":false,"explanation":"Efficiency is a research-quality concern, and eliminating every risk is usually impossible. The ethical standard is responsible conduct that avoids unnecessary harm, rather than every possible risk."}]},{"id":"59b3c31d-78a3-478a-8945-cdd349ee79ce","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"When are ethical issues especially important?","back":"

Vulnerable sample.
Sensitive topic.
Researcher has more power.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Vulnerable sample.
Sensitive topic.
Researcher has more power.

","correct":true,"explanation":"These situations create greater risks of pressure, distress or exploitation. Vulnerable participants, sensitive subjects and unequal power relationships therefore require particularly careful ethical safeguards."},{"text":"

Representative sample.
Popular topic.
Participants have more power.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Representativeness and popularity do not automatically create heightened ethical concerns, while participant power may reduce researcher dominance. The key situations are vulnerability, sensitive topics and greater researcher power."},{"text":"

Small sample.
Familiar topic.
Researcher has less power.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A small sample or familiar topic is not necessarily ethically sensitive, and less researcher power may reduce pressure. Ethical issues are especially important with vulnerable samples, sensitive topics and greater researcher power."},{"text":"

Random sample.
Public topic.
Researcher and participants have equal power.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Random sampling and public topics do not by themselves create the greatest ethical risks, and equal power reduces coercion. The important warning signs are vulnerability, sensitivity and researcher dominance."}]},{"id":"2ac37221-541e-425f-b392-cc1341716422","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The core ethical balance is weighing the value of [ ] against possible [ ].","back":"The core ethical balance is weighing the value of knowledge gained against possible harm.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The core ethical balance is weighing the value of knowledge gained against possible harm.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethical decisions compare the potential benefits of producing valuable sociological knowledge with the possible harm participants could experience during or after the research."},{"text":"The core ethical balance is weighing the value of participant payment against possible delay.","correct":false,"explanation":"Payment and delay may affect research planning, but they are not the central ethical balance. Researchers weigh the value of knowledge gained against possible harm to participants."},{"text":"The core ethical balance is weighing the value of researcher convenience against possible cost.","correct":false,"explanation":"Convenience and financial cost concern practical feasibility rather than the core ethical principle. The relevant balance is between knowledge gained and possible harm to participants."},{"text":"The core ethical balance is weighing the value of publicity gained against possible criticism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Publicity and criticism may influence a researcher’s reputation, but they are not the main ethical consideration. Ethical evaluation weighs knowledge gained against possible harm to participants."}]},{"id":"6edbe3b7-5eca-41da-a5d9-ab6b0a055203","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What makes consent more than just a signature?","back":"

Informed - participants know what is involved.
Voluntary - no pressure to agree.
Ongoing - especially if research changes.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Informed - participants know what is involved.
Voluntary - no pressure to agree.
Ongoing - especially if research changes.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Valid consent requires understanding, freedom from coercion and the opportunity to reconsider. Ongoing consent is particularly important when the research procedure or risks change."},{"text":"

Brief - participants receive minimal information.
Voluntary - no pressure to agree.
Final - consent cannot be reconsidered.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Minimal information prevents informed consent, and consent should remain reconsiderable rather than final. Proper consent is informed, voluntary and ongoing, especially when research changes."},{"text":"

Informed - participants know what is involved.
Compulsory - authority requires agreement.
Ongoing - especially if research changes.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Authority-imposed agreement is not voluntary consent and may involve coercion. Genuine consent requires participants to understand the research, choose freely and reconsider as circumstances change."},{"text":"

Anonymous - participants’ identities are hidden.
Voluntary - no pressure to agree.
One-off - consent is collected once.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Anonymity can protect privacy but does not establish valid consent, and one-off consent may become inadequate if research changes. Consent must be informed, voluntary and ongoing."}]},{"id":"96a8e4ec-cae1-415b-8382-d96461ff3857","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What should the right to withdraw allow participants to do?","back":"

Leave without penalty.
Request data removal up to a stated point.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Leave without penalty.
Request data removal up to a stated point.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The right to withdraw protects participants from being trapped in a study. They should be able to leave without penalty and request removal of their data before the stated deadline."},{"text":"

Leave with a penalty.
Request data removal up to a stated point.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A penalty makes withdrawal coercive because participants may feel unable to leave. The right to withdraw means leaving without penalty and requesting data removal up to the stated point."},{"text":"

Leave without penalty.
Request data publication up to a stated point.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Withdrawal concerns ending participation and potentially removing data, not requesting publication. Participants should be able to leave without penalty and request data removal up to a stated point."},{"text":"

Stay without penalty.
Request data removal at any time.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Participants must be allowed to leave, so requiring them to stay misunderstands withdrawal. Data removal is also normally limited by a stated point rather than being guaranteed indefinitely."}]},{"id":"d18713d0-bf0e-4ea1-9ffa-bd6407c994c2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] controls access to a research setting, such as a school, workplace or prison.","back":"A gatekeeper controls access to a research setting, such as a school, workplace or prison.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"gatekeeper","correct":true,"explanation":"A gatekeeper is a person or organisation controlling access to a research setting. Examples include school leaders, workplace managers and prison authorities."},{"text":"sponsor","correct":false,"explanation":"A sponsor funds or supports research but does not necessarily control entry to the setting. The person controlling access to a school, workplace or prison is the gatekeeper."},{"text":"respondent","correct":false,"explanation":"A respondent provides information or answers questions in research, rather than granting access to the setting. Access is controlled by a gatekeeper, such as a school or prison authority."},{"text":"observer","correct":false,"explanation":"An observer records or watches behaviour as part of data collection, but does not necessarily authorise entry. The term for someone controlling access to a research setting is gatekeeper."}]},{"id":"5a315899-e264-49ed-af4e-e53cf4c68753","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which ethical safeguard is at stake if research invades personal lives or personal information without permission?","back":"Privacy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Privacy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Privacy protects people’s personal lives, spaces and information from being accessed or studied without permission. Invading these areas creates a direct ethical concern about privacy."},{"text":"Informed consent","correct":false,"explanation":"Informed consent concerns understanding and freely agreeing to research, whereas the specific safeguard against unauthorised intrusion into personal lives or information is privacy."},{"text":"Confidentiality","correct":false,"explanation":"Confidentiality concerns keeping supplied information from being disclosed improperly. The issue described is privacy, because it involves access to personal life or information without permission."},{"text":"Anonymity","correct":false,"explanation":"Anonymity hides participants’ identities, while privacy concerns whether researchers access personal lives or information at all. Unauthorised intrusion therefore puts privacy at stake."}]},{"id":"fef3878e-7a57-44ba-9b91-a9adde86f3eb","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] means how far research captures what it claims to capture.","back":"Validity means how far research captures what it claims to capture.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Validity","correct":true,"explanation":"Validity concerns whether a study accurately captures or measures what it claims to investigate, rather than being distorted by the method or research situation."},{"text":"Reliability","correct":false,"explanation":"Reliability concerns whether research procedures produce consistent, repeatable findings. The term for how far research captures what it claims to capture is validity."},{"text":"Representativeness","correct":false,"explanation":"Representativeness concerns how closely a sample reflects the wider population. Validity instead describes whether research captures what it claims to capture."},{"text":"Generalisability","correct":false,"explanation":"Generalisability concerns whether findings can be applied beyond the study group. The accuracy with which research captures its intended subject is validity."}]},{"id":"7189e73a-4bc4-42a0-94f0-26d3d32c1ab6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can strong informed consent reduce validity?","back":"Participants may change behaviour because they know they are being studied.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Participants may change behaviour because they know they are being studied.","correct":true,"explanation":"Detailed consent can make participants highly aware of the research, producing a Hawthorne effect. Their altered behaviour may therefore be less authentic and reduce validity."},{"text":"Participants may lose anonymity because they know they are being studied.","correct":false,"explanation":"Withdrawing from research is a separate ethical right, not the main validity problem created by informed consent. Validity falls when awareness causes participants to change their behaviour."},{"text":"Participants may misread questions because they know they are being studied.","correct":false,"explanation":"Knowing that research is occurring does not necessarily make participants misunderstand questions. The key problem is reactivity: awareness may cause them to change their behaviour."},{"text":"Participants may forget experiences because they know they are being studied.","correct":false,"explanation":"Awareness of being studied does not inherently make participants forget their experiences. Strong consent may reduce validity because participants can consciously change their behaviour."}]},{"id":"02484aac-d091-4a64-b80f-b345d2ab3ac7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is deception ethically risky?","back":"

Participants cannot give fully informed consent.
It can damage trust in sociology.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Participants cannot give fully informed consent.
It can damage trust in sociology.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Deception withholds relevant information, preventing fully informed consent. Discovering that sociologists misled participants can also reduce public trust and willingness to participate in later research."},{"text":"

Participants cannot provide a representative sample.
It can increase trust in sociology.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Deception does not guarantee a representative sample or increase trust. Its ethical risks are that participants cannot give fully informed consent and public trust may be damaged."},{"text":"

Participants cannot produce reliable findings.
It can guarantee anonymity in sociology.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Reliable results can still be produced through deceptive research, and deception does not secure anonymity. The central concerns are the absence of fully informed consent and damage to trust."},{"text":"

Participants cannot show valid behaviour.
It can improve trust in sociology.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Deception may sometimes increase validity by reducing reactivity, rather than preventing valid behaviour. Ethically, it blocks fully informed consent and may undermine trust in sociology."}]},{"id":"8b014f6e-ac53-4a19-805b-c3449565a70d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"When might deception be argued to be justified?","back":"When open research is impossible or would produce false behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When open research is impossible or would produce false behaviour.","correct":true,"explanation":"Deception may be defended when openness would make access impossible or cause participants to alter their conduct, although researchers must still minimise harm and justify the method."},{"text":"When open research is expensive or would produce slow results.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cheapness and rapid data collection are practical advantages, not sufficient ethical justifications for misleading participants. Deception is usually defended only when openness is impossible or distorts behaviour."},{"text":"When open research is large-scale or would produce quantitative data.","correct":false,"explanation":"A large sample and numerical data do not justify denying informed consent. The ethical argument applies when open research is impossible or would cause false behaviour."},{"text":"When open research is repeatable or would produce representative findings.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeatability and representative findings concern reliability and generalisability, not an ethical defence of deception. Justification rests on open research being impossible or producing false behaviour."}]},{"id":"9d3f7407-fdee-4d6c-94e9-7195c13d0695","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Covert methods may increase [ ] but weaken [ ] and trust.","back":"Covert methods may increase validity but weaken informed consent and trust.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Covert methods may increase validity but weaken informed consent and trust.","correct":true,"explanation":"Covert research can capture more natural behaviour because participants do not react to being observed. However, their lack of awareness prevents informed consent and may undermine trust."},{"text":"Covert methods may increase representativeness but weaken reliability and trust.","correct":false,"explanation":"Covert methods do not automatically make a sample more representative, while reliability is not the ethical principle being compromised. They may increase validity but weaken informed consent."},{"text":"Covert methods may increase reliability but weaken representativeness and trust.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural behaviour may improve validity rather than reliability, and covert observation directly prevents informed consent rather than necessarily reducing representativeness."},{"text":"Covert methods may increase generalisability but weaken anonymity and trust.","correct":false,"explanation":"Covert methods do not necessarily increase generalisability, which depends largely on sampling. Their main trade-off is increased validity against weakened informed consent and trust."}]},{"id":"c16a8c6e-c14f-49a2-8432-5715e80e369c","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which ethical problems does Milgram’s obedience study illustrate?","back":"

Deception - participants were told it was about learning.
Distress - many showed stress.
Withdrawal - freedom to withdraw was questioned.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Deception - participants were told it was about learning.
Distress - many showed stress.
Withdrawal - freedom to withdraw was questioned.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Milgram misrepresented the study’s purpose, participants displayed visible stress, and the experimenter’s prompts made the right to withdraw seem uncertain. These illustrate three major ethical concerns."},{"text":"

Sampling - participants were all volunteers.
Validity - the setting was artificial.
Reliability - findings were difficult to repeat.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Milgram’s sample and artificial setting raise methodological questions, but these are not the principal ethical issues. The ethical concerns were deception, distress and questionable freedom to withdraw."},{"text":"

Confidentiality - participants’ names were revealed.
Privacy - homes were secretly observed.
Injury - participants received electric shocks.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Milgram did not mainly illustrate problems of confidentiality, privacy or physical injury. The study is ethically criticised for deception, psychological distress and pressure that compromised withdrawal."},{"text":"

Debriefing - participants learned the true purpose.
Payment - participants received financial rewards.
Consent - volunteers agreed to participate.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Debriefing and payment may help protect participants but do not identify the study’s main ethical problems. Milgram illustrates deception, distress and doubts over genuine freedom to withdraw."}]},{"id":"2b4fce8a-c983-4314-a0ce-83f2f195eca7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What makes a sociological topic ethically sensitive?","back":"It may cause distress, embarrassment, stigma or danger if discussed or revealed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It may cause distress, embarrassment, stigma or danger if discussed or revealed.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sensitive topics can expose painful experiences or socially discrediting information. Discussion or disclosure may therefore cause emotional distress, embarrassment, stigma or actual danger."},{"text":"It may cause delay, complexity, expense or confusion if discussed or revealed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Difficulty, complexity and expense are practical research problems rather than features that make a topic ethically sensitive. Sensitivity arises from risks of distress, embarrassment, stigma or danger."},{"text":"It may cause unreliability, bias, invalidity or error if discussed or revealed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unreliable, unrepresentative or invalid findings are methodological weaknesses, not harms that define ethical sensitivity. A topic is sensitive when disclosure risks distress, embarrassment, stigma or danger."},{"text":"It may cause interest, debate, publicity or attention if discussed or revealed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Interest, debate, publicity and attention do not make a topic ethically sensitive. Ethical sensitivity concerns possible harm through distress, embarrassment, stigma or danger if information is discussed or revealed."}]},{"id":"55d90f04-9f34-4dd8-8bc1-3bd0f6eaa939","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"When may safeguarding override confidentiality?","back":"When there is serious risk of harm to self or others, especially children or vulnerable adults.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When there is serious risk of harm to self or others, especially children or vulnerable adults.","correct":true,"explanation":"Confidentiality may need to be breached when credible information indicates serious danger to the participant or another person, particularly where children or vulnerable adults require protection."},{"text":"When there is strong public interest in the findings, especially journalists or government officials.","correct":false,"explanation":"Public interest alone does not justify revealing confidential information. Safeguarding overrides confidentiality only where there is a serious risk of harm, especially involving vulnerable people."},{"text":"When there is need for accurate data about findings, especially surveys or official statistics.","correct":false,"explanation":"A request for more accurate data is a methodological concern and does not override confidentiality. Disclosure may be necessary when serious harm threatens the participant or others."},{"text":"When there is serious risk of delay to research, especially projects or longitudinal studies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Research costs and delays are practical concerns, not grounds for breaching confidentiality. Safeguarding takes priority only when there is a serious risk of harm to someone."}]},{"id":"9df5d866-f559-4666-b03a-a6ed8d4e9b2b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"If a researcher records names but promises not to reveal them, that is [ ], not full [ ].","back":"If a researcher records names but promises not to reveal them, that is confidentiality, not full anonymity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"If a researcher records names but promises not to reveal them, that is confidentiality, not full anonymity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Confidentiality means the researcher knows participants’ identities but agrees not to disclose them. Anonymity requires identities not to be recorded or identifiable at all."},{"text":"If a researcher records names but promises not to reveal them, that is anonymity, not full confidentiality.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the concepts. Recording names prevents full anonymity, while a promise to keep those recorded identities secret provides confidentiality."},{"text":"If a researcher records names but promises not to reveal them, that is privacy, not full informed consent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Privacy concerns freedom from unwanted intrusion, while informed consent concerns agreement based on adequate information. The promise described is confidentiality, and retaining names prevents anonymity."},{"text":"If a researcher records names but promises not to reveal them, that is informed consent, not full privacy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Informed consent requires participants to understand and agree to the research, while privacy limits intrusion. Protecting recorded names from disclosure is confidentiality rather than anonymity."}]},{"id":"9f27478e-056d-4801-a6dd-e378c796e1d2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might removing names not anonymise a small community study?","back":"Indirect identifiers can still reveal someone’s identity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Indirect identifiers can still reveal someone’s identity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Details such as occupation, age, location or distinctive experiences can identify a participant when combined, especially where community members know one another."},{"text":"Removing surnames guarantees that no participant can be recognised.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing surnames does not guarantee anonymity because acquaintances may combine contextual details to identify participants. Indirect identifiers can therefore still reveal someone’s identity."},{"text":"Small sample sizes prevent acquaintances from matching details to individuals.","correct":false,"explanation":"A smaller sample can make identification easier because each participant is more distinctive. Indirect identifiers may allow acquaintances to match reported details to particular individuals."},{"text":"Researchers’ field notes are automatically protected from every reader.","correct":false,"explanation":"Field notes are not automatically inaccessible and may contain identifying contextual information. Indirect identifiers can reveal someone’s identity even after names have been removed."}]},{"id":"83af7ec3-f003-4d14-9ae8-237215750d1e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What should risk assessment do before sociological fieldwork?","back":"Identify possible dangers and plan how to reduce them.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Identify possible dangers and plan how to reduce them.","correct":true,"explanation":"A risk assessment anticipates potential physical, psychological or social dangers to researchers and participants, then establishes practical precautions to reduce their likelihood or severity."},{"text":"Identify possible biases and plan how to eliminate them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bias is addressed through research design and methodological evaluation, not primarily through risk assessment. Risk assessment identifies potential dangers and plans measures to reduce them."},{"text":"Identify likely findings and plan how to publish them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Predicting and publishing findings concerns research planning and dissemination rather than safety. Before fieldwork, risk assessment should identify possible dangers and plan how to reduce them."},{"text":"Identify possible expenses and plan how to reduce them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Budgeting may identify and reduce expenses, but that is not the central purpose of risk assessment. Its purpose is to anticipate dangers and establish precautions."}]},{"id":"cfd0b140-53ac-4de8-9eb0-158e84beccab","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] is when people change behaviour because they know they are being observed.","back":"The Hawthorne effect is when people change behaviour because they know they are being observed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hawthorne effect","correct":true,"explanation":"The Hawthorne effect occurs when awareness of being studied alters participants’ behaviour, potentially reducing the validity of observations because their conduct is no longer natural."},{"text":"placebo effect","correct":false,"explanation":"The placebo effect is a response to believing that a treatment has been received. Behaviour changing through awareness of observation is the Hawthorne effect."},{"text":"halo effect","correct":false,"explanation":"The halo effect occurs when an overall impression influences judgements about particular characteristics. Behaviour altered by awareness of observation demonstrates the Hawthorne effect."},{"text":"social desirability bias","correct":false,"explanation":"Social desirability bias involves giving answers considered socially acceptable, usually in self-reports. The broader behavioural response to knowing one is observed is the Hawthorne effect."}]},{"id":"bf59646c-cad6-45f8-9e4e-3969594cef0e","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why is Humphreys’ Tearoom Trade study heavily criticised ethically?","back":"

Deception.
Invasion of privacy.
Lack of informed consent.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Deception.
Invasion of privacy.
Lack of informed consent.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Humphreys secretly observed sexual encounters and traced participants without their knowledge. This involved deception, intrusion into private behaviour and an absence of informed agreement."},{"text":"

High reliability.
Large sample size.
Strong ecological validity.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are potential methodological strengths rather than ethical violations, and they do not capture the principal criticism. The study used deception, invaded privacy and lacked informed consent."},{"text":"

Full disclosure.
Protection of privacy.
Clear informed consent.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These safeguards were not provided: participants were observed and traced without knowing the research was occurring. The ethical criticisms are deception, invasion of privacy and lack of informed consent."},{"text":"

Overt observation.
Participant debriefing.
Strong right to withdraw.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The observation was covert rather than overt, and participants lacked a meaningful opportunity to withdraw. The study is criticised for deception, invasion of privacy and absent informed consent."}]},{"id":"02a7825e-277e-4e28-8c91-c9f0b7ff00c4","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What ethical trade-off does Patrick’s Glasgow gang study illustrate?","back":"

Covert research can produce rich data on deviance.
It creates deception, harm and safety risks.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Covert research can produce rich data on deviance.
It creates deception, harm and safety risks.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Patrick’s covert participation gave him detailed access to gang life, but concealing his identity deceived members and exposed both participants and the researcher to possible harm."},{"text":"

Covert research can produce unreliable data on deviance.
It removes deception, harm and safety risks.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the central trade-off. Covert participation may improve validity by revealing natural behaviour, but secrecy creates deception and potential harm rather than removing those risks."},{"text":"

Covert research can produce representative data on all groups.
It creates cost, timing and access risks.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Access to one Glasgow gang cannot make findings representative of all groups, while cost and timing are practical rather than central ethical concerns. The trade-off involves rich data versus ethical risks."},{"text":"

Covert research can guarantee objective data on deviance.
It prevents deception, harm and safety risks.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Covert immersion does not guarantee objectivity, because participation may reduce researcher detachment. More importantly, secrecy creates deception, harm and safety risks rather than preventing them."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-14","paperLabel":"Component 1"},"heading":"Ethical issues","title":"Ethical issues Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/sociology/eduqas/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"0a63d096-29b5-51de-9d20-b80a1b488a26","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]