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wellbeing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Health includes physical, mental and social wellbeing.","correct":true,"explanation":"The WHO defines health positively and multidimensionally, including physical, mental and social wellbeing rather than treating health as merely the absence of disease."},{"text":"Health includes physical fitness and bodily strength.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reduces health to bodily functioning and omits the mental and social dimensions added by the WHO. Health includes physical, mental and social wellbeing."},{"text":"Health includes diagnosis, treatment and medical care.","correct":false,"explanation":"Medical diagnosis and treatment concern healthcare rather than the WHO’s broader definition. The definition includes physical, mental and social wellbeing."},{"text":"Health includes financial, occupational and economic security.","correct":false,"explanation":"Economic security may influence health, but it is not one of the three dimensions in the WHO definition. These are physical, mental and social wellbeing."}]},{"id":"38321554-a460-4279-867d-549a1f50c7e5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A condition identified through medical knowledge is [ ], while lived experience of being unwell is [ ].","back":"A condition identified through medical knowledge is disease, while lived experience of being unwell is illness.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A condition identified through medical knowledge is disease, while lived experience of being unwell is illness.","correct":true,"explanation":"Disease is a condition defined through professional medical knowledge, whereas illness refers to the individual’s subjective, lived experience of feeling unwell."},{"text":"A condition identified through medical knowledge is illness, while lived experience of being unwell is disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the concepts: illness is the lived experience of being unwell, while disease is the condition identified and classified through medical knowledge."},{"text":"A condition identified through medical knowledge is sickness, while lived experience of being unwell is illness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sickness is the socially recognised status or role assigned to an unwell person, not the medically identified condition. The correct terms are disease and illness."},{"text":"A condition identified through medical knowledge is disease, while lived experience of being unwell is impairment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Impairment denotes an individual difference or limitation, not subjective unwellness. A medically identified condition is disease, while its lived experience is illness."}]},{"id":"772a9f56-ce9e-44d8-a465-a89a9e5e9bd9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A pupil is allowed time off because others recognise them as ill. Which term applies?","back":"Sickness.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sickness.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sickness is the socially recognised status of being unwell. Permission to miss school shows that others have accepted the pupil’s claim to this social role."},{"text":"Disease.","correct":false,"explanation":"Disease refers to a condition identified through medical knowledge, not the social recognition granted by others. Being excused from normal duties demonstrates sickness."},{"text":"Illness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Illness is the person’s lived experience of feeling unwell. The example instead concerns others recognising that condition and granting the social status of sickness."},{"text":"Impairment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Impairment means an individual difference or limitation and need not involve social recognition as ill. Time off granted by others illustrates sickness."}]},{"id":"5ea3c8ab-c773-4873-835b-2e28ed0e65f2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An individual difference or limitation is [ ]; disadvantage caused by social barriers is [ ].","back":"An individual difference or limitation is impairment; disadvantage caused by social barriers is disability.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An individual difference or limitation is impairment; disadvantage caused by social barriers is disability.","correct":true,"explanation":"Impairment describes an individual difference or limitation. In the social model, disability arises when social, environmental or institutional barriers disadvantage someone with an impairment."},{"text":"An individual difference or limitation is disability; disadvantage caused by social barriers is impairment.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the social model’s distinction. Impairment is the individual difference or limitation, whereas disability is the disadvantage produced by social barriers."},{"text":"An individual difference or limitation is illness; disadvantage caused by social barriers is disability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Illness is the lived experience of being unwell, not the general term for an individual limitation. The correct pairing is impairment followed by disability."},{"text":"An individual difference or limitation is impairment; disadvantage caused by social barriers is sickness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sickness is a socially recognised status associated with illness, not disadvantage generated by inaccessible environments or institutions. Such disadvantage is disability, while the limitation is impairment."}]},{"id":"0cfe380e-66f2-40a7-bf44-e6ca6be846f3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"According to Blaxter, are definitions of health universal or socially variable?","back":"They are socially variable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are socially variable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Blaxter found that understandings of health differ between social groups and circumstances. Definitions therefore reflect social experiences and values rather than being universal."},{"text":"They are biologically universal.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes everyone understands health identically, overlooking differences between social groups and contexts. Blaxter argued that definitions of health are socially variable."},{"text":"They are medically fixed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Medical professionals influence definitions, but Blaxter did not argue that definitions are fixed by medicine. People’s understandings differ socially, making them socially variable."},{"text":"They are legally standardised.","correct":false,"explanation":"Legal rules may affect health provision, but they do not produce one permanent definition. Blaxter’s research shows that understandings of health are socially variable."}]},{"id":"4be5af1e-d81e-4750-8432-0a8eaebf9261","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] is created and maintained through [ ] such as language, law and institutions.","back":"A social construction is created and maintained through social processes such as language, law and institutions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A social construction is created and maintained through social processes such as language, law and institutions.","correct":true,"explanation":"A social construction gains its accepted meaning and apparent reality through social processes. Language, laws and institutions help create, reinforce and reproduce it."},{"text":"A biological condition is created and maintained through social processes such as language, law and institutions.","correct":false,"explanation":"A biological condition may physically exist independently of society, whereas a social construction is produced and maintained through social processes such as language, law and institutions."},{"text":"A social construction is created and maintained through biological processes such as language, law and institutions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Language, law and institutions operate through social rather than biological processes. A social construction is therefore created and maintained through social processes."},{"text":"A genetic characteristic is created and maintained through natural processes such as language, law and institutions.","correct":false,"explanation":"A genetic characteristic is inherited biologically rather than created through natural processes such as language and law. The relevant concepts are social construction and social processes."}]},{"id":"97a79edc-2569-446d-9eb4-38bfc4c7df6f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When a biological condition exists, what does society shape?","back":"Its meaning, label and consequences.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its meaning, label and consequences.","correct":true,"explanation":"Social constructionism does not necessarily deny biological reality. It examines how society interprets a condition, names it and shapes its effects on people’s lives."},{"text":"Its genes, chromosomes and inheritance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Society can influence exposure and treatment, but it does not construct a condition’s inherited genetic sequence. It primarily shapes the condition’s meaning, label and consequences."},{"text":"Its pathology, symptoms and biological cause.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are biological features investigated by medicine, rather than the main social dimensions emphasised by constructionism. Society shapes a condition’s meaning, label and consequences."},{"text":"Its temperature, pulse and blood pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clinical measurements describe bodily processes and are not what the social construction argument primarily identifies as socially shaped. Society shapes meaning, labels and consequences."}]},{"id":"78fac2e7-62d4-4d95-99a1-36019499d929","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If illness is socially constructed, what should you not conclude?","back":"That pain, disease or impairment are imaginary.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"That pain, disease or impairment are imaginary.","correct":true,"explanation":"Social constructionism concerns how conditions are interpreted, classified and responded to. It does not deny that people can experience genuine pain, disease or impairment."},{"text":"That patterns of illness are socially unequal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Illness can genuinely be socially patterned because living conditions, occupations and inequalities affect exposure and outcomes. The mistaken conclusion is that pain, disease or impairment are imaginary."},{"text":"That experiences of illness are culturally influenced.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural beliefs can influence how symptoms are understood and expressed, which is compatible with social constructionism. It does not mean that pain, disease or impairment are imaginary."},{"text":"That medical labels are historically changeable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Medical and social labels can change historically as knowledge and values develop, supporting the constructionist view. The invalid conclusion is that underlying pain, disease or impairment are imaginary."}]},{"id":"42deb6e8-0719-4f8a-89bc-81f38cef57a1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Parsons was a [ ] who argued illness can threaten [ ].","back":"Parsons was a functionalist who argued illness can threaten social order.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Parsons was a functionalist who argued illness can threaten social order.","correct":true,"explanation":"Functionalists view society as an interdependent system requiring stability. Parsons argued that illness disrupts people’s performance of their roles and can therefore threaten social order."},{"text":"Parsons was a Marxist who argued illness can threaten economic equality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Marxists focus on class conflict and inequality, but Parsons was a functionalist. He argued that illness can threaten social order by preventing people from performing expected roles."},{"text":"Parsons was a feminist who argued illness can threaten patriarchal power.","correct":false,"explanation":"Feminists examine gender inequalities and patriarchal power, whereas Parsons was a functionalist. His concern was that illness could disrupt social order and the functioning of society."},{"text":"Parsons was a interactionist who argued illness can threaten individual identity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Interactionists examine meanings, labels and identities in everyday interaction, but Parsons was a functionalist. He argued that illness threatens social order by disrupting expected social roles."}]},{"id":"41cebfd3-2faf-4331-8d53-2e79624f5494","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can illness threaten social order in Parsons’ view?","back":"It stops people performing expected roles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It stops people performing expected roles.","correct":true,"explanation":"Parsons viewed society as a system whose stability depends on people fulfilling expected roles. Illness removes individuals from these duties, potentially disrupting social order."},{"text":"It stops people following medical advice.","correct":false,"explanation":"Failure to follow medical advice concerns one obligation of the sick role, but it is not the main threat to order. Illness threatens order by stopping people performing expected roles."},{"text":"It stops people receiving equal treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unequal treatment is associated more closely with conflict approaches to healthcare. Parsons argued that illness threatens social order because it prevents people from performing expected roles."},{"text":"It stops people developing healthy identities.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identity formation is more characteristic of an interactionist explanation. Parsons focused on social functioning: illness threatens order when people cannot perform their expected roles."}]},{"id":"f0f35902-2aa2-48e7-ad4d-af4c3516d13f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Parsons’ sick role, what normal expectation is the sick person excused from?","back":"Normal responsibilities.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Normal responsibilities.","correct":true,"explanation":"The sick role temporarily exempts a legitimately ill person from normal responsibilities, such as work or household duties, because their illness prevents ordinary role performance."},{"text":"Medical treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sick person is not excused from medical treatment; seeking competent help is an obligation of the sick role. The exemption applies to normal responsibilities."},{"text":"Professional diagnosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Professional diagnosis helps legitimise entry into the sick role rather than being an expectation waived by it. The sick person is excused from normal responsibilities."},{"text":"Efforts to recover.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wanting and trying to recover is an obligation, not an exemption, within Parsons’ sick role. The sick person is instead excused from normal responsibilities."}]},{"id":"0bd0fb35-3d0b-4968-bce8-7fce4443f0b0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Parsons’ sick role, what attitude toward illness is expected?","back":"The person should want to recover.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The person should want to recover.","correct":true,"explanation":"Parsons argued that illness should be treated as an undesirable, temporary condition. A sick person must therefore want to recover rather than accept the role permanently."},{"text":"The person should accept permanent dependency.","correct":false,"explanation":"Permanent dependency contradicts Parsons’ view of illness as a temporary form of deviance. The sick person is expected to want to recover and resume normal roles."},{"text":"The person should question medical authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parsons’ model expects cooperation with medical professionals rather than resistance to their authority. The required attitude is a genuine desire to recover from the illness."},{"text":"The person should embrace their illness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating illness as a valued identity conflicts with Parsons’ assumption that sickness is undesirable and temporary. The person is expected to want to recover."}]},{"id":"bcd529e0-9400-4318-bb34-c3ac1d105b3d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Parsons’ sick role, what help is the sick person expected to seek?","back":"Competent medical help.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Competent medical help.","correct":true,"explanation":"The sick role requires the individual to seek competent medical help and cooperate with treatment, demonstrating a commitment to recovery and eventual return to normal responsibilities."},{"text":"Informal family support.","correct":false,"explanation":"Family support may help an ill person, but it does not fulfil Parsons’ formal sick-role obligation. The person is expected to seek competent medical help."},{"text":"Alternative spiritual guidance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spiritual guidance may be personally meaningful, but Parsons specifically emphasised recognised medical expertise. The sick person is expected to seek competent medical help."},{"text":"Government welfare assistance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Welfare assistance may reduce the financial effects of illness, but it is not the help required by Parsons’ sick role. The expected help is competent medical help."}]},{"id":"d433cb05-c99e-45ea-813d-6a16afe77721","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What gatekeeping role do doctors play in Parsons’ sick role?","back":"They decide whether someone is legitimately sick.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They decide whether someone is legitimately sick.","correct":true,"explanation":"Doctors act as gatekeepers by diagnosing illness and authorising entry into the sick role. Their judgement establishes whether exemption from normal responsibilities is socially legitimate."},{"text":"They decide whether someone is economically productive.","correct":false,"explanation":"Economic productivity may be affected by illness, but assessing it is not the doctor’s gatekeeping function in Parsons’ model. Doctors decide whether someone is legitimately sick."},{"text":"They decide whether someone is socially conformist.","correct":false,"explanation":"Doctors do not assess a person’s general conformity to social norms in the sick-role model. Their gatekeeping task is to determine whether the person is legitimately sick."},{"text":"They decide whether someone is morally virtuous.","correct":false,"explanation":"Moral virtue is not the criterion doctors use to authorise the sick role. Their professional diagnosis determines whether someone can be regarded as legitimately sick."}]},{"id":"d51c5870-89d0-45f0-904d-7aee2bf34030","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is Parsons’ sick role weak for chronic illness?","back":"Recovery may not be possible.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Recovery may not be possible.","correct":true,"explanation":"Parsons’ model assumes that sickness is temporary and that the patient should recover. Chronic conditions challenge this because full recovery may not be possible."},{"text":"Recovery may happen very quickly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rapid recovery fits Parsons’ assumption that illness is temporary rather than exposing a weakness. Chronic illness challenges the model because recovery may not be possible."},{"text":"Recovery may require medical help.","correct":false,"explanation":"Needing medical help supports rather than weakens Parsons’ model, which requires patients to seek competent treatment. The difficulty with chronic illness is that recovery may not be possible."},{"text":"Recovery may restore normal roles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Returning to normal roles is precisely the outcome Parsons’ sick role anticipates. Chronic illness exposes a weakness because complete recovery and role restoration may not be possible."}]},{"id":"120b2432-b054-4c32-b6c9-4214925aceb6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When human experiences or social problems become defined and treated as [ ], this is [ ].","back":"When human experiences or social problems become defined and treated as medical issues, this is medicalisation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When human experiences or social problems become defined and treated as medical issues, this is medicalisation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Medicalisation occurs when experiences or behaviours previously understood in non-medical terms become classified, diagnosed and treated as medical problems requiring professional intervention."},{"text":"When human experiences or social problems become defined and treated as criminal issues, this is criminalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Criminalisation means defining conduct as illegal and subjecting it to legal sanctions. Defining human experiences or social problems as medical issues is medicalisation."},{"text":"When human experiences or social problems become defined and treated as moral issues, this is stigmatisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stigmatisation involves attaching a discrediting label or negative status, not simply defining something morally. Medicalisation means defining and treating experiences or problems as medical issues."},{"text":"When human experiences or social problems become defined and treated as political issues, this is politicisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Politicisation places an issue within political debate and decision-making. The process described in the card concerns definition and treatment as medical issues, which is medicalisation."}]},{"id":"44ee3d37-d48b-419c-8b01-c129a33d4333","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can medicalisation reduce moral blame?","back":"It frames problems as medical rather than moral.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It frames problems as medical rather than moral.","correct":true,"explanation":"Medicalisation interprets behaviour or suffering as illness, reducing the tendency to blame individuals for moral weakness or personal wrongdoing."},{"text":"It frames problems as moral rather than medical.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship and would increase moral judgement. Medicalisation reduces blame by framing problems as medical conditions rather than moral failings."},{"text":"It frames problems as personal rather than social.","correct":false,"explanation":"Individualising a problem does not necessarily remove moral blame. Medicalisation does so specifically by treating the problem as medical rather than as moral wrongdoing."},{"text":"It frames problems as criminal rather than medical.","correct":false,"explanation":"Defining behaviour as criminal can increase blame and punishment. Medicalisation reduces moral blame by interpreting the problem as a medical condition instead."}]},{"id":"45ed0de2-0355-4e32-9946-8b4cad0e17e1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What can medicalisation expand over everyday life?","back":"Professional control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Professional control.","correct":true,"explanation":"Medicalisation allows medical professionals to define, diagnose and manage more areas of ordinary life, thereby expanding their professional control."},{"text":"Individual autonomy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reliance on medical definitions can restrict rather than expand individual autonomy. Medicalisation extends professional control by giving experts authority over everyday experiences."},{"text":"Family authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"Medicalisation transfers authority towards medical experts, not families. It expands professional control as doctors and other specialists define and manage everyday problems."},{"text":"Religious control.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses medical authority with religious authority. Medicalisation expands professional control because medical experts gain influence over behaviours and experiences previously outside medicine."}]},{"id":"dc72814c-b40e-4d09-a4f9-17de831f5368","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which sociologist argued medicine became a major institution of social control?","back":"Zola.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Zola.","correct":true,"explanation":"Irving Zola argued that medicine had become a major institution of social control by defining and managing an expanding range of human conditions."},{"text":"Parsons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parsons developed the sick role, focusing on the rights and obligations attached to illness. Zola specifically described medicine as a major institution of social control."},{"text":"Illich.","correct":false,"explanation":"Illich criticised medicine for creating iatrogenic harm and dependency on experts. Zola specifically argued that medicine had become a major institution of social control."},{"text":"Foucault.","correct":false,"explanation":"Foucault analysed surveillance, disciplinary power and the medical gaze. The specific claim that medicine became a major institution of social control is associated with Zola."}]},{"id":"9ae67a30-c35c-445f-bda6-a0b92f8a35f3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Illich called harm caused by medical treatment or over-dependence on experts [ ].","back":"Illich called harm caused by medical treatment or over-dependence on experts iatrogenesis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"iatrogenesis","correct":true,"explanation":"Illich used iatrogenesis to describe harm produced by medicine itself, including harmful treatment and increased dependence on medical professionals."},{"text":"medicalisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Medicalisation is the process of defining non-medical problems as medical conditions. Illich called harm caused by treatment or dependence on experts iatrogenesis."},{"text":"commodification","correct":false,"explanation":"Commodification means turning something into a marketable commodity. Illich used iatrogenesis for the harm caused by medical intervention or over-dependence on experts."},{"text":"professionalisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Professionalisation concerns an occupation gaining specialist status and authority. The term Illich used for medically caused harm and expert dependency was iatrogenesis."}]},{"id":"71d5c021-145d-49dd-a405-54ad5093b476","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Foucault’s [ ] views the body through [ ].","back":"Foucault’s medical gaze views the body through clinical categories.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Foucault’s medical gaze views the body through clinical categories.","correct":true,"explanation":"The medical gaze describes how medicine separates the body from the whole person and interprets it through clinical classifications, signs and symptoms."},{"text":"Foucault’s panopticon views the body through clinical categories.","correct":false,"explanation":"The panopticon illustrates surveillance and self-discipline rather than this clinical way of seeing the body. Foucault’s medical gaze operates through clinical categories."},{"text":"Foucault’s medical gaze views the body through moral categories.","correct":false,"explanation":"The medical gaze classifies bodies using clinical knowledge, not primarily moral judgements. Foucault argued that it views the body through clinical categories."},{"text":"Foucault’s disciplinary power views the body through economic categories.","correct":false,"explanation":"Disciplinary power concerns surveillance and regulation, while economic categories concern production and value. The medical gaze views the body through clinical categories."}]},{"id":"dd1577bb-432d-432c-8295-190a9cf599e9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What power is central to Freidson’s professional dominance?","back":"Doctors control diagnosis and treatment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Doctors control diagnosis and treatment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freidson’s professional dominance rests on doctors’ authority to identify illness and decide how it should be treated, giving them control over healthcare work."},{"text":"Doctors control funding and taxation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Governments and public bodies primarily control taxation and healthcare funding. Freidson’s professional dominance concerns doctors’ control over diagnosis and treatment."},{"text":"Doctors control housing and employment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Housing and employment are governed mainly by employers, markets and the state. Freidson focused on medical authority over diagnosis and treatment."},{"text":"Doctors control education and religion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Education and religion are separate social institutions rather than the basis of medical dominance. Freidson emphasised doctors’ control of diagnosis and treatment."}]},{"id":"e7ed6740-81c6-4af9-a181-ad5330f9feac","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Contrast where the medical and social models locate disability.","back":"

Medical model: individual body or mind.
Social model: social barriers and unequal power.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Medical model: individual body or mind.
Social model: social barriers and unequal power.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The medical model locates disability in an individual impairment, whereas the social model locates it in inaccessible environments, discrimination and unequal social power."},{"text":"

Medical model: social barriers and unequal power.
Social model: individual body or mind.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two approaches. The medical model focuses on the individual body or mind, while the social model focuses on social barriers and unequal power."},{"text":"

Medical model: cultural values and prejudice.
Social model: genetic defects and disease.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This wrongly assigns social explanations to the medical model and biological explanations to the social model. Their actual locations are individual impairment and social barriers respectively."},{"text":"

Medical model: political rules and institutions.
Social model: personal choices and motivation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither model locates disability in these ways. The medical model centres the individual body or mind, while the social model identifies barriers and unequal power."}]},{"id":"74e981cf-7006-4822-906e-82a7e22d36ca","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can stigma affect a disabled person’s identity?","back":"Labels can make others treat them as less capable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Labels can make others treat them as less capable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Stigmatising labels can create assumptions of dependence or incompetence, shaping social interactions and potentially influencing how a disabled person understands their identity."},{"text":"Labels can make others treat them as more powerful.","correct":false,"explanation":"Disability stigma generally reduces perceived status rather than increasing power. Labels can lead others to treat a disabled person as less capable."},{"text":"Labels can make others treat them as fully recovered.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stigma does not imply that an impairment has disappeared or recovery has occurred. It can cause others to assume that the person is less capable."},{"text":"Labels can make others treat them as socially dominant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stigmatised groups are usually assigned lower status rather than social dominance. Disability labels can make others wrongly view the person as less capable."}]},{"id":"3b142c7d-7580-49e8-9b6e-f7ed32f07165","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does the Equality Act 2010 require from workplaces, education and services?","back":"Institutions must make reasonable adjustments.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Institutions must make reasonable adjustments.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Equality Act 2010 requires reasonable changes that prevent disabled people being placed at a substantial disadvantage in workplaces, education and access to services."},{"text":"Institutions must provide identical treatment in every case.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating everyone identically can preserve disadvantages because people have different needs. The Act requires institutions to make reasonable adjustments so disabled people can participate more equally."},{"text":"Institutions must remove all barriers regardless of cost.","correct":false,"explanation":"The duty is not unlimited, as factors such as effectiveness, practicality and cost may be considered. Institutions must make reasonable adjustments rather than remove every barrier regardless of cost."},{"text":"Institutions must make adjustments only after legal action.","correct":false,"explanation":"Institutions should anticipate and respond to disability-related disadvantage without waiting for a court case. The Equality Act requires reasonable adjustments as part of their ongoing legal duties."}]},{"id":"c4355115-72b3-4a96-a93c-8c5c022d1117","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is Shakespeare’s criticism of the social model of disability?","back":"It can underplay real pain, fatigue or limitation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can underplay real pain, fatigue or limitation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Shakespeare argues that focusing heavily on socially created barriers may neglect the genuine bodily effects of impairment, including pain, fatigue and restrictions on activity."},{"text":"It can underplay social barriers and discrimination.","correct":false,"explanation":"The social model specifically emphasises barriers and discrimination rather than underplaying them. Shakespeare’s criticism is that it may overlook real pain, fatigue or limitation caused by impairment."},{"text":"It can overstate real pain, fatigue or limitation.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Shakespeare’s criticism. He argues that the social model can underplay the lived physical effects of impairment by concentrating primarily on disabling social arrangements."},{"text":"It can treat impairment as the sole cause of disability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating impairment as the sole cause is associated with the medical model. Shakespeare instead criticises the social model for potentially underplaying real pain, fatigue or limitation."}]},{"id":"da2f3c29-9395-42ad-8faa-3e376b6ccaac","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How have recent UK health policies shifted professionals’ roles?","back":"Towards prevention, risk management and multi-agency working.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Towards prevention, risk management and multi-agency working.","correct":true,"explanation":"Recent policies increasingly expect professionals to prevent health problems, identify and manage risks, and cooperate across healthcare, social care, education and other agencies."},{"text":"Towards acute treatment, professional isolation and single-agency working.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes a reactive and fragmented approach rather than the recent policy direction. Professionals have shifted towards prevention, risk management and cooperation between multiple agencies."},{"text":"Towards institutional care, crisis response and medical specialisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although specialist and crisis services remain important, recent policy has not centred professional roles on them. The broader shift is towards prevention, risk management and multi-agency working."},{"text":"Towards diagnosis, hospital expansion and isolated case management.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reflects a hospital-centred model in which professionals work separately and respond after illness develops. Recent policies instead emphasise prevention, managing risk and coordinated multi-agency work."}]},{"id":"ed1c63c0-ccbd-458a-9acc-2f0ff30ea363","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Tudor Hart’s [ ] says those most needing healthcare may have the [ ] to high-quality care.","back":"Tudor Hart’s inverse care law says those most needing healthcare may have the least access to high-quality care.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Tudor Hart’s inverse care law says those most needing healthcare may have the least access to high-quality care.","correct":true,"explanation":"The inverse care law identifies a social inequality: the availability of good healthcare often decreases as the population’s need for that healthcare increases."},{"text":"Tudor Hart’s inverse care law says those most needing healthcare may have the greatest access to high-quality care.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship identified by Tudor Hart. The inverse care law states that those with the greatest healthcare needs may have the least access to high-quality care."},{"text":"Tudor Hart’s sick role says those most needing healthcare may have the least access to high-quality care.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sick role is Parsons’ concept about the rights and responsibilities attached to illness. Tudor Hart’s concept is the inverse care law, which links greater need with poorer access."},{"text":"Tudor Hart’s medicalisation thesis says those most needing healthcare may have the equal access to high-quality care.","correct":false,"explanation":"Medicalisation concerns non-medical issues being defined and treated as medical problems, while equal access contradicts Tudor Hart’s argument. His inverse care law predicts least access among those most in need."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-14","paperLabel":"Component 1"},"heading":"Definitions and the social construction of health, illness and disability","title":"Definitions and the social construction of health, illness and disability Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/sociology/eduqas/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"1934a198-f1a3-574f-9ced-70c958474e92","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]