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access","correct":true,"explanation":"Social inequality concerns unequal opportunities to obtain valued economic, social and political resources, including money, education, good health, status and power."},{"text":"equal access","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the concept by suggesting resources are equally available. The correct term is unequal access, because opportunities and resources are unevenly distributed."},{"text":"universal access","correct":false,"explanation":"Universal access would mean valued resources were available to everyone. Social inequality instead means unequal access to resources such as housing, education and power."},{"text":"equal entitlement","correct":false,"explanation":"Formal entitlement does not describe the uneven distribution of actual opportunities and resources. The correct term is unequal access, which highlights differences between social groups."}]},{"id":"841cd7ef-4226-47ed-8307-57b9241aefff","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are poverty and inequality not the same?","back":"

Poverty: lacking sufficient resources.
Inequality: gaps between people or groups.

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Poverty: lacking sufficient resources.
Inequality: gaps between people or groups.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Poverty concerns whether resources are sufficient to meet needs, whereas inequality concerns how unevenly resources are distributed between individuals or social groups."},{"text":"

Poverty: gaps between people or groups.
Inequality: lacking sufficient resources.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These definitions are reversed. Poverty means lacking sufficient resources, while inequality refers to gaps in resources or outcomes between people or groups."},{"text":"

Poverty: unequal distribution of resources.
Inequality: inability to meet basic needs.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses distribution with deprivation. Poverty involves lacking sufficient resources, while inequality describes gaps in resources between people or social groups."},{"text":"

Poverty: all differences between groups.
Inequality: only extreme material deprivation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Poverty is not every group difference, and inequality is not limited to extreme deprivation. Poverty means insufficient resources; inequality means gaps between people or groups."}]},{"id":"95f8d1bd-c088-4e6f-91a4-efa52bfe3271","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is a flow of money over time; [ ] is a stock of assets minus debts.","back":"Income is a flow of money over time; wealth is a stock of assets minus debts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Income is a flow of money over time; wealth is a stock of assets minus debts.","correct":true,"explanation":"Income is money received across a period, such as wages or benefits. Wealth is accumulated ownership of assets after outstanding debts are deducted."},{"text":"Wealth is a flow of money over time; wealth is a stock of assets minus debts.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats wealth as both a flow and a stock. Income is the flow of money over time, while wealth is the stock of net assets."},{"text":"Income is a flow of money over time; income is a stock of assets minus debts.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first definition is accurate, but the second mistakes income for accumulated assets. Wealth, not income, is the stock of assets minus debts."},{"text":"Property is a flow of money over time; debt is a stock of assets minus debts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Property is an asset rather than a flow, and debt is a liability rather than net assets. Income is the flow; wealth is assets minus debts."}]},{"id":"8b9394af-f6dc-4236-b481-81e94d17f55b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What life-chance advantage can wealth give beyond regular income?","back":"Wealth gives security, choice and influence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Wealth gives security, choice and influence.","correct":true,"explanation":"Accumulated wealth can provide protection against emergencies, widen available choices and confer social or political influence beyond the benefits supplied by regular income."},{"text":"Debt gives security, choice and influence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Debt generally creates repayment obligations and may restrict choices rather than provide security. Wealth gives security, choice and influence because it supplies accumulated resources."},{"text":"Wealth gives insecurity, restriction and dependence.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the usual life-chance effects of wealth. Wealth generally increases security, choice and influence by providing assets that can be used when needed."},{"text":"Wealth gives wages, taxation and employment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wages, taxation and employment are income or labour-market processes, not life-chance advantages created by assets. Wealth instead gives security, choice and influence."}]},{"id":"95d617d5-8658-4dbc-b04d-df25daec0374","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can wealth reproduce advantage across generations?","back":"Inheritance passes assets or financial support to children.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Inheritance passes assets or financial support to children.","correct":true,"explanation":"Inheritance transfers wealth or financial assistance between generations, enabling children from wealthier families to retain advantages in housing, education and other life chances."},{"text":"Socialisation passes assets or financial support to children.","correct":false,"explanation":"Socialisation transmits norms, values and behaviour rather than legal ownership of wealth. Inheritance passes assets or financial support from parents to children."},{"text":"Employment passes assets or financial support to children.","correct":false,"explanation":"Employment provides earnings to workers but does not itself transfer family wealth across generations. Inheritance passes assets or financial support to children."},{"text":"Consumption passes assets or financial support to children.","correct":false,"explanation":"Consumption uses resources rather than transferring accumulated wealth between generations. Inheritance passes assets or financial support to children and therefore reproduces advantage."}]},{"id":"ed0cd36a-6e39-4740-b828-6d26c9d04c14","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a higher Gini coefficient indicate?","back":"Greater income inequality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Greater income inequality.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Gini coefficient measures the unevenness of income distribution. A higher value means income is more concentrated, indicating greater income inequality."},{"text":"Greater income equality.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the Gini scale. A higher coefficient indicates greater income inequality, while a lower coefficient represents a more equal distribution."},{"text":"Lower average income.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Gini coefficient measures distribution, not the average level of income. A higher coefficient indicates greater income inequality, even in a high-income society."},{"text":"Greater absolute poverty.","correct":false,"explanation":"A Gini coefficient does not directly measure whether basic needs can be met. It indicates greater income inequality rather than necessarily greater absolute poverty."}]},{"id":"2062f7a9-c068-4176-af57-1051027771fe","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happened to UK income inequality during the 1980s?","back":"It rose sharply.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It rose sharply.","correct":true,"explanation":"UK income inequality increased substantially during the 1980s, associated with labour-market restructuring, reduced trade-union power and widening differences in earnings and wealth."},{"text":"It fell sharply.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the historical trend. UK income inequality rose sharply during the 1980s as earnings gaps widened and economic restructuring disadvantaged many workers."},{"text":"It remained stable.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 1980s were marked by a significant change rather than stability. UK income inequality rose sharply as the distribution of income became less equal."},{"text":"It rose slightly.","correct":false,"explanation":"This understates the scale of the change. UK income inequality rose sharply during the 1980s, producing a substantial widening of income differences."}]},{"id":"516de2b6-db48-4969-a913-2282eb9521d8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which change removed many former industrial jobs and helped raise inequality?","back":"Deindustrialisation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Deindustrialisation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Deindustrialisation involved the decline of manufacturing and other traditional industries, removing many secure industrial jobs and contributing to unemployment, low pay and wider inequality."},{"text":"Industrialisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Industrialisation describes the expansion of industrial production rather than its decline. Deindustrialisation removed many former industrial jobs and helped increase inequality."},{"text":"Reindustrialisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reindustrialisation means renewed growth in industrial activity, not the loss of established industrial employment. Deindustrialisation removed many former industrial jobs and increased inequality."},{"text":"Urbanisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Urbanisation is the growth of towns and cities and does not specifically describe industrial job losses. Deindustrialisation caused the decline of former industrial employment."}]},{"id":"ae83a4f0-212b-4fd4-9df9-33ad37d7d87f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did the cost-of-living crisis hit low-income households hardest?","back":"Essentials take up more of their budget.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Essentials take up more of their budget.","correct":true,"explanation":"Lower-income households spend a larger proportion of their income on necessities such as food, energy and housing, so price rises leave less money available for other needs."},{"text":"Luxuries take up more of their budget.","correct":false,"explanation":"Luxury spending generally forms a smaller share of low-income budgets. The crisis hit these households hardest because essentials take up more of their limited income."},{"text":"Savings take up more of their budget.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low-income households are less likely to have large savings than wealthier households. They were affected most because essentials consume a greater proportion of their budget."},{"text":"Income tax takes up more of their budget.","correct":false,"explanation":"Income tax does not explain why rising prices affected poorer households disproportionately. Essentials take up more of their budget, making inflation harder to absorb."}]},{"id":"0c870637-a2b4-4fca-8eff-0df86e177b1e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is wealth usually more unequal than income?","back":"Assets accumulate over time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Assets accumulate over time.","correct":true,"explanation":"Wealth consists largely of assets such as property, savings and investments, whose value can build across a lifetime and be transferred between generations."},{"text":"Wages accumulate over time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wages are a flow of income rather than a stock of wealth. Assets accumulate over time through saving, investment, appreciation and inheritance, producing greater inequality."},{"text":"Benefits accumulate over time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Benefits provide current income and do not normally build into a transferable stock. Wealth is more unequal because assets accumulate and can appreciate over time."},{"text":"Tax bands widen over time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tax bands do not themselves create a cumulative stock of resources. Wealth inequality is greater because assets accumulate over time and may be inherited."}]},{"id":"0726cb04-85b4-4ac4-b6dc-8e3540a28f11","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do rising house prices widen wealth inequality?","back":"

Homeowners gain housing wealth.
Renters and younger adults struggle to buy.

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Homeowners gain housing wealth.
Renters and younger adults struggle to buy.

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Homeowners lose housing wealth.
Renters and younger adults find it easier to buy.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Rising prices increase rather than reduce owners' housing wealth. Renters and younger adults usually find purchasing harder because deposits and mortgage requirements also rise."},{"text":"

Renters gain housing wealth.
Older homeowners struggle to sell.

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All households gain housing wealth.
Owners and renters benefit equally.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Higher house prices do not distribute wealth equally because only property owners receive the capital gain. Renters and many younger adults are pushed further from ownership."}]},{"id":"f0495765-6cbe-4e0f-9a09-4fa54626d828","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] increased home ownership for some council tenants but reduced the stock of [ ].","back":"Right to Buy increased home ownership for some council tenants but reduced the stock of social housing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Right to Buy increased home ownership for some council tenants but reduced the stock of social housing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Right to Buy allowed eligible council tenants to purchase their homes at a discount, but many sold properties were not replaced, shrinking social housing provision."},{"text":"Right to Buy increased home ownership for some council tenants but reduced the stock of private housing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Right to Buy transferred dwellings from the social sector into private ownership, so it reduced social housing rather than the overall stock of private housing."},{"text":"Help to Buy increased home ownership for some council tenants but reduced the stock of social housing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Help to Buy supported some purchasers but was not the policy that sold council homes to their tenants. Right to Buy reduced the social housing stock."},{"text":"Right to Rent increased home ownership for some council tenants but reduced the stock of private housing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Right to Rent concerns immigration checks in the rental sector and did not sell council houses. Right to Buy increased ownership while reducing social housing."}]},{"id":"1c82a10a-0a50-4d63-b812-4fb3c01ea66e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is movement between parents' and children's positions; [ ] is movement within one lifetime.","back":"Intergenerational mobility is movement between parents' and children's positions; intragenerational mobility is movement within one lifetime.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Intergenerational mobility is movement between parents' and children's positions; intragenerational mobility is movement within one lifetime.","correct":true,"explanation":"Intergenerational mobility compares the social positions of parents and children, whereas intragenerational mobility tracks changes in one person's position during their lifetime."},{"text":"Intragenerational mobility is movement between parents' and children's positions; intergenerational mobility is movement within one lifetime.","correct":false,"explanation":"The terms have been reversed. Parent-child comparison is intergenerational mobility, while movement through the course of an individual's own life is intragenerational mobility."},{"text":"Absolute mobility is movement between parents' and children's positions; intragenerational mobility is movement within one lifetime.","correct":false,"explanation":"Absolute mobility measures the total amount of movement associated with structural change, not parent-child differences. Those differences are measured by intergenerational mobility."},{"text":"Intergenerational mobility is movement between parents' and children's positions; horizontal mobility is movement within one lifetime.","correct":false,"explanation":"Horizontal mobility means movement between positions of broadly similar status. Movement within one person's lifetime is intragenerational mobility, while parent-child comparison is intergenerational."}]},{"id":"fdaaa900-d5ca-4c33-9472-8039b27b5d15","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A move from a low-status to a high-status occupation is which mobility type?","back":"Upward vertical mobility.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Upward vertical mobility.","correct":true,"explanation":"The move is vertical because occupational status changes, and upward because the individual enters a position with higher status than before."},{"text":"Horizontal social mobility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Horizontal mobility involves movement between occupations of broadly equal status. Moving from a low-status occupation to a high-status one is upward vertical mobility."},{"text":"Downward vertical mobility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Downward vertical mobility is movement to a lower-status position. A move from low to high occupational status is classified as upward vertical mobility."},{"text":"Intergenerational social mobility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Intergenerational mobility compares a person's position with their parents' position. The direction described here is specifically upward vertical mobility between occupational levels."}]},{"id":"4f8fa91f-a3c2-407f-a547-841e3d404d2b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the key difference between absolute and relative mobility?","back":"

Absolute: total movement from job-structure change.
Relative: comparative chances for different backgrounds.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Absolute: total movement from job-structure change.
Relative: comparative chances for different backgrounds.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Absolute mobility measures how much movement occurs overall, often because the occupational structure expands or contracts. Relative mobility compares opportunities between people from different origins."},{"text":"

Absolute: comparative chances for different backgrounds.
Relative: total movement from job-structure change.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These definitions are reversed. Occupational restructuring produces absolute mobility, whereas relative mobility compares the chances of people from different social backgrounds."},{"text":"

Absolute: movement between different generations.
Relative: movement during one person's lifetime.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Absolute mobility is not restricted to movement between generations, and relative mobility is not movement within a lifetime. They concern total movement and comparative chances respectively."},{"text":"

Absolute: movement into higher-status occupations.
Relative: movement into lower-status occupations.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Absolute and relative mobility do not distinguish upward from downward movement. Absolute mobility measures total movement, while relative mobility compares chances across social origins."}]},{"id":"1f817469-9417-42b7-80d9-2a94f0529f0f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did Goldthorpe's Oxford Mobility Study find?","back":"

Significant absolute mobility, partly from occupational change.
Class origins still mattered.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Significant absolute mobility, partly from occupational change.
Class origins still mattered.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Goldthorpe found considerable movement as professional and managerial employment expanded, but unequal relative chances persisted because class background continued to shape destinations."},{"text":"

Very little absolute mobility, despite occupational change.
Class origins no longer mattered.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The study found substantial absolute mobility, not very little, as the occupational structure changed. It also showed that class origins continued to influence opportunities."},{"text":"

Significant absolute mobility, entirely from equal education.
Class origins no longer mattered.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Goldthorpe did not conclude that education had produced equal chances. Absolute mobility was partly structural, while persistent class-origin effects demonstrated continuing relative inequality."},{"text":"

Significant downward mobility, mainly from occupational decline.
Individual ability alone determined outcomes.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The central finding was significant absolute movement associated partly with occupational expansion, not predominantly downward decline. Outcomes remained patterned by class origins rather than ability alone."}]},{"id":"2b4e98e1-2188-4232-a0b0-90ae5286f6fd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does Friedman and Laurison's class ceiling describe?","back":"Working-class entrants to elite jobs earn less and progress slower.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Working-class entrants to elite jobs earn less and progress slower.","correct":true,"explanation":"Friedman and Laurison use the class ceiling to show that working-class people who enter elite occupations still face lower earnings and slower career progression than privileged colleagues."},{"text":"Women entrants to elite jobs earn less and progress slower.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses class inequality with gender inequality. The class ceiling specifically concerns working-class entrants, who earn less and progress more slowly despite reaching elite occupations."},{"text":"Working-class entrants to manual jobs earn more and progress faster.","correct":false,"explanation":"The class ceiling describes disadvantage within elite occupations, not an advantage in manual work. Working-class entrants to elite jobs experience lower pay and slower progression."},{"text":"Middle-class entrants to elite jobs earn less and progress slower.","correct":false,"explanation":"Middle-class entrants generally benefit from privileged resources and networks. The class ceiling refers to working-class entrants facing reduced earnings and progression after entering elite jobs."}]},{"id":"512a1810-b912-441e-a37e-368a47d11e7d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For Davis and Moore, inequality motivates people to [ ], supporting [ ].","back":"For Davis and Moore, inequality motivates people to train for important roles, supporting role allocation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For Davis and Moore, inequality motivates people to train for important roles, supporting role allocation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Davis and Moore argue that unequal rewards encourage people to undertake the training needed for functionally important positions, helping society allocate individuals to roles."},{"text":"For Davis and Moore, inequality motivates people to compete for scarce resources, supporting class conflict.","correct":false,"explanation":"These ideas reflect a conflict perspective rather than functionalism. Davis and Moore argue that unequal rewards encourage training and support the allocation of people to social roles."},{"text":"For Davis and Moore, inequality motivates people to inherit privileged positions, supporting social closure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Inherited privilege and social closure explain how advantages can be restricted, but they are not Davis and Moore's functionalist argument about training and role allocation."},{"text":"For Davis and Moore, inequality motivates people to reject difficult occupations, supporting social disorganisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Their argument is the reverse: unequal rewards are intended to attract people towards demanding, important occupations and help society fill necessary roles."}]},{"id":"a71314b4-58f0-4c32-8539-b3a5ae06e264","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did Tumin criticise Davis and Moore?","back":"Inequality wastes talent by blocking poorer groups' abilities.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Inequality wastes talent by blocking poorer groups' abilities.","correct":true,"explanation":"Tumin argued that unequal rewards and opportunities can prevent talented people from poorer backgrounds developing their abilities, so society loses potential contributions."},{"text":"Inequality identifies talent by rewarding poorer groups' abilities.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is closer to Davis and Moore's functionalist claim, not Tumin's criticism. Tumin argued that inequality can block talented poorer people and waste their abilities."},{"text":"Inequality creates talent by forcing poorer groups to compete.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tumin did not claim that competition creates talent. His criticism was that unequal access can stop existing abilities among poorer groups from being recognised or developed."},{"text":"Inequality protects talent by excluding poorer groups from roles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Exclusion does not protect talent in Tumin's view. It prevents capable people from accessing opportunities, meaning their abilities are wasted rather than used."}]},{"id":"f13f60fa-329f-470c-baf1-822f160c584a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do Marxists explain inequality under capitalism?","back":"

Bourgeoisie own the means of production.
Profit depends on exploiting the proletariat.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Bourgeoisie own the means of production.
Profit depends on exploiting the proletariat.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Marxists link capitalist inequality to class ownership and exploitation: the bourgeoisie control productive resources, while profit comes from extracting value from proletarian labour."},{"text":"

Proletariat own the means of production.
Wages depend on exploiting the bourgeoisie.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the Marxist class relationship. The bourgeoisie own productive resources and exploit proletarian labour, while workers generally receive wages rather than controlling production."},{"text":"

State officials own the means of production.
Profit depends on rewarding the proletariat.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Marxists identify the capitalist class, not state officials, as the owners of production. Profit is linked to exploitation of workers, not simply rewarding them."},{"text":"

Bourgeoisie share the means of production equally.
Profit depends on exploiting consumers.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The bourgeoisie do not share productive resources equally with workers, and exploitation primarily concerns proletarian labour. These changes remove the central ownership and class-exploitation argument."}]},{"id":"082c625a-eb71-4161-8cc0-72c45697e876","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Weberian theory adds [ ] and [ ] to class when explaining inequality.","back":"Weberian theory adds status and party to class when explaining inequality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Weberian theory adds status and party to class when explaining inequality.","correct":true,"explanation":"Weberian theory sees inequality as multidimensional: class concerns economic position, status concerns social prestige, and party concerns organised power or political influence."},{"text":"Weberian theory adds gender and ethnicity to class when explaining inequality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gender and ethnicity are important dimensions of inequality, but this is not Weber's specific three-part model. Weber adds status and party to class."},{"text":"Weberian theory adds occupation and income to class when explaining inequality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Occupation and income can indicate class position, but they are not the additional dimensions named in Weber's model. The relevant additions are status and party."},{"text":"Weberian theory adds culture and education to class when explaining inequality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Culture and education may influence status or life chances, but they are not Weber's named additions to class. His multidimensional approach uses status and party."}]},{"id":"a4ddceb5-5cb6-47df-9cd8-cf385cc375ef","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can unpaid care reproduce gender inequality?","back":"Unpaid caring work limits women's paid work and asset-building.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Unpaid caring work limits women's paid work and asset-building.","correct":true,"explanation":"Unpaid care can reduce women's time for paid employment, promotion and pension contributions, while also limiting opportunities to accumulate savings and other assets."},{"text":"Unpaid caring work increases women's paid work and asset-building.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unpaid care usually restricts time available for employment and accumulation. The resulting career interruptions and reduced earnings can limit women's ability to build assets."},{"text":"Paid caring work limits men's paid work and asset-building.","correct":false,"explanation":"The issue here is unpaid domestic and caring labour, which is disproportionately performed by women. It can restrict women's paid employment and wealth accumulation."},{"text":"Unpaid caring work equalises women's paid work and asset-building.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unpaid care does not generally equalise economic outcomes because it can create unequal time burdens. Those burdens may reduce women's earnings, career progression and asset-building."}]},{"id":"ab7a37af-e720-4600-9920-b28e830c50da","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can middle-class families use cultural capital to reproduce advantage?","back":"Valued language, school confidence and activities help children succeed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Valued language, school confidence and activities help children succeed.","correct":true,"explanation":"Middle-class cultural capital includes valued ways of speaking, confidence in educational settings and participation in recognised activities, all of which can help children gain educational advantages."},{"text":"Informal language, school anxiety and activities help children succeed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Schools tend to reward valued language and confidence rather than anxiety. Cultural capital creates advantage when children's communication and activities match institutional expectations."},{"text":"Valued language, school confidence and isolation help children succeed.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first two features can provide cultural advantage, but isolation is not the beneficial activity described. Recognised extracurricular participation can support educational success."},{"text":"Working-class language, school confidence and activities help children succeed.","correct":false,"explanation":"School confidence and activities may help, but this answer misidentifies the linguistic advantage. The argument concerns language valued by educational institutions, commonly associated with middle-class culture."}]},{"id":"9d918c51-2636-48ec-b6c5-511883ad5ace","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Wealth can be hard to measure because very rich households may not respond and assets can be [ ] or [ ].","back":"Wealth can be hard to measure because very rich households may not respond and assets can be hidden or difficult to value.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Wealth can be hard to measure because very rich households may not respond and assets can be hidden or difficult to value.","correct":true,"explanation":"Wealth surveys can underrepresent the richest households, while concealed assets and uncertain valuations make it difficult to calculate the true distribution of wealth accurately."},{"text":"Wealth can be hard to measure because very rich households may not respond and assets can be taxed or easy to value.","correct":false,"explanation":"Taxation does not itself make assets difficult to measure, and easy valuation improves accuracy. The relevant problems are concealed assets and assets whose value is uncertain."},{"text":"Wealth can be hard to measure because very rich households may not respond and assets can be shared or quick to sell.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shared or easily sold assets are not necessarily measurement problems. Wealth is harder to measure when assets are concealed or their monetary value cannot be established reliably."},{"text":"Wealth can be hard to measure because very rich households may not respond and assets can be inherited or regularly valued.","correct":false,"explanation":"Inheritance describes how wealth is acquired, while regular valuation would make measurement easier. The key difficulties are hidden assets and uncertain asset values."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-14","paperLabel":"Component 1"},"heading":"Changing patterns of inequality","title":"Changing patterns of inequality Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/sociology/eduqas/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"d6916c35-33a4-5f69-8061-424cc806cc23","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]