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inequality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"social inequality","correct":true,"explanation":"Social inequality describes systematic differences between social groups in access to valued resources, opportunities and power, rather than isolated differences between individuals."},{"text":"social mobility","correct":false,"explanation":"Social mobility is movement between social positions or classes. The repeated unequal distribution of income, health, education, safety or power between groups is social inequality."},{"text":"value consensus","correct":false,"explanation":"Value consensus means broad agreement about society’s central norms and values. Persistent differences in groups’ opportunities and resources are described as social inequality."},{"text":"cultural diversity","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural diversity refers to the presence of different cultures or ways of life. Systematic unequal chances across social groups constitute social inequality."}]},{"id":"3a245486-7015-44bd-b9ca-1d2376c0f92d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Weber's idea of life chances says people's opportunities are shaped by [ ], not just individual effort.","back":"Weber's idea of life chances says people's opportunities are shaped by position in the social structure, not just individual effort.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"position in the social structure","correct":true,"explanation":"Weber’s concept links life chances to a person’s social location, including class, status and power, because these affect access to opportunities and resources."},{"text":"genetic ability alone","correct":false,"explanation":"This biological explanation ignores the social distribution of opportunities. Weber argued that life chances are shaped by position in the social structure, not genetic ability alone."},{"text":"personal motivation alone","correct":false,"explanation":"This reflects an individualistic meritocratic explanation. Weber argued that position in the social structure influences opportunities, even when people show similar levels of motivation."},{"text":"random individual choices","correct":false,"explanation":"Life chances are not simply the accidental result of personal decisions. Weber stressed that position in the social structure systematically shapes people’s available opportunities."}]},{"id":"6b86c326-5cf7-4830-a9ea-a06bdc8b0263","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Social stratification means society is organised into [ ], with some groups having more wealth, power and status.","back":"Social stratification means society is organised into unequal layers or groups, with some groups having more wealth, power and status.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"unequal layers or groups","correct":true,"explanation":"Stratification places people into ranked social layers or groups whose access to wealth, power and status is unequal, producing an organised hierarchy."},{"text":"equal layers or groups","correct":false,"explanation":"The reference to layers is tempting, but stratification specifically involves ranking and unequal access to resources. Society is therefore organised into unequal layers or groups."},{"text":"specialised roles or institutions","correct":false,"explanation":"Specialisation describes the division of labour rather than stratification. Social stratification means organisation into unequal layers or groups ranked by wealth, power and status."},{"text":"temporary crowds or gatherings","correct":false,"explanation":"Crowds are short-lived collections of individuals and do not form a ranked social hierarchy. Stratification concerns enduring, unequal layers or groups within society."}]},{"id":"e9557dea-9512-44c8-bd6f-21d37620bae1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Marxism, which class owns businesses, factories and capital?","back":"The bourgeoisie.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The bourgeoisie.","correct":true,"explanation":"In Marxist theory, the bourgeoisie own the means of production, including businesses, factories and capital, and employ the proletariat to produce goods and services."},{"text":"The proletariat.","correct":false,"explanation":"The proletariat sell their labour because they do not own the means of production. Marx called the class that owns businesses, factories and capital the bourgeoisie."},{"text":"The lumpenproletariat.","correct":false,"explanation":"The lumpenproletariat are people detached from regular wage labour and class organisation. Ownership of businesses, factories and capital defines the bourgeoisie."},{"text":"The aristocracy.","correct":false,"explanation":"The aristocracy traditionally derives its position from hereditary titles and landownership. In Marx’s analysis of capitalism, the bourgeoisie own businesses, factories and capital."}]},{"id":"5841bc7b-43cd-4259-9954-457abf4c535e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why, for Marxists, is class inequality built into capitalism?","back":"Employers seek profit by paying workers less than the value workers produce.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Employers seek profit by paying workers less than the value workers produce.","correct":true,"explanation":"Marxists argue that employers extract surplus value by paying workers less than the value their labour creates. This exploitation makes class inequality an inherent feature of capitalism."},{"text":"Workers control production by deciding how profits and wages are distributed.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes worker control rather than capitalist ownership. Marxists argue that employers control production and seek profit by paying workers less than the value workers produce."},{"text":"Employers reward merit by paying each worker the full value that worker produces.","correct":false,"explanation":"This meritocratic account denies Marxist exploitation. Marxists argue employers make profit precisely because workers receive less in wages than the value their labour produces."},{"text":"The state fixes class positions by legally assigning every worker to an occupation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Capitalist class positions arise primarily from ownership of the means of production, not legal occupational assignment. Employers create profit by paying workers below the value they produce."}]},{"id":"d4ad1652-eda6-4a0c-9567-b484d7f528d2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For Weber, [ ] means social honour or prestige.","back":"For Weber, status means social honour or prestige.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"status","correct":true,"explanation":"In Weber’s multidimensional model of stratification, status refers to social honour or prestige, which may be related to but distinct from economic class."},{"text":"class","correct":false,"explanation":"For Weber, class concerns a person’s economic or market position rather than social honour. The term for social honour or prestige is status."},{"text":"party","correct":false,"explanation":"Party concerns organised influence and the pursuit of power through collective action. Weber used status to describe the social honour or prestige attached to a position."},{"text":"power","correct":false,"explanation":"Power is the ability to achieve one’s will despite resistance, not the amount of social honour received. Weber called social honour or prestige status."}]},{"id":"9e15fd68-aa5c-4174-90ff-b421c7238b4a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Davis and Moore see inequality as useful?","back":"Higher rewards motivate training for important social roles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Higher rewards motivate training for important social roles.","correct":true,"explanation":"Davis and Moore argued that unequal rewards encourage talented people to undertake lengthy training and fill demanding roles that are functionally important to society."},{"text":"Equal rewards prevent conflict between all social groups.","correct":false,"explanation":"Davis and Moore did not advocate equal rewards. They argued that higher rewards motivate people to train for and perform society’s most important roles."},{"text":"Inherited wealth preserves stability by keeping elites in leading roles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Functionalists justify rewards through role importance and training, not inheritance. Davis and Moore argued that higher rewards motivate suitable people to prepare for important roles."},{"text":"Lower rewards discourage competition for important social roles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Discouraging people from seeking important roles would undermine effective role allocation. Davis and Moore argued that higher rewards motivate the necessary training for those roles."}]},{"id":"28efb256-5f38-4410-87af-e57e974893f3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does the main criticism of functionalist stratification stress?","back":"Inherited privilege can shape rewards more than talent or effort.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Inherited privilege can shape rewards more than talent or effort.","correct":true,"explanation":"Critics argue that family wealth, education and social connections give some people advantages unrelated to merit, undermining the functionalist claim that rewards reflect talent and effort."},{"text":"Equal opportunity can shape rewards more than talent or effort.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal opportunity would support, rather than criticise, the functionalist idea that rewards reflect merit. The criticism is that inherited privilege often shapes outcomes more strongly."},{"text":"Role importance can shape rewards more than talent or effort.","correct":false,"explanation":"The importance of social roles is part of Davis and Moore’s functionalist justification for unequal rewards. Critics instead stress that inherited privilege may determine who receives them."},{"text":"Social consensus can shape rewards more than talent or effort.","correct":false,"explanation":"Consensus about values is a functionalist theme, but it is not the central criticism of stratification. Critics emphasise how inherited privilege influences rewards independently of merit."}]},{"id":"f6582a0c-f791-4359-a1d4-bcbc354c6b4e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For Bourdieu, [ ] includes valued knowledge, tastes, language styles and qualifications.","back":"For Bourdieu, cultural capital includes valued knowledge, tastes, language styles and qualifications.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"cultural capital","correct":true,"explanation":"Cultural capital is Bourdieu’s term for socially valued knowledge, tastes, language styles and qualifications that can provide educational and social advantages."},{"text":"economic capital","correct":false,"explanation":"Economic capital refers to money, income and material assets. The correct term is cultural capital because the examples involve valued knowledge, tastes, language and qualifications."},{"text":"social capital","correct":false,"explanation":"Social capital consists of useful relationships, networks and social connections. The correct answer is cultural capital, which includes valued knowledge, tastes, language styles and qualifications."},{"text":"human capital","correct":false,"explanation":"Human capital usually means economically useful skills and abilities. Bourdieu used cultural capital for socially valued knowledge, tastes, language styles and educational qualifications."}]},{"id":"757b7c11-38e8-4689-b7c9-ce2776bdfd46","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What education pattern is linked to free school meal eligibility?","back":"Eligible pupils tend to have lower average outcomes than non-eligible pupils.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Eligible pupils tend to have lower average outcomes than non-eligible pupils.","correct":true,"explanation":"Free school meal eligibility is used as an indicator of socioeconomic disadvantage, which is statistically associated with lower average attainment and other educational outcomes."},{"text":"Eligible pupils tend to have higher average outcomes than non-eligible pupils.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the observed relationship. Eligible pupils tend to have lower average outcomes, reflecting the educational inequalities associated with socioeconomic disadvantage."},{"text":"Eligible pupils tend to have similar average outcomes to non-eligible pupils.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating the groups as having similar outcomes overlooks the attainment gap. Eligible pupils tend to have lower average outcomes than pupils who are not eligible."},{"text":"Eligible pupils tend to have no average outcome gap compared with non-eligible pupils.","correct":false,"explanation":"The absence of a gap is a common equality assumption, but data show a persistent difference: eligible pupils tend to have lower average outcomes."}]},{"id":"12c13892-cd9f-4f8f-8988-004d1cdfa55d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What health pattern is linked to living in more deprived areas?","back":"People in deprived areas have lower average life expectancy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"People in deprived areas have lower average life expectancy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Deprivation is associated with poorer living conditions, greater health risks and reduced access to resources, contributing to lower average life expectancy."},{"text":"People in deprived areas have higher average life expectancy.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the social gradient in health. People in more deprived areas generally experience poorer health and lower average life expectancy."},{"text":"People in deprived areas have the same average life expectancy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assuming equal life expectancy ignores geographical and class-based health inequalities. People in deprived areas have lower average life expectancy than those in wealthier areas."},{"text":"People in deprived areas have lower average mortality rates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lower mortality would normally contribute to longer lives, not the observed pattern. Deprived areas tend to have lower average life expectancy and higher mortality."}]},{"id":"f3372eef-45d2-412f-8427-de325b56a1d1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Feminists describe [ ] as a social system where men hold disproportionate power.","back":"Feminists describe patriarchy as a social system where men hold disproportionate power.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"patriarchy","correct":true,"explanation":"Patriarchy describes a social system in which men collectively hold disproportionate power and women experience structural disadvantage across major institutions."},{"text":"matriarchy","correct":false,"explanation":"Matriarchy would describe a system in which women hold dominant power. Feminists use patriarchy for a system where men possess disproportionate power."},{"text":"meritocracy","correct":false,"explanation":"Meritocracy refers to rewards being allocated according to ability and effort. The system of disproportionate male power described by feminists is patriarchy."},{"text":"capitalism","correct":false,"explanation":"Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership and profit. Patriarchy specifically describes the social system through which men hold disproportionate power."}]},{"id":"2d15c51c-25a7-4d03-a1fa-f4ce7caa3b95","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Sylvia Walby argue had happened to patriarchy in the UK?","back":"Patriarchy has changed rather than disappeared.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Patriarchy has changed rather than disappeared.","correct":true,"explanation":"Walby argued that patriarchy had shifted from a more private, household-based form towards public institutions and paid employment, rather than ending altogether."},{"text":"Patriarchy has disappeared from modern Britain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Legal and social improvements do not mean male power has vanished. Walby argued that patriarchy has changed its form rather than disappeared."},{"text":"Patriarchy has remained unchanged over time.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks Walby’s distinction between private and public patriarchy. She argued that patriarchy has changed in form, rather than remaining static or disappearing."},{"text":"Matriarchy has replaced patriarchy in the UK.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater female participation in public life does not establish female dominance. Walby argued that patriarchy has changed rather than being replaced by matriarchy."}]},{"id":"97867071-48c9-41f7-abae-a5d645f97f0c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which paid-work inequality persists especially among older workers and parents?","back":"The gender pay gap.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The gender pay gap.","correct":true,"explanation":"The gender pay gap remains particularly marked among older workers and parents, partly because women’s employment and progression are more affected by caring responsibilities."},{"text":"The ethnicity pay gap.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethnicity pay gaps exist, but the pattern especially associated with older workers and parenthood is the gender pay gap, reflecting unequal caring and employment experiences."},{"text":"The disability pay gap.","correct":false,"explanation":"Disabled workers may face pay inequality, but the specific gap that widens notably with age and parenthood is the gender pay gap."},{"text":"The regional pay gap.","correct":false,"explanation":"Regional pay differences mainly reflect variations in local economies and living costs. The inequality especially linked to age and parenthood is the gender pay gap."}]},{"id":"e6b6c513-e5fa-4406-9f18-bd3e18b81aa1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Who still tends to do more childcare and housework in the UK?","back":"Women.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Women.","correct":true,"explanation":"Although men’s contribution has increased, women still perform more childcare and housework on average, showing the persistence of an unequal domestic division of labour."},{"text":"Men.","correct":false,"explanation":"Men generally do less unpaid domestic labour on average, although their contribution has increased. Women still tend to perform more childcare and housework."},{"text":"Children.","correct":false,"explanation":"Children may complete household chores, but they are not the group carrying the larger overall burden. Women still tend to do more childcare and housework."},{"text":"Grandparents.","correct":false,"explanation":"Grandparents can provide substantial childcare support, but they do not generally carry the main combined burden. Women still tend to do more childcare and housework."}]},{"id":"e1515b1f-7b77-4973-95aa-baa7123d5e3c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Sociologists call the process where groups come to be seen and treated through racial meanings [ ].","back":"Sociologists call the process where groups come to be seen and treated through racial meanings racialisation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"racialisation","correct":true,"explanation":"Racialisation is the social process through which people or groups are assigned racial meanings and consequently perceived and treated in racialised ways."},{"text":"socialisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Socialisation is the process of learning society’s norms, values and roles. Racialisation specifically involves assigning racial meanings to groups and treating them accordingly."},{"text":"assimilation","correct":false,"explanation":"Assimilation is the process by which a minority group adopts the culture of a dominant group. The assignment of racial meanings is called racialisation."},{"text":"stereotyping","correct":false,"explanation":"Stereotyping assigns simplified characteristics to members of a group, but the broader process of constructing and applying racial meanings is called racialisation."}]},{"id":"d16212c5-c4bd-4790-855c-1909fa6a0b00","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did the Macpherson Report call racism built into organisational routines and culture?","back":"Institutional racism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Institutional racism.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Macpherson Report defined institutional racism as racism embedded in an organisation’s policies, procedures, routines and culture, even when individual staff members may not intend to discriminate."},{"text":"Individual racism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Individual racism refers to prejudice or discriminatory behaviour by particular people. The Macpherson Report’s key term was institutional racism, focusing on organisational routines and culture."},{"text":"Cultural racism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural racism involves the beliefs, values or representations that portray one culture as superior. Macpherson identified institutional racism, which is embedded in organisational practices and routines."},{"text":"Interpersonal racism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Interpersonal racism describes discriminatory interactions between individuals. The report used institutional racism to explain how organisations can produce racist outcomes through their systems and culture."}]},{"id":"ed398772-9d68-4a73-80dc-e0b169e6c6dd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which group is disproportionately represented in stop and search?","back":"Black people.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Black people.","correct":true,"explanation":"Official statistics and sociological research show that Black people are disproportionately represented in stop and search compared with their share of the population."},{"text":"White people.","correct":false,"explanation":"White people may account for many searches numerically because they form a large population group, but Black people are disproportionately represented relative to population size."},{"text":"Asian people.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asian people can experience unequal policing, but the group most clearly identified as disproportionately represented in stop and search statistics is Black people."},{"text":"Older people.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stop and search is not primarily concentrated among older people. The recognised ethnic inequality is the disproportionate representation of Black people in these police powers."}]},{"id":"9df13107-beed-4bac-9d22-f5e1edafbea0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What limit affects official ethnic statistics using broad labels like Asian?","back":"Broad categories can hide subgroup differences.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Broad categories can hide subgroup differences.","correct":true,"explanation":"Using broad labels such as Asian can combine groups with different levels of income, education, health or employment, concealing important inequalities between subgroups."},{"text":"Broad categories can eliminate subgroup differences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Broad labels do not eliminate real differences between subgroups; they can conceal them in the statistics. The limitation is that broad categories can hide subgroup differences."},{"text":"Broad categories can measure every subgroup precisely.","correct":false,"explanation":"A broad category cannot measure every subgroup precisely because it combines people from different backgrounds. The correct limitation is that it can hide subgroup differences."},{"text":"Broad categories can prevent comparisons between countries.","correct":false,"explanation":"Broad ethnic categories may make some comparisons less detailed, but their key limitation is concealing variation within groups. Broad categories can hide subgroup differences."}]},{"id":"c04ef03b-4f2b-4741-a7f5-b2c3bcd582be","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which concept describes the socially patterned journey through childhood, youth, adulthood and old age?","back":"The life course.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The life course.","correct":true,"explanation":"The life course is the socially patterned journey through stages such as childhood, youth, adulthood and old age, shaped by social structures and historical context."},{"text":"The generation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A generation is a group born during a similar period, sharing some historical experiences. The socially patterned journey through age stages is called the life course."},{"text":"The socialisation process.","correct":false,"explanation":"Socialisation is how people learn norms, values and roles, especially during childhood. The concept covering the journey from childhood through old age is the life course."},{"text":"The ageing process.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ageing process usually refers to physical or social changes associated with growing older. The wider journey through all major age stages is the life course."}]},{"id":"0c778d1e-708b-4fb9-9225-c21ec0af6e15","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In intergenerational inequality debates, what may younger adults have fewer chances of than previous generations?","back":"Home ownership.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Home ownership.","correct":true,"explanation":"Younger adults may have fewer opportunities to become homeowners than previous generations because of rising house prices, insecure work and limited access to mortgages."},{"text":"Educational achievement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Younger generations have often gained greater access to higher education rather than fewer chances of educational achievement. The intergenerational concern highlighted here is home ownership."},{"text":"Political participation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Political participation may vary between generations, but it is not the main opportunity identified in this debate. Younger adults are especially seen as having fewer chances of home ownership."},{"text":"Digital access.","correct":false,"explanation":"Younger adults generally have greater digital access than previous generations. The inequality debate instead concerns their reduced chances of achieving home ownership."}]},{"id":"a7a96f33-1183-481c-85ab-987a887a224b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which idea, associated with Kimberlé Crenshaw, says inequalities interact rather than operate separately?","back":"Intersectionality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Intersectionality.","correct":true,"explanation":"Intersectionality, associated with Kimberlé Crenshaw, argues that inequalities such as gender, ethnicity and class interact, producing experiences that cannot be understood separately."},{"text":"Social mobility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social mobility concerns movement between social positions or classes across a person’s life or between generations. The idea that inequalities interact is intersectionality."},{"text":"Dual consciousness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dual consciousness describes experiencing or interpreting society from more than one social position. Crenshaw’s concept for interacting inequalities is intersectionality."},{"text":"Cultural capital.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural capital refers to valued knowledge, language, skills and cultural experiences that can bring social advantages. Interacting inequalities are explained by intersectionality."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-14","paperLabel":"Component 1"},"heading":"Areas of inequality in the contemporary UK","title":"Areas of inequality in the contemporary UK Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/sociology/eduqas/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"bdf74083-b08c-5c16-b610-1e1b40c37caa","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]