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government plans, laws, regulations and actions designed to address issues that have been identified as requiring public intervention."},{"text":"Social research","correct":false,"explanation":"Social research investigates society and produces evidence, but it does not itself consist of laws and government actions. The correct term is social policy."},{"text":"Political ideology","correct":false,"explanation":"Political ideology refers to beliefs about how society should be organised, which may influence decisions. Social policy is the term for the resulting plans, laws and actions."},{"text":"Social control","correct":false,"explanation":"Social control describes processes that encourage conformity to norms, rather than the full range of government responses to social issues. The correct term is social policy."}]},{"id":"8cc2d22d-2277-4c0a-a91e-a75237ef0233","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Besides research, what else shapes social policy?","back":"Power, values and politics.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Power, values and politics.","correct":true,"explanation":"Policy decisions reflect who has influence, the values used to judge social issues and the political priorities of governments, not simply the findings of research."},{"text":"Objectivity, neutrality and consensus.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes policy-making is neutral and universally agreed, overlooking conflicts between groups. Social policy is shaped by power, values and politics as well as research."},{"text":"Facts, certainty and impartiality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Research does not produce politically impartial policy automatically, because evidence is interpreted and selected. Power, values and politics also shape which policies are adopted."},{"text":"Tradition, instinct and coincidence.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the structured political influences operating in policy-making. Beyond research, the key factors sociologists identify are power, values and politics."}]},{"id":"a5c3d56d-0c73-4fbd-80e6-ed69374dc531","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What must happen before an issue is treated as a social problem for policy?","back":"It is publicly defined as harmful and needing action.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is publicly defined as harmful and needing action.","correct":true,"explanation":"A condition becomes a social problem for policy when it is publicly constructed as harmful and as requiring collective or governmental intervention."},{"text":"It is privately recognised as unusual but unavoidable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Private recognition does not place an issue on the policy agenda, and describing it as unavoidable discourages intervention. It must be publicly defined as harmful and needing action."},{"text":"It is scientifically proven as natural and permanent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Policy problems are socially defined rather than accepted as natural and permanent. An issue must be publicly presented as harmful and requiring action before intervention becomes likely."},{"text":"It is officially dismissed as minor and temporary.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dismissing an issue as minor and temporary reduces pressure for policy intervention. It becomes a social problem when publicly defined as harmful and needing action."}]},{"id":"718cc73b-8aed-442c-b493-fab806a0fd28","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why might a sociological problem not become a policy priority?","back":"Politicians may not label it as an urgent crisis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Politicians may not label it as an urgent crisis.","correct":true,"explanation":"A sociological problem does not automatically enter the policy agenda. Politicians must define it as sufficiently urgent and serious to justify intervention and resources."},{"text":"Sociologists may not identify it as an observable pattern.","correct":false,"explanation":"The question already assumes that sociologists recognise the problem. It may still lack policy priority because politicians do not label it as an urgent crisis."},{"text":"Researchers may not measure it as a perfect correlation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A perfect correlation is not required for an issue to influence policy. The central obstacle is that politicians may not define the problem as an urgent crisis."},{"text":"The public may already treat it as a settled debate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Public agreement alone does not explain why a recognised sociological problem is excluded. It may fail to become a priority because politicians do not label it an urgent crisis."}]},{"id":"ef0f539f-f8fc-48b9-95d8-cf0e092556b2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Policy usually responds to [ ] - issues publicly labelled as needing intervention.","back":"Policy usually responds to socially constructed problems - issues publicly labelled as needing intervention.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"socially constructed problems","correct":true,"explanation":"Socially constructed problems are conditions publicly defined as harmful and requiring intervention, so policy responses depend partly on how issues are labelled and presented."},{"text":"objective social conditions","correct":false,"explanation":"Conditions do not prompt policy merely because they objectively exist. The correct term is socially constructed problems, because public labelling determines which issues are seen as requiring intervention."},{"text":"private personal troubles","correct":false,"explanation":"Private personal troubles affect individuals but have not necessarily been recognised as public issues. Policy usually responds to socially constructed problems labelled as needing intervention."},{"text":"sociological research findings","correct":false,"explanation":"Research findings may inform policy, but they are not themselves issues publicly labelled for intervention. The correct term is socially constructed problems."}]},{"id":"6928cf06-7bf6-43b9-938c-b73f61cc0562","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What can official statistics reveal for policy-making?","back":"Hidden patterns of inequality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hidden patterns of inequality.","correct":true,"explanation":"Large-scale official data can expose systematic differences between social groups, revealing inequalities linked to factors such as class, gender, ethnicity or region."},{"text":"Hidden individual motives for action.","correct":false,"explanation":"Official statistics record broad numerical trends rather than individuals’ private motives. They are especially useful for revealing hidden patterns of inequality across social groups."},{"text":"Hidden meanings behind interactions.","correct":false,"explanation":"The meanings people attach to interactions are usually explored through qualitative methods, not official statistics. Statistics can instead reveal hidden patterns of inequality."},{"text":"Hidden guarantees of policy success.","correct":false,"explanation":"Statistics can inform decisions but cannot guarantee that a policy will succeed. Their main contribution here is revealing hidden patterns of inequality in society."}]},{"id":"ada49557-da16-415c-b279-3899b1caeefb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What do sociological theories add to policy debates beyond describing a problem?","back":"They explain the causes of the problem.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They explain the causes of the problem.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sociological theories provide frameworks linking social problems to underlying structures, institutions, cultures or interactions, allowing policy debates to consider why the problems occur."},{"text":"They confirm the popularity of the problem.","correct":false,"explanation":"Popularity concerns public attention rather than sociological explanation. Theories add depth by explaining the causes of a problem, including its structural or cultural origins."},{"text":"They calculate the cost of the problem.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calculating financial cost may inform policy evaluation, but it is not the distinctive contribution of sociological theory. Theories explain the causes of social problems."},{"text":"They guarantee the solution to the problem.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sociological theories cannot guarantee that any policy solution will work. Their main contribution beyond description is explaining the causes and social origins of the problem."}]},{"id":"9c4a54fc-920e-4976-9f7b-c0fe21df5938","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] are policy outcomes not planned by policymakers.","back":"Unintended consequences are policy outcomes not planned by policymakers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Unintended consequences","correct":true,"explanation":"Unintended consequences are effects that result from a policy even though policymakers did not plan or anticipate them, and they may be beneficial or harmful."},{"text":"Intended outcomes","correct":false,"explanation":"Intended outcomes are the effects policymakers deliberately seek, so they do not fit the definition. Outcomes that were not planned are called unintended consequences."},{"text":"Policy objectives","correct":false,"explanation":"Policy objectives are stated aims established before implementation, not unplanned results. The correct term for outcomes not planned by policymakers is unintended consequences."},{"text":"Manifest functions","correct":false,"explanation":"Manifest functions are recognised and intended effects of an institution or action. Unplanned policy outcomes are instead described as unintended consequences."}]},{"id":"02dcd332-954c-401c-883f-b215c2cada8a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What unintended effect did Ball identify in education marketisation?","back":"It advantages middle-class families with more cultural and economic capital.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It advantages middle-class families with more cultural and economic capital.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ball argues that marketisation rewards families able to use their cultural knowledge, financial resources and familiarity with school choice to secure advantages in education."},{"text":"It advantages working-class families with less cultural and economic capital.","correct":false,"explanation":"Marketisation does not mainly advantage working-class families, who often possess fewer resources for navigating school choice. Ball argues that it advantages middle-class families with greater cultural and economic capital."},{"text":"It creates equal opportunities for families with different levels of cultural and economic capital.","correct":false,"explanation":"The apparent expansion of parental choice can conceal unequal capacities to exercise that choice. Ball argues that marketisation advantages middle-class families rather than creating equal opportunities for all."},{"text":"It removes class differences in families’ ability to exercise educational choice.","correct":false,"explanation":"Marketisation does not remove the influence of social class from educational choice. Ball argues that middle-class cultural knowledge and economic resources allow these families to gain greater advantages."}]},{"id":"c5ee499f-c3bf-415b-916a-eeade4555869","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is policy guided by reliable research rather than guesswork, tradition or ideology.","back":"Evidence-based policy is policy guided by reliable research rather than guesswork, tradition or ideology.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Evidence-based policy","correct":true,"explanation":"Evidence-based policy uses dependable findings from systematic research to inform government decisions, rather than relying primarily on assumptions, established customs or political beliefs."},{"text":"Ideology-based policy","correct":false,"explanation":"Ideology-based policy begins from political values and beliefs, not necessarily from reliable research findings. The term for policy guided by dependable research is evidence-based policy."},{"text":"Tradition-based policy","correct":false,"explanation":"Tradition-based policy follows established practices, which may persist without supporting research. Policy explicitly guided by reliable research rather than custom is called evidence-based policy."},{"text":"Common-sense policy","correct":false,"explanation":"Common-sense policy relies on assumptions or everyday understandings rather than systematic evidence. Policy grounded in reliable research is more accurately described as evidence-based policy."}]},{"id":"0c42b028-9dbe-48c9-b1be-e50bf9c6e04e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do positivists favour quantitative data for policy?","back":"It can produce generalisable evidence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can produce generalisable evidence.","correct":true,"explanation":"Positivists seek patterns and causal relationships that apply beyond the original sample. Large-scale quantitative research can provide representative findings from which broader generalisations are made."},{"text":"It can uncover subjective meanings.","correct":false,"explanation":"Exploring actors’ subjective meanings is associated with interpretivism and usually favours qualitative methods. Positivists favour quantitative data because it can produce generalisable evidence about wider populations."},{"text":"It can provide unique personal accounts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Quantitative data usually standardises responses rather than providing detailed personal accounts. Positivists value it because sufficiently representative numerical findings can be generalised beyond the participants studied."},{"text":"It can replace hypothesis testing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Quantitative methods do not eliminate the need to test hypotheses; positivists commonly use them precisely for hypothesis testing. Their policy value lies in producing generalisable evidence."}]},{"id":"6b528674-f7c3-47e9-949e-fab34d26dd05","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are functionalists relatively optimistic about social policy?","back":"Policy helps institutions perform their functions more effectively.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Policy helps institutions perform their functions more effectively.","correct":true,"explanation":"Functionalists view society as an interconnected system whose institutions meet necessary social needs. Policy can correct problems and help those institutions perform their functions more effectively."},{"text":"Policy helps governments abolish their institutions more effectively.","correct":false,"explanation":"Abolishing institutions is inconsistent with the functionalist view that they perform necessary roles in maintaining society. Functionalists support policy that helps institutions perform their functions more effectively."},{"text":"Policy helps social groups intensify their conflicts more effectively.","correct":false,"explanation":"Functionalists generally see policy as promoting integration rather than intensifying conflict between social groups. They are optimistic because policy can help institutions perform their functions more effectively."},{"text":"Policy helps capitalists protect their ownership more effectively.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protecting capitalist ownership is a Marxist interpretation of policy, not the basis of functionalist optimism. Functionalists believe policy can improve how effectively institutions perform their social functions."}]},{"id":"7ddec130-5a6c-41b1-82af-9c2fe186b24e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do social democrats think the state can reduce inequality?","back":"Through gradual reform of welfare, education, taxation and public services.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Through gradual reform of welfare, education, taxation and public services.","correct":true,"explanation":"Social democrats accept the existing political and economic system but believe sustained government action can make it fairer through incremental changes to taxation, welfare and public provision."},{"text":"Through violent revolution against welfare, education, taxation and public services.","correct":false,"explanation":"Abolishing private property through revolution is associated with revolutionary Marxism, not social democracy. Social democrats seek to reduce inequality through gradual reform of welfare, taxation and public services."},{"text":"Through rapid withdrawal of welfare, education, taxation and public services.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reducing welfare and public services is associated more closely with New Right policies and may increase inequality. Social democrats instead favour gradual reform and expanded state provision."},{"text":"Through market competition in welfare, education, taxation and public services.","correct":false,"explanation":"Leaving distribution entirely to markets conflicts with the social-democratic belief in active state intervention. Social democrats advocate gradual reform of welfare, education, taxation and public services."}]},{"id":"c391d8c6-b22f-4bcc-83fd-cfa2e202b9a6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Townsend helped shift poverty debates from absolute survival to [ ].","back":"Townsend helped shift poverty debates from absolute survival to relative deprivation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"relative deprivation","correct":true,"explanation":"Townsend defined poverty in relation to the customary living standards and activities of a society, showing that people can be deprived even when basic survival needs are met."},{"text":"absolute deprivation","correct":false,"explanation":"Absolute deprivation focuses on whether basic physical needs required for survival can be met. Townsend broadened the debate by emphasising relative deprivation within a particular society."},{"text":"material affluence","correct":false,"explanation":"Material affluence refers to prosperity rather than poverty and therefore cannot complete Townsend’s argument. His research shifted attention towards relative deprivation compared with normal social standards."},{"text":"social mobility","correct":false,"explanation":"Social mobility concerns movement between social positions, not the definition of poverty. Townsend moved poverty debates from minimum survival towards relative deprivation within society."}]},{"id":"20b1872b-8877-43fb-905f-35de8fcaa971","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why would social democrats support Sure Start?","back":"Early intervention can reduce class inequality before school.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Early intervention can reduce class inequality before school.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sure Start provides support during children’s early years, when differences in resources and development begin to emerge. Social democrats see this as reducing class inequality before formal schooling."},{"text":"Early intervention can preserve class inequality before school.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sure Start aims to reduce rather than reinforce inherited differences between social classes. Social democrats support its early intervention because it can lessen class inequality before school begins."},{"text":"Early intervention can increase market competition before school.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social democrats do not support Sure Start because it expands market competition; it is a state-supported intervention. Its purpose is to reduce class inequality before children enter school."},{"text":"Early intervention can strengthen academic selection before school.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sure Start does not select children according to academic ability. Social democrats support it because early support can address disadvantages and reduce class inequality before formal schooling."}]},{"id":"09b03d0b-ce18-4780-bb7f-08c3d21784ce","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do Marxists see many social policies as limited?","back":"They do not challenge ownership of wealth and power.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They do not challenge ownership of wealth and power.","correct":true,"explanation":"Marxists argue that reforms may soften capitalism’s effects without changing who controls productive property and political influence. The underlying ownership of wealth and power therefore remains intact."},{"text":"They do not protect ownership of wealth and power.","correct":false,"explanation":"Marxists do not criticise policies for failing to preserve private ownership; they criticise them for leaving capitalist ownership intact. Limited reforms do not challenge ownership of wealth and power."},{"text":"They do not expand consumer choice and competition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Marxists do not regard consumer choice as the fundamental source of inequality. Their central criticism is that many policies leave capitalist ownership of wealth and power unchallenged."},{"text":"They do not improve individual effort and ambition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Marxists focus on class structure rather than inadequate individual motivation. They see policies as limited when they fail to challenge the unequal ownership of wealth and power."}]},{"id":"36a831f8-c25e-4bf6-9738-92821c9250b0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How might a Marxist interpret Universal Credit?","back":"It disciplines the unemployed and pressures people into low-paid work.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It disciplines the unemployed and pressures people into low-paid work.","correct":true,"explanation":"Marxists see welfare conditionality as serving capitalism by controlling unemployed workers and increasing pressure to accept insecure, poorly paid employment."},{"text":"It strengthens family responsibility and reduces dependence on state welfare.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reflects the New Right emphasis on individual responsibility and welfare dependency. Marxists instead argue that Universal Credit disciplines unemployed people and pressures them into low-paid work."},{"text":"It challenges gender inequality by redistributing unpaid caring work.","correct":false,"explanation":"This applies a feminist concern but misrepresents Universal Credit’s function in Marxist analysis. Marxists argue that it disciplines unemployed people and pushes them towards low-paid work."},{"text":"It reflects diverse identities and expands personalised lifestyle choices.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses postmodernist ideas about diversity and choice rather than a Marxist analysis. Marxists view Universal Credit as disciplining unemployed people for the benefit of capitalism."}]},{"id":"d4fa7ca9-5ddc-4527-adbb-aff7c1df42d8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Feminists ask whether policy challenges or reinforces [ ].","back":"Feminists ask whether policy challenges or reinforces gender inequality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"gender inequality","correct":true,"explanation":"Feminist sociology examines whether social policies reduce or reproduce unequal power, opportunities and responsibilities between women and men."},{"text":"welfare dependency","correct":false,"explanation":"Welfare dependency is primarily a New Right concern about reliance on state support. Feminists chiefly assess whether policies challenge or reinforce gender inequality."},{"text":"value consensus","correct":false,"explanation":"Value consensus is associated with functionalism and refers to shared norms and values. Feminist policy analysis instead focuses on whether gender inequality is challenged or reinforced."},{"text":"status frustration","correct":false,"explanation":"Status frustration is associated with subcultural explanations of youth deviance. Feminists evaluate policy primarily in terms of its effects on gender inequality."}]},{"id":"c87ccf4d-e1a5-46a2-bf25-089eae94c33f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What feminist criticism is made of policies that speak about ‘parents’?","back":"They may still place responsibility on mothers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They may still place responsibility on mothers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gender-neutral language can conceal unequal expectations, as mothers may continue to carry most responsibility for childcare, family welfare and compliance with policy."},{"text":"They may still place responsibility on fathers.","correct":false,"explanation":"The feminist criticism is not that apparently neutral policies disproportionately burden fathers. It is that using ‘parents’ can conceal the continuing placement of responsibility on mothers."},{"text":"They may distribute responsibility equally between both parents.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal distribution would reduce rather than reproduce the inequality feminists identify. The criticism is that neutral references to ‘parents’ can still leave mothers mainly responsible."},{"text":"They may transfer responsibility from families to the state.","correct":false,"explanation":"The criticism concerns hidden gender inequality within families, not a transfer of responsibility to government. Policies using ‘parents’ may still expect mothers to carry the burden."}]},{"id":"58cdc410-70e3-4113-bb3d-e045f2a44df9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does the New Right argue generous welfare can create?","back":"Dependency and weaker family responsibility.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Dependency and weaker family responsibility.","correct":true,"explanation":"The New Right argues that generous benefits can discourage self-reliance and employment while reducing individuals’ and families’ sense of responsibility for providing support."},{"text":"Independence and stronger family responsibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"The New Right believes restricted welfare encourages independence and family responsibility. It argues that generous welfare produces the opposite: dependency and weaker family responsibility."},{"text":"Equality and greater social mobility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equality and mobility are possible aims of welfare, but the New Right stresses alleged negative consequences. It claims generous provision creates dependency and weakens family responsibility."},{"text":"Employment and stronger community responsibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"The New Right argues that generous welfare may reduce incentives to enter employment rather than increase them. Its claimed outcomes are dependency and weaker family responsibility."}]},{"id":"527d54aa-485d-408e-939f-dcf5ac76aaef","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the main structural criticism of New Right welfare policy?","back":"It blames individuals for problems like low wages and insecure work.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It blames individuals for problems like low wages and insecure work.","correct":true,"explanation":"Structural critics argue that the New Right individualises social problems, overlooking how labour markets, class inequality and economic conditions produce low pay and insecurity."},{"text":"It overstates structural inequalities such as low wages and insecure work.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the structural criticism. Critics argue that the New Right understates structural inequality and instead blames individuals for low wages and insecure employment."},{"text":"It makes welfare too generous for people facing low wages and insecure work.","correct":false,"explanation":"This repeats a New Right objection to welfare rather than a structural criticism of it. Structural critics argue that the approach blames individuals while neglecting economic conditions."},{"text":"It weakens traditional families by supporting people in low-paid and insecure work.","correct":false,"explanation":"Concern about weakening traditional families belongs to New Right reasoning itself. Structural critics instead object that New Right policy blames individuals for economically produced problems."}]},{"id":"51b3f4ba-679c-4285-a71c-f7221ee984af","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can policies that label young people as ‘at risk’ backfire?","back":"Labels can shape identity and institutional treatment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Labels can shape identity and institutional treatment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Interactionists argue that labels can alter how young people see themselves and how institutions respond to them, potentially producing stigma and a self-fulfilling prophecy."},{"text":"Labels can improve self-esteem and guarantee supportive treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being labelled ‘at risk’ may stigmatise young people rather than reliably improve self-esteem. The label can shape identity and encourage institutions to treat them negatively."},{"text":"Labels can reveal innate traits and make interventions fully objective.","correct":false,"explanation":"Labelling theory rejects the idea that labels simply reveal fixed, natural qualities. Labels are socially constructed and can influence both identity and institutional treatment."},{"text":"Labels can prevent deviance and remove institutional bias.","correct":false,"explanation":"Labels may intensify deviance through a self-fulfilling prophecy and can reinforce institutional bias. They shape young people’s identities and how organisations respond to them."}]},{"id":"1decc166-83ed-428d-84ad-95ffda6cfcca","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are postmodernists sceptical of one-size-fits-all policy?","back":"Society is diverse, fragmented and shaped by choice and identity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Society is diverse, fragmented and shaped by choice and identity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Postmodernists argue that varied identities, lifestyles and local experiences make universal policy assumptions unreliable, so policies should recognise diversity rather than impose one solution."},{"text":"Society has shared values, stability and a single common culture.","correct":false,"explanation":"This resembles a functionalist emphasis on consensus and social integration. Postmodernists instead see society as diverse and fragmented, with identities shaped by multiple choices."},{"text":"Society is class-divided, exploitative and determined mainly by capitalism.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is a Marxist account centred on class and capitalism, which postmodernists regard as an overly general grand narrative. They emphasise diversity, fragmentation, choice and identity."},{"text":"Society needs uniform rules, certainty and policies based on universal needs.","correct":false,"explanation":"This supports the standardised approach that postmodernists question. They argue that fragmented identities and diverse lifestyles mean universal policies may not suit everyone."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-14","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Sociology and social policy","title":"Sociology and social policy Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/sociology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"59c6426b-7c6c-5058-a92a-e3f95222238b","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]