33:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/1v7-q4zzl2fns.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3idr5td_y0l2x.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/30ejopwuj9-ez.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3lz9pr5v38m4h.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2m1dtj0n_xz6s.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3fht_ul1qhe08.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/37qqpa9baogyj.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/37oe4_azebkh6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0jc3w6252l68r.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0m6ugdwrai1f_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2tom8_rk-gmeh.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0i4zom-kyjeci.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/45cmtp04k1pss.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2olvbq0sf9-5z.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/010qo3utd-62u.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/19lmphcb49b91.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/419xcquz-q3mx.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3krew26yh2_7j.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576"],"Gingerbread"] 35:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/1v7-q4zzl2fns.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3idr5td_y0l2x.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/30ejopwuj9-ez.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3lz9pr5v38m4h.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2m1dtj0n_xz6s.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3fht_ul1qhe08.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/37qqpa9baogyj.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/37oe4_azebkh6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0jc3w6252l68r.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0m6ugdwrai1f_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2tom8_rk-gmeh.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0i4zom-kyjeci.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/45cmtp04k1pss.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2olvbq0sf9-5z.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/010qo3utd-62u.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/19lmphcb49b91.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/419xcquz-q3mx.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3krew26yh2_7j.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576"],"RecordResourceResume"] 36:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/1v7-q4zzl2fns.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3idr5td_y0l2x.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/30ejopwuj9-ez.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3lz9pr5v38m4h.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2m1dtj0n_xz6s.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3fht_ul1qhe08.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/37qqpa9baogyj.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/37oe4_azebkh6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0jc3w6252l68r.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0m6ugdwrai1f_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2tom8_rk-gmeh.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0i4zom-kyjeci.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/45cmtp04k1pss.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2olvbq0sf9-5z.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/010qo3utd-62u.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/19lmphcb49b91.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/419xcquz-q3mx.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3krew26yh2_7j.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 37:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/1v7-q4zzl2fns.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3idr5td_y0l2x.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/30ejopwuj9-ez.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3lz9pr5v38m4h.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2m1dtj0n_xz6s.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3fht_ul1qhe08.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/37qqpa9baogyj.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/37oe4_azebkh6.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0jc3w6252l68r.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0m6ugdwrai1f_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2tom8_rk-gmeh.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0i4zom-kyjeci.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/45cmtp04k1pss.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2olvbq0sf9-5z.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/010qo3utd-62u.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/19lmphcb49b91.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/419xcquz-q3mx.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/3krew26yh2_7j.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790786576"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/a-level/sociology/aqa/religion-secularisation-and-globalisation/flashcards","label":"Religion, secularisation and globalisation","subjectCode":"a_level_sociology__aqa","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"48582a1a-d010-48da-99f4-88040046a00a","title":"Religion, secularisation and globalisation Flashcards","topicId":"7a5c8516-7d77-520f-8c79-554e71c1a4cf","topicSlug":"religion-secularisation-and-globalisation","cards":[{"id":"66f1e157-6124-4952-9e5e-37526e0411ec","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Religion is a system of beliefs, practices and organisations concerned with the [ ].","back":"Religion is a system of beliefs, practices and organisations concerned with the sacred, spiritual or supernatural.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"sacred, spiritual or supernatural","correct":true,"explanation":"Religion centres on phenomena regarded as set apart from ordinary life, including sacred objects, spiritual beings and supernatural forces or powers."},{"text":"secular, rational or scientific","correct":false,"explanation":"Secular, rational and scientific matters are generally distinguished from religion. The definition instead identifies religion as concerned with the sacred, spiritual or supernatural."},{"text":"economic, political or bureaucratic","correct":false,"explanation":"Economic, political and bureaucratic affairs concern major social institutions but do not define religion. Religion is specifically concerned with the sacred, spiritual or supernatural."},{"text":"personal, cultural or traditional","correct":false,"explanation":"Personal, cultural and traditional matters may be influenced by religion, but they are not its defining focus. Religion concerns the sacred, spiritual or supernatural."}]},{"id":"0fd3cc15-1b62-4a5c-9791-1363e9e430f3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] means the extent to which people are religious.","back":"Religiosity means the extent to which people are religious.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Religiosity","correct":true,"explanation":"Religiosity describes the extent or intensity of religious belief, practice and commitment among an individual, group or population."},{"text":"Secularisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Secularisation refers to the declining social significance of religion, not the extent to which people are religious. The required term is religiosity."},{"text":"Rationalisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Rationalisation is the organisation of life through reason, calculation and evidence rather than tradition or magic. The extent of religiousness is called religiosity."},{"text":"Differentiation","correct":false,"explanation":"Differentiation is the process by which specialised institutions become separate from religion. Religiosity, by contrast, measures the extent to which people are religious."}]},{"id":"1bb8f16e-aaea-416a-82db-2efc3d4ed901","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"If church attendance falls but religion still shapes identity and politics, what key secularisation point is shown?","back":"Secularisation means loss of social significance, not disappearance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Secularisation means loss of social significance, not disappearance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Secularisation concerns religion's declining influence over institutions, behaviour and public life. Religion may survive as identity or belief without retaining its former social significance."},{"text":"Secularisation means loss of church attendance, not influence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Continued religious influence over identity and politics contradicts the claim that secularisation merely means lower attendance. Secularisation is a broader loss of social significance, not disappearance."},{"text":"Secularisation means growth of private belief, not decline.","correct":false,"explanation":"Religion shaping identity and politics shows that private belief is not the only relevant measure. Secularisation means declining social significance rather than religion becoming entirely private."},{"text":"Secularisation means growth of political influence, not disappearance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Religious influence on politics is evidence of continuing public significance, not proof of secularisation. Secularisation means a loss of social significance without necessarily causing disappearance."}]},{"id":"ed10d72f-9529-464f-bd18-04c052bef046","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why can religion be especially significant for minority ethnic communities in Britain?","back":"

Provides belonging.
Maintains cultural continuity.
Offers protection against racism.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Provides belonging.
Maintains cultural continuity.
Offers protection against racism.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Religious organisations can create supportive communities, transmit shared traditions between generations and help minority ethnic groups withstand exclusion and racial discrimination."},{"text":"

Reduces belonging.
Weakens cultural continuity.
Guarantees protection through wealth.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Religion often preserves rather than weakens minority identities, and it does not guarantee economic privilege or remove discrimination. Its significance lies in belonging, cultural continuity and protection against racism."},{"text":"

Promotes isolation.
Encourages cultural assimilation.
Offers protection against secularisation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Minority religious communities commonly sustain cultural differences rather than enforce assimilation. They provide belonging, maintain cultural continuity and offer collective support against racism."},{"text":"

Provides individualism.
Maintains cultural change.
Offers protection against class inequality.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Religion does not necessarily produce individualism, cultural change or protection from class inequality. For minority communities, it can foster belonging, cultural continuity and resistance to racism."}]},{"id":"e7945767-9fd2-450e-847e-7309f70c425d","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What three broad signs does Bruce use to argue secularisation is occurring?","back":"

Participation declines, e.g. church attendance.
Belief declines, e.g. Christian identity.
Authority declines over law and morality.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Participation declines, e.g. church attendance.
Belief declines, e.g. Christian identity.
Authority declines over law and morality.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Bruce uses declining religious participation, weakening belief and reduced authority over public institutions and moral rules as broad evidence of secularisation."},{"text":"

Participation increases, e.g. church attendance.
Belief increases, e.g. Christian identity.
Authority increases over law and morality.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Bruce argues that these dimensions decline rather than increase. His evidence concerns falling participation, weakening belief and diminishing religious authority over law and morality."},{"text":"

Privatisation declines, e.g. personal spirituality.
Diversity declines, e.g. religious choice.
Individualism declines over faith and morality.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Privatisation, diversity and individualism may feature in debates about religion, but they are not Bruce's three broad indicators. He identifies declines in participation, belief and authority."},{"text":"

Membership declines, e.g. church registration.
Identity declines, e.g. national identity.
Control increases over law and morality.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Membership and identity relate to participation and belief, but rising political control reverses Bruce's argument. His three broad signs are declining participation, belief and authority."}]},{"id":"89d5406c-24d4-4175-8dca-c2d740ed1a2a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Rationalisation organises social life around [ ] rather than tradition or magic.","back":"Rationalisation organises social life around science, bureaucracy, calculation and evidence rather than tradition or magic.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"science, bureaucracy, calculation and evidence","correct":true,"explanation":"Rationalisation replaces explanations based on tradition and magic with systematic reasoning, scientific knowledge, bureaucratic organisation, calculation and empirical evidence."},{"text":"faith, ritual, revelation and intuition","correct":false,"explanation":"Faith, ritual, revelation and intuition are associated with religious or non-rational sources of authority. Rationalisation instead prioritises science, bureaucracy, calculation and evidence."},{"text":"custom, charisma, emotion and superstition","correct":false,"explanation":"Custom, charisma, emotion and superstition represent traditional or non-rational influences. Rationalisation organises life through science, bureaucracy, calculation and evidence."},{"text":"worship, community, morality and symbolism","correct":false,"explanation":"Worship, community, morality and symbolism can be features of religion, not the organising principles of rationalisation. Rationalisation relies on science, bureaucracy, calculation and evidence."}]},{"id":"93ae00af-7791-43e2-bb02-60ee235d96e5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In secularisation theory, how does science weaken religion?","back":"It explains events once seen as supernatural.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It explains events once seen as supernatural.","correct":true,"explanation":"Scientific explanations provide testable natural causes for events such as disease, disasters and human origins, reducing reliance on supernatural explanations supplied by religion."},{"text":"It confirms events once seen as supernatural.","correct":false,"explanation":"Science generally challenges supernatural accounts rather than confirming them. It weakens religion by explaining through natural causes events once attributed to supernatural forces."},{"text":"It mystifies events once seen as natural.","correct":false,"explanation":"Science does not make natural events mysterious; it seeks evidence-based causal explanations. This reduces the need to interpret such events as supernatural."},{"text":"It strengthens authority once seen as religious.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing religious authority is the reverse of the secularisation argument. Science weakens religion by explaining events that people previously understood through supernatural causes."}]},{"id":"ccab5d68-1453-4121-ae92-369095152533","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does structural differentiation change religion's role, according to Parsons?","back":"It narrows religion to private meaning and morality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It narrows religion to private meaning and morality.","correct":true,"explanation":"As specialised institutions take over functions once performed by religion, Parsons argues that religion becomes more restricted to private meaning and moral guidance."},{"text":"It expands religion into public government and law.","correct":false,"explanation":"Structural differentiation reduces religion's range of functions rather than expanding it. Parsons argues that religion narrows towards private meaning and morality."},{"text":"It eliminates religion from private meaning and morality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parsons does not argue that differentiation eliminates religion completely. Its role narrows as other institutions take over functions, leaving private meaning and morality."},{"text":"It extends religion across education, politics and welfare.","correct":false,"explanation":"Structural differentiation separates institutions from religious control rather than extending that control. Religion's role narrows mainly to private meaning and morality."}]},{"id":"8f397671-df71-48cf-b113-3ace60ff4933","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can religious pluralism weaken religious certainty?","back":"Competing truth claims make religion seem like a choice.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Competing truth claims make religion seem like a choice.","correct":true,"explanation":"When several religions present different versions of truth, individuals become more aware that religious belief is chosen rather than unquestionable, weakening certainty in any single faith."},{"text":"Competing truth claims make religion seem like a certainty.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pluralism does not make religious truth appear more certain. The correct answer is choice, because exposure to competing claims encourages people to compare beliefs rather than accept one automatically."},{"text":"Competing truth claims make religion seem like a tradition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tradition may influence religious identity, but it does not capture pluralism’s effect on certainty. Competing claims make religion seem like a choice between alternatives."},{"text":"Competing truth claims make religion seem like a necessity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Religious pluralism generally reduces the sense that one faith is necessary or inevitable. Instead, competing truth claims make religion appear to be a choice."}]},{"id":"52e0fe50-fd9a-4465-b76d-304eb5fe7fb1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In England and Wales, the 2021 Census recorded Christian identity at [ ], down from [ ] in 2011.","back":"In England and Wales, the 2021 Census recorded Christian identity at 46.2%, down from 59.3% in 2011.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In England and Wales, the 2021 Census recorded Christian identity at 46.2%, down from 59.3% in 2011.","correct":true,"explanation":"The 2021 Census found that 46.2% identified as Christian, compared with 59.3% in 2011, showing a substantial decline in reported Christian identity."},{"text":"In England and Wales, the 2021 Census recorded Christian identity at 59.3%, down from 46.2% in 2011.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two census figures and incorrectly implies an increase. Christian identity fell from 59.3% in 2011 to 46.2% in 2021."},{"text":"In England and Wales, the 2021 Census recorded Christian identity at 37.2%, down from 59.3% in 2011.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 2011 figure is accurate, but 37.2% confuses Christian identity with another census proportion. The 2021 Christian figure was 46.2%."},{"text":"In England and Wales, the 2021 Census recorded Christian identity at 46.2%, down from 72.0% in 2011.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 2021 figure is accurate, but 72.0% is associated with an earlier census period. Christian identity declined from 59.3% in 2011 to 46.2% in 2021."}]},{"id":"acc6bdb8-5355-44ff-b22e-ad43623e1dcd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the Census category 'no religion' not proof that religion has vanished?","back":"

It measures self-identification, not belief strength.
Some still hold private or alternative beliefs.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

It measures self-identification, not belief strength.
Some still hold private or alternative beliefs.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Selecting “no religion” records a person’s chosen census identity, not every belief they hold. Some respondents may retain spiritual, supernatural or privately practised beliefs."},{"text":"

It measures church attendance, not religious identity.
Some still belong to official Christian churches.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Census question records self-identified religion rather than church attendance. “No religion” may include people with private or alternative beliefs, not necessarily formal church members."},{"text":"

It measures belief strength, not self-identification.
Some still follow compulsory state worship.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses what the Census measures: it asks about self-identification, not belief strength. People identifying with no religion may nevertheless retain private or alternative beliefs."},{"text":"

It measures atheist conviction, not religious practice.
Some still attend weekly religious services.

","correct":false,"explanation":"“No religion” is not a direct measure of committed atheism. It records self-identification, while some respondents may hold private spiritual or alternative beliefs despite rejecting a label."}]},{"id":"62d6942e-3aa0-4c7b-be80-c0870cd84df2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which Davie idea describes continued religious belief despite stopping church attendance?","back":"Believing without belonging.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Believing without belonging.","correct":true,"explanation":"Davie uses this phrase for people who retain religious beliefs but no longer participate regularly in churches or other organised religious institutions."},{"text":"Belonging without believing.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes participation or religious identification without personal belief, reversing Davie’s argument. Continued belief alongside declining church attendance is believing without belonging."},{"text":"Spiritual shopping and seeking.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spiritual shopping refers to selecting beliefs from different traditions, not specifically retaining belief while ceasing church attendance. Davie calls that believing without belonging."},{"text":"Vicarious religious participation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vicarious religion concerns a minority practising religion on behalf of a wider population. Davie’s phrase for belief continuing without church attendance is believing without belonging."}]},{"id":"da4cb6d1-50f2-4603-8167-83f860cd3050","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In Davie's vicarious religion, who performs rituals for whom?","back":"A small religious minority performs them for a wider population.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A small religious minority performs them for a wider population.","correct":true,"explanation":"Vicarious religion means an actively religious minority performs rituals and maintains institutions on behalf of a larger population that participates only occasionally or indirectly."},{"text":"A large secular majority performs them for religious leaders.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the groups involved. In vicarious religion, a small religious minority performs rituals on behalf of the wider, less actively religious population."},{"text":"A national political elite performs them for church members.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vicarious religion is not primarily conducted by politicians. A small religious minority performs rituals for a wider population that values religion without regular participation."},{"text":"A professional media industry performs them for private believers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Media organisations may broadcast rituals, but they do not perform vicarious religion. The concept refers to a small religious minority acting for the wider population."}]},{"id":"2f9fb3ef-a935-42ba-a819-9d6627b730a5","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How would Bruce criticise New Age spirituality as evidence against secularisation?","back":"

Often small.
Usually loosely organised.
Less socially powerful than churches were.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Often small.
Usually loosely organised.
Less socially powerful than churches were.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Bruce argues that New Age groups cannot compensate for organised religion’s decline because they are generally small, weakly organised and lacking churches’ former social influence."},{"text":"

Often large.
Usually tightly organised.
More socially powerful than churches were.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Bruce’s criticism. He argues that New Age spirituality is typically small, loosely organised and less socially powerful than traditional churches."},{"text":"

Often small.
Usually politically central.
More socially powerful than churches were.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Small size fits Bruce’s view, but political centrality and greater power do not. He sees New Age spirituality as loosely organised and socially weaker than churches."},{"text":"

Often state-funded.
Usually formally organised.
Equally socially powerful as churches were.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This gives New Age spirituality an institutional strength Bruce rejects. He characterises it as small, loosely organised and less socially powerful than established churches."}]},{"id":"692a4f65-f386-442f-976b-e898f92a61b0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Desecularisation means the [ ] of religion in modern societies.","back":"Desecularisation means the return, revival or continued public importance of religion in modern societies.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"return, revival or continued public importance","correct":true,"explanation":"Desecularisation describes religion returning, reviving or retaining public significance after predictions that modernisation would steadily reduce its influence in society."},{"text":"decline, privatisation or eventual disappearance","correct":false,"explanation":"This defines secularisation rather than desecularisation. Desecularisation means the return, revival or continued public importance of religion in modern societies."},{"text":"separation, regulation or complete depoliticisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Institutional separation and regulation may accompany secularisation, but they do not define desecularisation. The term means religion’s return, revival or continued public importance."},{"text":"fragmentation, individualisation or private consumption","correct":false,"explanation":"These processes may describe changes in how religion is practised, but not desecularisation itself. Desecularisation is religion’s return, revival or continued public importance."}]},{"id":"07ecd263-ec2e-483b-8e43-b8de310435ff","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"According to existential security theory, when are people more likely to be religious?","back":"When life feels insecure through poverty, conflict or inequality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When life feels insecure through poverty, conflict or inequality.","correct":true,"explanation":"Existential security theory argues that material danger and uncertainty increase reliance on religion for reassurance, meaning religiosity tends to be stronger where life feels insecure."},{"text":"When life feels secure through prosperity, peace or equality.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses existential security theory. Security provided by prosperity and stability tends to reduce religious dependence, while poverty, conflict and inequality can strengthen it."},{"text":"When life feels predictable through science, welfare or education.","correct":false,"explanation":"Predictability and strong welfare provision generally increase existential security, which the theory associates with lower religiosity. Religion is more likely where life feels insecure."},{"text":"When life feels comfortable through wealth, freedom or stability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Comfort and stability reduce the insecurity that existential security theory links to religiosity. People are more likely to be religious amid poverty, conflict or inequality."}]},{"id":"bcc2e1f2-7c07-4f1c-8803-94872d1e0111","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Casanova's de-privatisation means religion re-enters [ ].","back":"Casanova's de-privatisation means religion re-enters public life and politics.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"public life and politics","correct":true,"explanation":"Casanova argues that de-privatisation occurs when religion moves beyond the private sphere and becomes publicly involved in political debate, social movements and disputes about collective values."},{"text":"individual belief and worship","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes privatised religion, where faith is confined to personal belief and worship. The right answer is public life and politics, because de-privatisation makes religion publicly influential again."},{"text":"traditional ritual and ceremony","correct":false,"explanation":"A return to ritual does not necessarily give religion a public role. De-privatisation means religion re-enters public life and politics, influencing wider social and political issues."},{"text":"science, education and medicine","correct":false,"explanation":"Religion may debate developments in these institutions, but this list is too narrow. Casanova's concept means religion re-enters public life and politics more generally."}]},{"id":"fe0ee53d-41e9-457a-b480-36ae889947bc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is the growing interconnectedness of societies through migration, trade, media and technology.","back":"Globalisation is the growing interconnectedness of societies through migration, trade, media and technology.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Globalisation","correct":true,"explanation":"Globalisation is the process through which societies become increasingly interconnected by cross-border flows of people, goods, information, culture and technology."},{"text":"Secularisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Secularisation is the declining social significance of religion, not increasing international interconnectedness. The right term is Globalisation, which involves growing links between societies."},{"text":"Rationalisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Rationalisation is the growing use of calculation, efficiency and scientific reasoning. The process connecting societies through migration, trade, media and technology is Globalisation."},{"text":"Individualisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Individualisation describes people gaining greater freedom to construct their own identities and lifestyles. Globalisation is the correct term for growing interconnectedness between societies."}]},{"id":"e9c38998-6c63-4e1e-a425-f0484bd8888e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did post-war migration affect Britain's religious landscape?","back":"It established larger Muslim, Hindu, Sikh and Pentecostal Christian communities.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It established larger Muslim, Hindu, Sikh and Pentecostal Christian communities.","correct":true,"explanation":"Post-war migration from South Asia, the Caribbean and elsewhere increased Britain's religious diversity by establishing substantial Muslim, Hindu, Sikh and Pentecostal Christian communities."},{"text":"It established larger Anglican, Methodist, Quaker and Catholic communities.","correct":false,"explanation":"These denominations were already established in Britain and do not capture the main effects of post-war migration. Migration enlarged Muslim, Hindu, Sikh and Pentecostal Christian communities."},{"text":"It established larger Buddhist, Shinto, Taoist and Orthodox Jewish communities.","correct":false,"explanation":"This list does not reflect the principal religious communities expanded by major post-war migration flows. The key growth occurred among Muslim, Hindu, Sikh and Pentecostal Christian communities."},{"text":"It established larger atheist, agnostic, humanist and secularist communities.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are non-religious identities rather than the main migrant religious communities. Post-war migration established larger Muslim, Hindu, Sikh and Pentecostal Christian communities in Britain."}]},{"id":"10ba9a6d-6f8e-4635-b875-2f149729bfa4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does fundamentalism claim to return to?","back":"Basic truths, sacred texts and strict moral codes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Basic truths, sacred texts and strict moral codes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fundamentalism presents itself as recovering the original, unquestionable foundations of a faith, emphasising literal sacred texts, basic religious truths and firm moral rules."},{"text":"Personal choices, flexible beliefs and private spirituality.","correct":false,"explanation":"These features belong more closely to individualised New Age spirituality. Fundamentalism instead claims to return to basic truths, sacred texts and strict moral codes."},{"text":"Scientific evidence, rational debate and changing ethics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fundamentalists commonly resist making faith dependent on science or changing social values. They claim authority from basic truths, sacred texts and strict moral codes."},{"text":"Cultural diversity, religious pluralism and moral relativism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fundamentalism generally rejects pluralism and moral relativism as sources of uncertainty. It claims to restore basic truths, sacred texts and strict moral codes."}]},{"id":"a21baf8a-31a5-40c7-8474-40552791aa58","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can fundamentalism appeal in late modernity, according to Giddens?","back":"Uncertainty makes people seek certainty, authority and identity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Uncertainty makes people seek certainty, authority and identity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Giddens argues that rapid change, risk and uncertainty in late modern society can make fundamentalism attractive because it offers clear beliefs, authoritative rules and a secure identity."},{"text":"Affluence makes people seek choice, diversity and independence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Choice and independence are associated with individualisation, not Giddens's explanation of fundamentalist appeal. He argues that uncertainty encourages people to seek certainty, authority and identity."},{"text":"Rationality makes people seek science, evidence and calculation.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses fundamentalism with rationalisation, which prioritises scientific and calculative thinking. Giddens argues that uncertainty makes people seek certainty, authority and identity."},{"text":"Tradition makes people seek change, freedom and experimentation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freedom and experimentation are unlikely to explain commitment to strict fundamentalist beliefs. For Giddens, late-modern uncertainty creates demand for certainty, authority and identity."}]},{"id":"7d73928b-3bf8-4ef0-945e-491fd3cb3d16","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How can globalisation both weaken and strengthen religion?","back":"

Weakens: pluralism, secular lifestyles and criticism.
Strengthens: spreads, revives and intensifies identity.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Weakens: pluralism, secular lifestyles and criticism.
Strengthens: spreads, revives and intensifies identity.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Globalisation exposes believers to competing worldviews and secular criticism, potentially weakening faith, while global media and migration can spread religion, support revival and reinforce religious identities."},{"text":"

Weakens: migration, communication and conversion.
Strengthens: isolation, censorship and declining contact.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the mechanisms: migration and communication often spread religion, while isolation is not how globalisation strengthens it. Pluralism can weaken religion, whereas global networks can revive it."},{"text":"

Weakens: revival, solidarity and shared identity.
Strengthens: doubt, criticism and secular lifestyles.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The effects are reversed: revival and solidarity strengthen religious identity, while criticism and secular lifestyles may weaken belief. Globalisation can produce both sets of effects simultaneously."},{"text":"

Weakens: sacred texts, moral rules and worship.
Strengthens: rationalisation, science and disenchantment.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Sacred texts and worship do not inherently weaken religion, and rationalisation usually challenges religious authority. Globalisation weakens religion through pluralism but strengthens it by spreading and reviving faith."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-14","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Religion, secularisation and globalisation","title":"Religion, secularisation and globalisation Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/sociology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"7a5c8516-7d77-520f-8c79-554e71c1a4cf","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]