33:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/1k82ng4g84t4i.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3idr5td_y0l2x.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/30ejopwuj9-ez.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0viymfxbftnxg.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3lz9pr5v38m4h.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1_p5v4n7583_r.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3fht_ul1qhe08.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/37qqpa9baogyj.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/37oe4_azebkh6.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0ko70ux836kd0.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0i4zom-kyjeci.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3x_-spr91qs0c.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1-bdwcxae0-mq.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3krew26yh2_7j.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0z_oky3704907.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2tom8_rk-gmeh.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1_mai2ew48jvc.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2u1q43gtwo_9f.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268"],"Gingerbread"] 35:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/1k82ng4g84t4i.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3idr5td_y0l2x.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/30ejopwuj9-ez.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0viymfxbftnxg.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3lz9pr5v38m4h.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1_p5v4n7583_r.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3fht_ul1qhe08.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/37qqpa9baogyj.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/37oe4_azebkh6.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0ko70ux836kd0.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0i4zom-kyjeci.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3x_-spr91qs0c.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1-bdwcxae0-mq.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3krew26yh2_7j.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0z_oky3704907.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2tom8_rk-gmeh.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1_mai2ew48jvc.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2u1q43gtwo_9f.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268"],"RecordResourceResume"] 36:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/1k82ng4g84t4i.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3idr5td_y0l2x.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/30ejopwuj9-ez.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0viymfxbftnxg.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3lz9pr5v38m4h.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1_p5v4n7583_r.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3fht_ul1qhe08.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/37qqpa9baogyj.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/37oe4_azebkh6.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0ko70ux836kd0.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0i4zom-kyjeci.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3x_-spr91qs0c.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1-bdwcxae0-mq.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3krew26yh2_7j.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0z_oky3704907.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2tom8_rk-gmeh.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1_mai2ew48jvc.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2u1q43gtwo_9f.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 37:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/1k82ng4g84t4i.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3idr5td_y0l2x.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/30ejopwuj9-ez.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0viymfxbftnxg.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3lz9pr5v38m4h.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1_p5v4n7583_r.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3fht_ul1qhe08.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/37qqpa9baogyj.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/37oe4_azebkh6.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0ko70ux836kd0.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0i4zom-kyjeci.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3x_-spr91qs0c.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1-bdwcxae0-mq.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3krew26yh2_7j.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0z_oky3704907.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2tom8_rk-gmeh.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1_mai2ew48jvc.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/2u1q43gtwo_9f.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790847268"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/a-level/sociology/aqa/media-globalisation-and-popular-culture/flashcards","label":"Media, globalisation and popular culture","subjectCode":"a_level_sociology__aqa","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"f47738d2-2d2a-4b98-a4e8-c1b106239648","title":"Media, globalisation and popular culture Flashcards","topicId":"7e94a23f-96d9-581e-b0e0-ae6202fd07e9","topicSlug":"media-globalisation-and-popular-culture","cards":[{"id":"f827f5e1-a0fd-4f1a-a5c6-074f89fb9919","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The media are a major agency of [ ], teaching ideas about beauty, success, gender roles and normal lifestyles.","back":"The media are a major agency of secondary socialisation, teaching ideas about beauty, success, gender roles and normal lifestyles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"secondary socialisation","correct":true,"explanation":"Secondary socialisation occurs beyond the family through institutions and agencies such as education, peer groups and the media, which transmit wider social norms, values and expectations."},{"text":"primary socialisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Primary socialisation mainly occurs during early childhood within the family. The media transmit norms and values beyond this initial stage, so the correct term is secondary socialisation."},{"text":"formal social control","correct":false,"explanation":"Formal social control involves written rules and official sanctions enforced by institutions such as the police and courts. Teaching cultural norms through media is secondary socialisation."},{"text":"social stratification","correct":false,"explanation":"Social stratification describes the structured inequalities between social groups, rather than the process of learning norms and values. The media therefore act as an agency of secondary socialisation."}]},{"id":"d44c3344-e89b-4922-a82f-44f4862ef12f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which culture type is associated with elites, education and refined taste?","back":"High culture.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"High culture.","correct":true,"explanation":"High culture is traditionally associated with educated elites and supposedly refined forms of artistic taste, such as classical music, opera, ballet and fine art."},{"text":"Folk culture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Folk culture consists of traditions and practices rooted in particular local communities, rather than elite tastes. Culture associated with elites and education is high culture."},{"text":"Mass culture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass culture is standardised and commercially produced for large audiences, not defined by elite education or refined taste. Those characteristics belong to high culture."},{"text":"Popular culture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Popular culture consists of widely enjoyed contemporary activities and media products rather than forms traditionally linked to educated elites. The correct category is high culture."}]},{"id":"2605386a-a0ae-4fc2-bd32-11a138e259ed","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which culture type is rooted in local communities and traditions?","back":"Folk culture.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Folk culture.","correct":true,"explanation":"Folk culture develops within local communities and is passed between generations through shared customs, beliefs, crafts, music and other traditional practices."},{"text":"High culture.","correct":false,"explanation":"High culture is associated with elite status, formal education and refined artistic taste, rather than community traditions. Locally rooted customs are classified as folk culture."},{"text":"Mass culture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass culture is commercially produced and standardised for large audiences, whereas culture arising from distinctive local traditions and communities is known as folk culture."},{"text":"Popular culture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Popular culture refers to widely consumed contemporary entertainment and lifestyles. Culture grounded in inherited traditions and particular local communities is more specifically folk culture."}]},{"id":"e2e63ff5-751e-404d-bb4e-ae7e8d0536b3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which culture type is standardised and produced for mass consumption?","back":"Mass culture.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mass culture.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mass culture is produced commercially in standardised forms for distribution to very large audiences, often through mass media and global cultural industries."},{"text":"High culture.","correct":false,"explanation":"High culture is associated with elite groups, education and refined taste, not standardised production for a large consumer market. The correct category is mass culture."},{"text":"Folk culture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Folk culture develops through local traditions and communities rather than industrial production for mass audiences. Standardised culture made for widespread consumption is mass culture."},{"text":"Popular culture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Popular culture describes cultural forms widely enjoyed by ordinary people, but the emphasis on standardised commercial production for mass consumption specifically identifies mass culture."}]},{"id":"8a4fd6b3-aa2c-49ac-bb03-dfc476350435","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which culture type includes TikTok trends, grime, football fandom and Love Island?","back":"Popular culture.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Popular culture.","correct":true,"explanation":"Popular culture includes widely followed contemporary entertainment, music, sport, celebrities and social media trends, including grime, football fandom, TikTok content and reality television."},{"text":"High culture.","correct":false,"explanation":"High culture refers to forms traditionally associated with elite education and refined taste, such as opera and classical art. These mainstream examples belong to popular culture."},{"text":"Folk culture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Folk culture consists of inherited customs rooted in particular local communities. Contemporary mass-followed media, music and sporting activities are instead examples of popular culture."},{"text":"Mass culture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass culture emphasises standardised commercial production for large audiences. Although some examples may be commercially produced, the broad category illustrated here is popular culture."}]},{"id":"f175d384-9c82-4fb8-af89-8aa36b401d2f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is the increasing interconnectedness of societies across national borders through economic, political, cultural and technological flows.","back":"Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of societies across national borders through economic, political, cultural and technological flows.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Globalisation","correct":true,"explanation":"Globalisation describes the growing interconnectedness and interdependence of societies as economic, political, cultural and technological processes increasingly operate across national borders."},{"text":"Localisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Localisation involves adapting activities or cultural products to particular places and communities, rather than increasing worldwide interconnectedness. The cross-border process described is globalisation."},{"text":"Secularisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Secularisation is the decline in the social influence and significance of religion, not the growth of international flows and connections. The correct term is globalisation."},{"text":"Individualisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Individualisation refers to people becoming less constrained by traditional roles and increasingly responsible for constructing their identities. Cross-border interconnectedness is instead called globalisation."}]},{"id":"f320a05d-5693-4fe9-93f2-d662c1ebb53f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does media globalisation change cultural consumption?","back":"Audiences access cultural products from many countries in one media space.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Audiences access cultural products from many countries in one media space.","correct":true,"explanation":"Global media platforms bring films, music, news and other cultural products from different societies together, allowing audiences to consume content from many countries in one space."},{"text":"Audiences access only locally produced cultural products in one media space.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the effect of globalisation by suggesting that consumption remains exclusively local. Media globalisation instead gives audiences access to cultural products from many countries."},{"text":"Audiences access the same national culture without foreign influences in one media space.","correct":false,"explanation":"Global media increase exposure to foreign influences rather than preserving a single unaffected national culture. Audiences can access cultural products originating in many different countries."},{"text":"Audiences access cultural products separated by strict national boundaries in one media space.","correct":false,"explanation":"Strict national separation describes the opposite of global media flows. Digital platforms and transnational media organisations enable audiences to access cultural products from many countries together."}]},{"id":"87d0c122-1e98-442b-96a2-d5d2887af52f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which Giddens concept means social relationships are stretched across distance?","back":"Time-space distanciation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Time-space distanciation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Giddens uses time-space distanciation to describe how modern social relationships and interactions are stretched across large distances, no longer requiring people to share the same location."},{"text":"Ontological security.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ontological security is a person’s stable sense of trust, continuity and order in everyday life. Giddens calls relationships stretched across distance time-space distanciation."},{"text":"Reflexive modernisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reflexive modernisation concerns societies continually examining and revising practices in response to new knowledge. The stretching of social relations across distance is time-space distanciation."},{"text":"Structuration theory.","correct":false,"explanation":"Structuration theory explains the ongoing relationship between human agency and social structure. Giddens’s specific term for relationships stretched across geographical distance is time-space distanciation."}]},{"id":"709c6b3e-f867-4831-a19e-112f2f9897df","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which Harvey concept means technology makes the world feel smaller and faster?","back":"Time-space compression.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Time-space compression.","correct":true,"explanation":"Harvey uses time-space compression to describe how transport and communication technologies accelerate interactions and reduce the perceived significance of geographical distance."},{"text":"Global village.","correct":false,"explanation":"The global village is McLuhan’s concept for worldwide connection through electronic media. Harvey’s term for technology making the world feel smaller and faster is time-space compression."},{"text":"Time-space distanciation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Time-space distanciation is associated with Giddens and concerns social relations stretching across distance. Harvey specifically calls the apparent shrinking and speeding up of the world time-space compression."},{"text":"Disembedding mechanisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Disembedding is Giddens’s concept for lifting social relations out of local contexts. Harvey uses time-space compression for the way technology reduces perceived distance and travel time."}]},{"id":"9636d9a9-e674-4421-89bc-00042624df41","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do transnational media corporations matter for power?","back":"Wealthy corporations can make their culture more visible globally.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Wealthy corporations can make their culture more visible globally.","correct":true,"explanation":"Their financial resources, ownership and global distribution networks allow transnational corporations to promote particular cultural products and values to audiences around the world."},{"text":"Wealthy corporations can make all cultures equally visible globally.","correct":false,"explanation":"Global media ownership does not guarantee equal cultural representation. Wealthy corporations can make their own culture more visible by controlling investment, production and distribution."},{"text":"Wealthy corporations can make their culture less influential globally.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship between corporate wealth and cultural influence. Large corporations use extensive resources and distribution networks to make their culture more visible globally."},{"text":"Wealthy corporations can make their ownership less powerful globally.","correct":false,"explanation":"Expansion across countries generally increases rather than reduces corporate power. Wealthy corporations matter because they can use ownership and distribution to make their culture more visible globally."}]},{"id":"2cfb73c7-acd2-4d14-9dca-5163185b4fe1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] means content made by ordinary users rather than professional media producers.","back":"User-generated content means content made by ordinary users rather than professional media producers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"User-generated content","correct":true,"explanation":"User-generated content is material created and shared by ordinary users, distinguishing it from content produced primarily by professional media organisations and their employees."},{"text":"Professionally generated content","correct":false,"explanation":"Professionally generated content is produced by employed media specialists, which reverses the definition. Material made by ordinary users rather than professional producers is user-generated content."},{"text":"Public service broadcasting","correct":false,"explanation":"Public service broadcasting refers to media intended to serve public needs, usually through regulated broadcasters. Content created by ordinary users is instead called user-generated content."},{"text":"Media convergence","correct":false,"explanation":"Media convergence describes technologies, industries or media forms coming together, not ordinary people creating content. The correct term for such material is user-generated content."}]},{"id":"02b99b03-63f9-4ff5-b4e5-93cfaccc1ad8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do algorithms shape popular culture on digital platforms?","back":"They decide what becomes visible, profitable or viral.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They decide what becomes visible, profitable or viral.","correct":true,"explanation":"Algorithms rank, recommend and promote selected content, influencing what audiences encounter and share and therefore which cultural products attract attention, advertising and revenue."},{"text":"They decide what becomes private, unprofitable or hidden.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the usual emphasis on algorithmic promotion. Algorithms shape popular culture by deciding what becomes visible, profitable or viral through ranking and recommendation systems."},{"text":"They ensure everything becomes visible, profitable or viral.","correct":false,"explanation":"Algorithms do not promote all content equally; they select and rank some material above others. They therefore decide what becomes visible, profitable or viral."},{"text":"They decide what becomes traditional, local or permanent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Algorithms may circulate local or traditional material, but these are not their defining effects. Their power lies in determining what becomes visible, profitable or viral."}]},{"id":"f002cacb-081c-4670-b6f1-5fe08b1859cc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does Jenkins mean by participatory culture?","back":"Fans help circulate and transform media content.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fans help circulate and transform media content.","correct":true,"explanation":"Jenkins argues that audiences are active participants who share, discuss, remix and adapt media, helping content circulate and acquire new forms and meanings."},{"text":"Fans only consume and preserve media content.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating fans as passive consumers contradicts Jenkins’s argument. Participatory culture means fans actively help circulate and transform media content through sharing, remixing and adaptation."},{"text":"Fans help restrict and standardise media content.","correct":false,"explanation":"Participatory practices usually expand circulation and produce varied reinterpretations rather than restricting or standardising content. Jenkins argues that fans help circulate and transform media content."},{"text":"Fans simply purchase and receive media content.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reflects a passive audience model rather than participatory culture. Jenkins emphasises that fans actively circulate and transform content instead of merely purchasing and receiving it."}]},{"id":"b9fafbce-5054-46f7-b8e7-91ecef13b562","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] argued electronic media create a [ ], connecting people through shared communication and events.","back":"McLuhan argued electronic media create a global village, connecting people through shared communication and events.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"McLuhan argued electronic media create a global village, connecting people through shared communication and events.","correct":true,"explanation":"McLuhan developed the global village concept to explain how electronic communication overcomes distance and allows people worldwide to experience information and events together."},{"text":"Harvey argued electronic media create a global village, connecting people through shared communication and events.","correct":false,"explanation":"Harvey is associated with time-space compression, not authorship of the global village concept. McLuhan argued that electronic media create a global village."},{"text":"McLuhan argued electronic media create a network society, connecting people through shared communication and events.","correct":false,"explanation":"Network society is primarily associated with Castells. McLuhan’s concept was the global village, describing worldwide connection through electronic communication and shared events."},{"text":"Castells argued electronic media create a time-space compression, connecting people through shared communication and events.","correct":false,"explanation":"This combines two different theorists and concepts: Castells developed network society, while Harvey discussed time-space compression. McLuhan linked electronic media to the global village."}]},{"id":"e1a7e8d0-78de-4df3-88de-8d40481deeb6","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why can the global village idea be criticised as too optimistic?","back":"

Access to digital media is unequal.
Connection can produce conflict, not understanding.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Access to digital media is unequal.
Connection can produce conflict, not understanding.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The global village image overlooks the digital divide and assumes communication creates harmony. In reality, access is unequal and increased connection can spread hostility or conflict."},{"text":"

Access to digital media is universal.
Connection always produces shared understanding.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These claims repeat the optimistic assumptions being criticised. Digital access remains unequal, and connection can intensify disagreement or conflict rather than automatically creating understanding."},{"text":"

Access to digital media is inexpensive.
Connection removes cultural differences entirely.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Affordability varies greatly, and communication does not erase cultural difference. The criticism is that access is unequal and connection can generate conflict rather than understanding."},{"text":"

Access to digital media is evenly distributed.
Connection prevents disagreement between users.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The digital divide means access is not evenly distributed, while online interaction can increase disagreement. These realities make the global village idea overly optimistic."}]},{"id":"f31118c9-2adc-4291-ae76-63d5440924e8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is when powerful countries or corporations spread their culture and values to less powerful societies.","back":"Cultural imperialism is when powerful countries or corporations spread their culture and values to less powerful societies.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cultural imperialism","correct":true,"explanation":"Cultural imperialism describes powerful countries or corporations spreading their cultural products, values and lifestyles into less powerful societies, potentially weakening local cultures."},{"text":"Cultural hybridity","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural hybridity describes elements from different cultures combining to produce new forms. One-way cultural influence by powerful societies or corporations is cultural imperialism."},{"text":"Cultural convergence","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural convergence refers to cultures becoming more similar through global interaction. The power-based spread of dominant values into less powerful societies is cultural imperialism."},{"text":"Cultural pluralism","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural pluralism involves different cultural groups coexisting while retaining distinct identities. Dominant countries or corporations imposing or spreading their values is cultural imperialism."}]},{"id":"9b18db23-21b8-40eb-b51b-2d11380958a3","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"According to Schiller, what capitalist values do US media exports spread?","back":"Consumerism, individualism and competition.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Consumerism, individualism and competition.","correct":true,"explanation":"Schiller argues that US media exports promote capitalist ideology by encouraging consumption, personal self-interest and rivalry within competitive markets."},{"text":"Democracy, equality and social solidarity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Democracy and equality are political ideals, not the capitalist values identified in Schiller’s critique. He argues that US media spread consumerism, individualism and competition."},{"text":"Collectivism, conformity and cooperation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Collectivism and cooperation conflict with the competitive capitalist ideology Schiller describes. His argument focuses on the spread of consumerism, individualism and competition."},{"text":"Nationalism, traditionalism and self-sufficiency.","correct":false,"explanation":"Self-sufficiency and traditionalism would resist the global capitalist market rather than support it. Schiller identifies consumerism, individualism and competition as the values exported."}]},{"id":"ce2ebe97-84d0-4cb3-8ecf-3daec4f9077c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What main criticism challenges cultural imperialism as a one-way process?","back":"Global media flows are more complex than Western domination.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Global media flows are more complex than Western domination.","correct":true,"explanation":"Media influence does not simply travel from Western producers to passive non-Western audiences. Multiple production centres, active audiences and local adaptations make global flows more complex."},{"text":"Global media flows are entirely one-way from West to non-West.","correct":false,"explanation":"This repeats rather than challenges the one-way cultural imperialism model. Critics argue that global media flows are more complex than straightforward Western domination."},{"text":"Global media flows prove Western domination is complete.","correct":false,"explanation":"The claim that Western control is complete exaggerates the cultural imperialism thesis. Critics highlight reverse flows, local production and adaptation, making media flows more complex."},{"text":"Global media flows have eliminated local cultures worldwide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Local cultures have not disappeared and often reinterpret global products. This continuing local agency supports the criticism that media flows are more complex than Western domination."}]},{"id":"38ffe277-7591-49de-887a-afb60393b75f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] means mixing cultural elements from different societies to create new cultural forms.","back":"Hybridisation means mixing cultural elements from different societies to create new cultural forms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hybridisation","correct":true,"explanation":"Hybridisation is the process through which elements from different cultures are combined, producing new cultural forms rather than preserving entirely separate traditions."},{"text":"Homogenisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Homogenisation describes cultures becoming increasingly similar, often through global standardisation. Mixing elements from different societies to produce new forms is hybridisation."},{"text":"Glocalisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Glocalisation is the adaptation of a global product to local circumstances. The broader mixing of cultural elements to create new forms is called hybridisation."},{"text":"Cultural imperialism","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural imperialism concerns a powerful society imposing its culture on others. A new form created by combining elements from different societies demonstrates hybridisation."}]},{"id":"12b0dd1a-13e5-412a-beea-791fdb12fd05","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ], associated with [ ], means global products are adapted to fit local cultures.","back":"Glocalisation, associated with Robertson, means global products are adapted to fit local cultures.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Glocalisation, associated with Robertson, means global products are adapted to fit local cultures.","correct":true,"explanation":"Robertson uses glocalisation to describe how global products and ideas are modified for particular local cultures, rather than being received in an unchanged form."},{"text":"Hybridisation, associated with Robertson, means global products are adapted to fit local cultures.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hybridisation means combining cultural elements to create new forms, not specifically adapting global products for local markets. Robertson associates that adaptation process with glocalisation."},{"text":"Glocalisation, associated with Schiller, means global products are adapted to fit local cultures.","correct":false,"explanation":"Schiller is associated with cultural imperialism and the spread of capitalist values through US media. Robertson developed the concept of glocalisation for local adaptations of global products."},{"text":"Homogenisation, associated with Baudrillard, means global products are adapted to fit local cultures.","correct":false,"explanation":"Homogenisation means cultures becoming more alike, while Baudrillard is associated with hyperreality. Robertson’s glocalisation describes global products being adapted to local cultures."}]},{"id":"00b239f7-95e4-40e5-bc77-b46cd74524c0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is K-pop an example of hybridisation?","back":"It mixes Korean language/performance with US pop, hip-hop and global fashion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It mixes Korean language/performance with US pop, hip-hop and global fashion.","correct":true,"explanation":"K-pop combines recognisably Korean language and performance styles with musical and visual influences drawn from US and global culture, creating a new hybrid form."},{"text":"It preserves Korean language/performance by rejecting US pop, hip-hop and global fashion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rejecting external influences would represent cultural separation rather than hybridisation. K-pop is hybrid because it combines Korean language and performance with US pop, hip-hop and global fashion."},{"text":"It copies US language/performance without Korean elements or local adaptation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A direct copy without Korean elements would suggest homogenisation rather than cultural mixing. K-pop combines Korean language and performance with US pop, hip-hop and global fashion."},{"text":"It combines only Korean language/performance with exclusively Korean music and fashion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Exclusively Korean influences would not constitute cross-cultural mixing. K-pop demonstrates hybridisation by combining Korean language and performance with US pop, hip-hop and global fashion."}]},{"id":"b3934972-ff26-4d6a-b6bb-f3ba4d46bffe","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Baudrillard’s term [ ] describes media images feeling more real or important than reality.","back":"Baudrillard’s term hyperreality describes media images feeling more real or important than reality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"hyperreality","correct":true,"explanation":"Hyperreality occurs when media representations, simulations or images seem more meaningful and real than the underlying reality they supposedly represent."},{"text":"simulacra","correct":false,"explanation":"Simulacra are signs or copies that may lack an original and can contribute to the condition described. The condition in which images feel more real is hyperreality."},{"text":"cultural imperialism","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural imperialism concerns powerful societies spreading their culture through media. Baudrillard calls the condition in which media images feel more real than reality hyperreality."},{"text":"homogenisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Homogenisation describes cultures becoming more alike because of global influences. Baudrillard’s term for media representations seeming more real or important than reality is hyperreality."}]},{"id":"c0a02afc-aecf-4792-820e-f4288058b999","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does Bourdieu’s cultural capital link to popular culture?","back":"Some tastes are treated as more legitimate than others.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Some tastes are treated as more legitimate than others.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bourdieu argues that dominant groups and institutions give higher status to particular cultural tastes, allowing those tastes to operate as valuable cultural capital."},{"text":"All tastes are treated as equally legitimate in society.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bourdieu rejects the idea that society values all tastes equally. Dominant groups define certain tastes as more legitimate, giving their holders cultural advantage."},{"text":"Popular tastes are treated as more legitimate than elite tastes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Economic popularity does not automatically produce cultural legitimacy. Bourdieu argues that dominant institutions often treat elite tastes as more legitimate than other tastes."},{"text":"Tastes are determined by biological inheritance rather than social class.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bourdieu connects tastes to socialisation and class position, not biological inheritance. These social processes cause some tastes to be treated as more legitimate than others."}]},{"id":"dd94b1f0-01f1-47d1-b397-d09b9619d0d4","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What balanced judgement fits global media and popular culture?","back":"Global media create both homogenisation and diversity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Global media create both homogenisation and diversity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Global media can standardise tastes and spread similar products, producing homogenisation, while also enabling local adaptation, cultural mixing and access to diverse cultural forms."},{"text":"Global media create only homogenisation and no diversity.","correct":false,"explanation":"This accepts only the cultural imperialism side of the debate and ignores local adaptation and hybridisation. A balanced judgement recognises both homogenisation and diversity."},{"text":"Global media create only diversity and no homogenisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Global flows can increase cultural choice, but global brands and repeated formats can also make cultures more similar. The balanced conclusion includes both diversity and homogenisation."},{"text":"Global media create neither homogenisation nor diversity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Global media clearly affect cultures by spreading common products while also supporting new combinations and adaptations. Their effects therefore include both homogenisation and diversity."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-14","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Media, globalisation and popular culture","title":"Media, globalisation and popular culture Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/sociology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"7e94a23f-96d9-581e-b0e0-ae6202fd07e9","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]