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differences","correct":true,"explanation":"Health care inequality involves systematic differences between social groups, rather than isolated individual experiences. These patterns can affect service availability, quality, use and health outcomes."},{"text":"random variations","correct":false,"explanation":"Random variation has no consistent relationship with social group membership. The correct term is patterned differences because health care inequalities systematically affect groups such as social classes or ethnicities."},{"text":"identical experiences","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical experiences would indicate equality rather than inequality. The correct term is patterned differences because groups consistently experience different availability, quality, use or outcomes of services."},{"text":"personal preferences","correct":false,"explanation":"Personal preferences may influence an individual’s choices, but they do not define group-based inequality. The correct term is patterned differences because the disparities follow social patterns."}]},{"id":"25d602f2-2f90-44a9-bae6-0b1246167b08","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does equal legal entitlement to the NHS not guarantee equal care?","back":"People can have same rights but unequal barriers, waits or care quality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"People can have same rights but unequal barriers, waits or care quality.","correct":true,"explanation":"Formal entitlement establishes equal rights on paper, but practical factors such as transport, waiting times, discrimination and local service quality can produce unequal experiences of care."},{"text":"People have different NHS rights according to their income and postcode.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses unequal experiences with formal entitlement, which is not generally allocated by income or postcode. People can have the same rights but face unequal barriers, waits or care quality."},{"text":"Legal entitlement ensures identical access, waits and care quality for everyone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Legal rights do not remove practical or organisational inequalities. People may share the same entitlement while facing different barriers, waiting times and standards of care."},{"text":"Unequal care occurs because private treatment is compulsory for disadvantaged groups.","correct":false,"explanation":"Private treatment is not compulsory for disadvantaged groups under the NHS. Inequality arises because the same legal rights can coexist with unequal barriers, waits and care quality."}]},{"id":"5f1cf114-2c95-4d8b-8578-6c15935aed0b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is the supply/organisation of services; [ ] is people’s real ability to use them.","back":"Provision is the supply/organisation of services; access is people’s real ability to use them.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Provision is the supply/organisation of services; access is people’s real ability to use them.","correct":true,"explanation":"Provision concerns whether and how services are supplied and organised. Access concerns whether people can actually make use of those services despite financial, physical or social barriers."},{"text":"Access is the supply/organisation of services; provision is people’s real ability to use them.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two concepts. Provision means the supply and organisation of services, while access means people’s practical ability to use the services that exist."},{"text":"Demand is the supply/organisation of services; access is people’s real ability to use them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Demand means the level of need or desire for services, not their supply. Provision describes supply and organisation, while access describes people’s ability to use services."},{"text":"Provision is the supply/organisation of services; entitlement is people’s real ability to use them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Entitlement refers to a formal right to receive care, which does not guarantee practical use. Access is the correct term for people’s real ability to use services."}]},{"id":"6897a475-d89e-44bc-8660-2ea87de214bc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A deprived area has too few GP appointments. Which inequality is this?","back":"Provision: the supply of appointments is insufficient.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Provision: the supply of appointments is insufficient.","correct":true,"explanation":"The inequality concerns how many appointments are supplied in the area. An inadequate quantity of available services is a problem of provision."},{"text":"Access: appointments are available, but patients cannot reach them.","correct":false,"explanation":"That would describe an access barrier, but the scenario states that too few appointments are supplied. It is a provision inequality because service capacity is insufficient."},{"text":"Quality: enough appointments exist, but consultations are ineffective.","correct":false,"explanation":"Quality concerns the standard or effectiveness of care, not the amount supplied. Too few GP appointments represent unequal provision because the available capacity is insufficient."},{"text":"Outcome: appointment supply is equal, but recovery rates differ.","correct":false,"explanation":"Outcome inequality concerns differences in results such as recovery or mortality. This scenario instead describes unequal provision because the deprived area has an insufficient supply of appointments."}]},{"id":"e6d70ebf-eaac-4712-ad22-b8def53cc1a0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A GP surgery exists, but older patients cannot use online booking. Which inequality is this?","back":"Access: the service exists, but the route is hard to use.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Access: the service exists, but the route is hard to use.","correct":true,"explanation":"The surgery and booking service are provided, but the digital route prevents some older patients from using them effectively. This makes the problem one of access."},{"text":"Provision: too few appointments are supplied for local patients.","correct":false,"explanation":"Provision would be the issue if appointments or services were insufficient. Here the service exists, but online booking creates a practical access barrier for older patients."},{"text":"Quality: consultations occur, but the treatment provided is ineffective.","correct":false,"explanation":"Quality concerns the standard or effectiveness of treatment after care is received. The problem here is access because some patients cannot use the online booking route."},{"text":"Outcome: patients receive care, but their recovery rates are lower.","correct":false,"explanation":"Outcome inequality concerns differences after care has been delivered. These patients face an access inequality because the booking method makes an existing service difficult to use."}]},{"id":"295a7bba-a63c-49cc-b56b-2721f43b4f1d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a health care postcode lottery unequal provision?","back":"Services are unevenly distributed between areas.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Services are unevenly distributed between areas.","correct":true,"explanation":"A postcode lottery means that the services available depend on where someone lives. This is unequal provision because resources and treatment opportunities are distributed unevenly between areas."},{"text":"Services are evenly distributed but produce different outcomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal distribution with different results would indicate outcome inequality, not a postcode lottery in provision. A postcode lottery occurs when services are unevenly distributed between areas."},{"text":"Services are used differently by individuals within each area.","correct":false,"explanation":"Differences in individual use do not by themselves show unequal provision. A postcode lottery concerns services being unevenly distributed according to geographical area."},{"text":"Patients are legally excluded from NHS care in poorer areas.","correct":false,"explanation":"A postcode lottery does not mean residents lose their legal NHS entitlement. It means services are unevenly distributed, so available care varies between geographical areas."}]},{"id":"d041fcaa-d668-43b8-9713-4224b2fbacff","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why may lower-income groups have greater need for health services?","back":"They experience more poor housing, insecure work, stress, pollution or food poverty.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They experience more poor housing, insecure work, stress, pollution or food poverty.","correct":true,"explanation":"These material and environmental disadvantages increase exposure to illness and chronic stress. Lower-income groups may therefore have greater health needs even while facing greater barriers to care."},{"text":"They experience more private insurance, spacious housing, secure work, low stress or clean air.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are generally protective advantages associated with better health, so they would not explain greater need. Poor housing, insecure work, stress, pollution and food poverty increase health risks."},{"text":"They experience more wealth, workplace autonomy, leisure time, green space or food security.","correct":false,"explanation":"These resources usually protect physical and mental health rather than increase health service need. Lower-income groups face greater need through disadvantages such as poor housing, stress and food poverty."},{"text":"They experience more rapid referrals, private rooms, short waits, specialist choice or preventive care.","correct":false,"explanation":"These describe favourable access or treatment rather than causes of greater health need. Greater need arises from harmful conditions such as insecure work, pollution, stress and poor housing."}]},{"id":"537fa606-4c72-4340-845e-f166ba62915f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can low income reduce real access to health care?","back":"It limits transport, childcare, flexible work and system navigation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It limits transport, childcare, flexible work and system navigation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Even when NHS treatment is free, attending and arranging care can involve indirect costs. Low income reduces the practical resources needed to travel, arrange childcare, take time off and navigate services."},{"text":"It increases transport, childcare, flexible work and system navigation.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship: low income reduces rather than increases these practical resources. Limited transport, childcare, work flexibility and navigation support can prevent people from using available care."},{"text":"It limits clinical staffing, hospital equipment, drug supplies and professional training.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are features of service provision rather than an individual’s real access. Low personal income reduces access by limiting transport, childcare, flexible work and the ability to navigate services."},{"text":"It removes legal entitlement, emergency treatment, GP registration and NHS eligibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low income does not generally remove formal NHS entitlement or eligibility. It reduces real access through practical barriers involving transport, childcare, inflexible employment and system navigation."}]},{"id":"3ae02473-bb11-4f8f-93ae-f71c75a79be9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Tudor Hart’s [ ] says good medical care tends to vary inversely with population [ ].","back":"Tudor Hart’s inverse care law says good medical care tends to vary inversely with population need.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Tudor Hart’s inverse care law says good medical care tends to vary inversely with population need.","correct":true,"explanation":"The inverse care law states that communities with the greatest health needs often have the poorest access to high-quality medical services, particularly where health care is shaped by market forces."},{"text":"Tudor Hart’s inverse care law says good medical care tends to vary inversely with population wealth.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the underlying pattern with income differences. Hart’s law relates the availability of good medical care inversely to population need, meaning provision is often weakest where needs are greatest."},{"text":"Tudor Hart’s social gradient says good medical care tends to vary inversely with population need.","correct":false,"explanation":"The social gradient is associated with Marmot and describes worsening health down the social hierarchy. Hart’s inverse care law concerns medical provision being least available where population need is greatest."},{"text":"Tudor Hart’s postcode lottery says good medical care tends to vary inversely with population demand.","correct":false,"explanation":"A postcode lottery describes geographical variation but is not Hart’s named principle. The inverse care law states that good medical care varies inversely with population need."}]},{"id":"e7417441-76f2-4ea3-92ef-67666a415378","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can private health care create a two-tier system?","back":"Affluent patients can pay to reduce waiting time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Affluent patients can pay to reduce waiting time.","correct":true,"explanation":"Wealthier patients can purchase faster private consultations and treatment, while less affluent patients remain dependent on NHS waiting lists, producing unequal levels of access based on ability to pay."},{"text":"Affluent patients can pay to increase waiting time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Private payment generally provides quicker rather than slower access. The two-tier system arises because affluent patients can pay to reduce waiting time while others must wait for NHS treatment."},{"text":"Affluent patients can receive fewer treatment choices.","correct":false,"explanation":"Private health care usually expands the choices available to those who can afford it. Inequality develops because affluent patients can pay to reduce waiting time compared with NHS patients."},{"text":"Affluent patients can lose access to NHS care.","correct":false,"explanation":"Purchasing private treatment does not normally remove a person’s entitlement to NHS services. The two-tier effect comes from affluent patients being able to pay for shorter waiting times."}]},{"id":"4fe9c5e7-d144-460c-917c-a0a96fd3727e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Marmot’s [ ] means each step down the social hierarchy is linked to [ ].","back":"Marmot’s social gradient means each step down the social hierarchy is linked to worse health.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Marmot’s social gradient means each step down the social hierarchy is linked to worse health.","correct":true,"explanation":"Marmot identified a graded relationship between social position and health: health outcomes generally worsen at every step down the hierarchy, rather than disadvantage affecting only the poorest group."},{"text":"Marmot’s social gradient means each step down the social hierarchy is linked to better health.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship Marmot identified. Each step down the social hierarchy is associated with worse health, reflecting progressively reduced resources, control and opportunities for healthy living."},{"text":"Marmot’s inverse care law means each step down the social hierarchy is linked to worse health.","correct":false,"explanation":"The inverse care law belongs to Tudor Hart and concerns access to medical care. Marmot’s social gradient links every downward step in social hierarchy with worse health."},{"text":"Marmot’s social gradient means each step down the social hierarchy is linked to equal health.","correct":false,"explanation":"The gradient shows systematic differences rather than equality across social classes. Marmot found that each step down the social hierarchy is linked to progressively worse health outcomes."}]},{"id":"636902e2-5a9a-4fa6-bd41-85aa1928f6d9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does proportionate universalism require in higher-need areas?","back":"Universal services, delivered with greater intensity where need is greatest.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Universal services, delivered with greater intensity where need is greatest.","correct":true,"explanation":"Proportionate universalism combines provision for everyone with additional scale and intensity for disadvantaged populations. This avoids both excluding people through targeting and overlooking unequal levels of need."},{"text":"Targeted services, delivered only to people with the very greatest need.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restricting services to the highest-need group is selective targeting, not proportionate universalism. The correct approach provides universal services but increases their intensity as levels of need rise."},{"text":"Universal services, delivered with equal intensity regardless of local need.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal provision can preserve inequality because communities begin with different levels of disadvantage. Proportionate universalism requires universal services delivered more intensively where need is greatest."},{"text":"Private services, delivered more cheaply where demand is greatest.","correct":false,"explanation":"Market demand and lower prices do not define proportionate universalism. It requires universal services for the whole population, with greater intensity directed towards areas experiencing greater need."}]},{"id":"95326909-169c-452f-bb18-1b956405f5ad","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why is a culture-only explanation of ethnic health care inequality weak?","back":"It ignores racism, poverty, language barriers, migration and institutional treatment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It ignores racism, poverty, language barriers, migration and institutional treatment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethnic health inequalities are shaped by intersecting structural and material factors, not culture alone. Racism, socioeconomic disadvantage, communication barriers, migration experiences and institutional practices all affect access and treatment."},{"text":"It exaggerates racism, poverty, language barriers, migration and institutional treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"A culture-only account neglects rather than exaggerates structural influences. Its weakness is failing to consider racism, poverty, language barriers, migration experiences and unequal institutional treatment."},{"text":"It ignores personal preferences, healthy choices, motivation, attitudes and individual responsibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"This repeats an individualistic approach rather than identifying the weakness of cultural explanations. The missing factors are structural influences such as racism, poverty, language barriers, migration and institutional treatment."},{"text":"It prioritises racism, poverty, language barriers, migration and institutional treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"A culture-only explanation does not prioritise these wider influences; it marginalises them. Its weakness is ignoring structural and institutional factors that shape ethnic inequalities in health care."}]},{"id":"ac4f0663-1fb0-4f6f-bab1-1619f6a3c7c9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In mental health services, what inequality has affected Black people disproportionately?","back":"Compulsory detention under the Mental Health Act.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Compulsory detention under the Mental Health Act.","correct":true,"explanation":"Black people have been disproportionately detained compulsorily under mental health legislation, raising concerns about racialised diagnosis, coercive pathways into services and unequal treatment within psychiatric care."},{"text":"Voluntary counselling under the Mental Health Act.","correct":false,"explanation":"The documented inequality concerns coercive treatment rather than voluntary support. Black people have been disproportionately subject to compulsory detention under the Mental Health Act."},{"text":"Private treatment under the Mental Health Act.","correct":false,"explanation":"Private treatment is not the relevant statutory inequality and is not imposed through the Mental Health Act. The disproportionate experience affecting Black people is compulsory detention."},{"text":"Preventive screening under the Mental Health Act.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Mental Health Act primarily governs compulsory assessment and treatment, not routine preventive screening. Black people have experienced disproportionate compulsory detention under its legal powers."}]},{"id":"ae0d456e-eac5-4342-a105-0a564f5f11f3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What problem is raised by Black women’s higher pregnancy and childbirth risks?","back":"Institutional bias in listening, diagnosis and maternity care.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Institutional bias in listening, diagnosis and maternity care.","correct":true,"explanation":"Higher risks for Black women raise concerns that health institutions may inadequately hear symptoms, make biased clinical judgements or provide unequal maternity care, contributing to avoidable harm."},{"text":"Genetic inferiority in pregnancy, diagnosis and maternity care.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biological inferiority is a discredited racial assumption that obscures social and medical inequalities. The pattern raises concerns about institutional bias in listening, diagnosis and maternity care."},{"text":"Patient indifference in listening, diagnosis and maternity care.","correct":false,"explanation":"Blaming patients overlooks evidence about unequal treatment and the dismissal of Black women’s concerns. The risks instead raise the problem of institutional bias across diagnosis and maternity care."},{"text":"Equal treatment in listening, diagnosis and maternity care.","correct":false,"explanation":"Persistently unequal outcomes and reports of symptoms being dismissed challenge the claim that care is equal. The issue raised is institutional bias in listening, diagnosis and maternity provision."}]},{"id":"7dbb1d5f-3799-45be-9840-832c27114d94","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Connell’s [ ] helps explain delayed help-seeking when men are socialised to appear [ ].","back":"Connell’s hegemonic masculinity helps explain delayed help-seeking when men are socialised to appear tough and self-reliant.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Connell’s hegemonic masculinity helps explain delayed help-seeking when men are socialised to appear tough and self-reliant.","correct":true,"explanation":"Connell’s concept describes a dominant ideal of masculinity that values toughness, independence and emotional control. Men conforming to this ideal may avoid seeking medical help because it signals vulnerability."},{"text":"Connell’s hegemonic masculinity helps explain delayed help-seeking when men are socialised to appear vulnerable and dependent.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the traits promoted by dominant masculine norms. Hegemonic masculinity encourages men to appear tough and self-reliant, which can make admitting illness and seeking help seem weak."},{"text":"Connell’s expressive femininity helps explain delayed help-seeking when men are socialised to appear tough and self-reliant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Expressive femininity is not Connell’s explanation for men’s delayed use of health services. Hegemonic masculinity promotes toughness and self-reliance, discouraging behaviour associated with vulnerability."},{"text":"Connell’s hegemonic masculinity helps explain delayed help-seeking when men are socialised to appear open and help-seeking.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being open and willing to seek help would reduce rather than explain delays. Connell’s hegemonic masculinity highlights expectations that men should appear tough and self-reliant."}]},{"id":"5df0b929-9a87-4ee6-a444-d268d99956c4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"According to feminists, how may women’s pain be treated by medicine?","back":"Dismissed as emotional or exaggerated.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Dismissed as emotional or exaggerated.","correct":true,"explanation":"Feminists argue that gender stereotypes can lead doctors to interpret women’s reports of pain as emotional or overstated, resulting in symptoms being taken less seriously."},{"text":"Prioritised as urgent or life-threatening.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the feminist criticism: women’s pain may be given insufficient urgency because it is dismissed as emotional or exaggerated rather than treated as immediately serious."},{"text":"Accepted as objective or accurately reported.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assuming that women’s accounts are readily accepted overlooks gender bias in medicine. Feminists argue that women’s pain is often dismissed as emotional or exaggerated."},{"text":"Explained as physical or easily measurable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pain is subjective and may not have an easily measurable cause. Feminists argue that medicine can dismiss women’s pain as emotional or exaggerated instead of investigating it fully."}]},{"id":"51648ef5-2d13-416b-b498-5fd8e78dbe16","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can stigma affect trans and non-binary people’s health care access?","back":"It can create fear of disrespectful treatment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can create fear of disrespectful treatment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Previous discrimination or awareness of transphobia can make trans and non-binary people fear misgendering, intrusive questions or other disrespect, discouraging them from seeking health care."},{"text":"It can create confidence in inclusive treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses stigma’s likely effect. Stigma can reduce confidence in services by creating fear of disrespectful treatment, which may delay or prevent people from seeking care."},{"text":"It can create fear of prescription charges.","correct":false,"explanation":"Prescription costs can be an economic barrier, but they are not the specific effect of gender-identity stigma. Stigma creates fear that health professionals will provide disrespectful treatment."},{"text":"It can create concern about travelling distances.","correct":false,"explanation":"Travel distance is a geographical access barrier rather than a direct consequence of stigma. For trans and non-binary people, stigma can create fear of disrespectful treatment."}]},{"id":"83e305af-5b45-4b6e-bb4c-647178781c09","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If a disabled person’s symptoms are wrongly blamed on their disability, what is this called?","back":"Diagnostic overshadowing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Diagnostic overshadowing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Diagnostic overshadowing occurs when health professionals attribute new symptoms to an existing disability or condition, potentially overlooking a separate illness that requires investigation or treatment."},{"text":"Medicalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Medicalisation means defining a previously non-medical issue as a medical problem. Wrongly attributing a disabled person’s symptoms to their disability is specifically diagnostic overshadowing."},{"text":"Social labelling.","correct":false,"explanation":"Labelling concerns how categories and identities are assigned and affect social responses. The specific clinical error of blaming symptoms on an existing disability is diagnostic overshadowing."},{"text":"Institutionalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Institutionalisation concerns living within, or becoming dependent upon, institutional routines. Misattributing symptoms to a person’s existing disability is instead known as diagnostic overshadowing."}]},{"id":"a79b9093-8ec2-462d-9418-2299cdad124b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why may rural patients have poorer access to specialist services?","back":"They often travel further to hospitals and specialists.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They often travel further to hospitals and specialists.","correct":true,"explanation":"Specialist services are commonly concentrated in larger urban hospitals, so rural patients often face longer journeys, greater transport costs and more difficulty attending appointments."},{"text":"They often travel shorter distances to hospitals and specialists.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the geographical pattern. Rural communities are usually farther from major hospitals, so patients often travel further to reach specialist services."},{"text":"They often pay higher fees to hospitals and specialists.","correct":false,"explanation":"Routine NHS specialist access is not poorer because rural patients are charged higher consultation fees. The main geographical barrier is having to travel further to hospitals and specialists."},{"text":"They often need fewer referrals to hospitals and specialists.","correct":false,"explanation":"Living rurally does not mean patients need fewer specialist referrals. Access may be poorer because specialist facilities are distant, requiring patients to travel further for care."}]},{"id":"be2729be-7b8f-4a94-afd9-9d5a6bb264ac","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Parsons’ [ ] says doctors legitimate illness and help patients return to [ ].","back":"Parsons’ sick role says doctors legitimate illness and help patients return to normal social roles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Parsons’ sick role says doctors legitimate illness and help patients return to normal social roles.","correct":true,"explanation":"Parsons argued that doctors legitimise genuine illness and guide patients towards recovery, allowing them to leave the sick role and resume their normal social responsibilities."},{"text":"Parsons’ labelling theory says doctors legitimate illness and help patients return to normal social roles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Labelling theory is associated with interactionism and examines how labels shape identity. Parsons’ functionalist concept is the sick role, which aims to return patients to normal social roles."},{"text":"Parsons’ sick role says doctors legitimate illness and help patients return to permanent patient roles.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sick role is intended to be temporary, with patients expected to seek help and try to recover. Doctors therefore help patients return to normal social roles."},{"text":"Parsons’ medical gaze says doctors legitimate illness and help patients return to economic class roles.","correct":false,"explanation":"The medical gaze is associated with Foucault, not Parsons. Parsons’ sick role explains how doctors legitimate illness and help patients return to normal social roles."}]},{"id":"e1108236-101e-4232-976f-023c001f8813","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is a key weakness of functionalism on health care inequality?","back":"It assumes equal access and underplays poverty, power and discrimination.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It assumes equal access and underplays poverty, power and discrimination.","correct":true,"explanation":"Functionalism emphasises shared interests and the health system’s contribution to social stability, so it can overlook how unequal resources and discrimination produce unequal access and outcomes."},{"text":"It emphasises capitalist exploitation and underplays social order and consensus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Capitalist exploitation is central to Marxism rather than functionalism. Functionalism is instead criticised for assuming equal access and underplaying poverty, power and discrimination."},{"text":"It assumes doctors lack authority and exaggerates the power of patients.","correct":false,"explanation":"Functionalism gives doctors considerable authority to legitimise illness and supervise recovery. Its weakness is that it assumes equal access while underplaying poverty, power and discrimination."},{"text":"It prioritises individual meanings and underplays institutions and social stability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Prioritising individual meanings is more characteristic of interactionism. Functionalism focuses on institutions and stability but assumes equal access and neglects structural inequalities in health care."}]},{"id":"5aa0e333-1b01-4957-b4fa-0a810925a398","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do Marxists explain health inequalities?","back":"Capitalism produces class inequality: poor housing, dangerous work and low income.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Capitalism produces class inequality: poor housing, dangerous work and low income.","correct":true,"explanation":"Marxists argue that capitalism creates unequal ownership, income and working conditions. These class inequalities expose poorer people to greater health risks and fewer resources for maintaining health."},{"text":"Patriarchy produces class inequality: poor housing, dangerous work and low income.","correct":false,"explanation":"Patriarchy is the central explanatory structure in feminist theories of gender inequality. Marxists identify capitalism as producing the class inequalities linked to poor housing, dangerous work and low income."},{"text":"Meritocracy produces class inequality: poor housing, dangerous work and low income.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meritocracy suggests rewards reflect achievement, rather than explaining structural health inequality. Marxists argue that capitalism produces class divisions associated with poor housing, dangerous work and low income."},{"text":"Individual choice produces class inequality: poor housing, dangerous work and low income.","correct":false,"explanation":"This individualises health inequality and ignores structural conditions. Marxists argue that capitalism generates class inequality, shaping exposure to poor housing, dangerous work and low income."}]},{"id":"8029458b-00c2-49ca-9c25-5cd75f5b31e9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Official statistics are useful for [ ] but may miss [ ].","back":"Official statistics are useful for reliability and representativeness but may miss unmet need.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Official statistics are useful for reliability and representativeness but may miss unmet need.","correct":true,"explanation":"Official statistics use standardised methods and often cover large populations, supporting reliability and representativeness. However, they omit people who need care but never access services."},{"text":"Official statistics are useful for validity and personal depth but may miss unmet need.","correct":false,"explanation":"Validity and personal depth are more strongly associated with qualitative research. Official statistics are valued for reliability and representativeness, although they may fail to record unmet need."},{"text":"Official statistics are useful for reliability and representativeness but may miss recorded service use.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recorded service use is precisely what administrative statistics usually capture. Their limitation is missing unmet need among people who require care but do not reach services."},{"text":"Official statistics are useful for personal meanings and experiences but may miss large-scale social patterns.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the strengths of official statistics, which reveal large-scale patterns but offer little personal depth. They support reliability and representativeness while potentially missing unmet need."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-14","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Inequalities in health care","title":"Inequalities in health care Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/sociology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"9045c965-3a9c-52cc-b220-d8bb90b1c245","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]