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groups."},{"text":"Social control.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social control encourages conformity through sanctions and expectations, rather than primarily teaching culture. The process that teaches society’s norms, values and identities is socialisation."},{"text":"Labelling.","correct":false,"explanation":"Labelling involves attaching meanings or identities to people, often influencing how others react to them. Socialisation is the broader process that teaches norms, values and identities."},{"text":"Stratification.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stratification describes the organisation of society into unequal social groups or layers. Socialisation is the process through which people learn their society’s norms, values and identities."}]},{"id":"a51710d8-e0f0-474e-a5bd-f7b1ecf408b0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] are general beliefs about what is important; [ ] are specific rules of behaviour.","back":"Values are general beliefs about what is important; norms are specific rules of behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Values are general beliefs about what is important; norms are specific rules of behaviour.","correct":true,"explanation":"Values express broad ideas about what a society considers important or desirable, while norms translate those values into more specific expectations and rules governing behaviour."},{"text":"Norms are general beliefs about what is important; values are specific rules of behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two concepts. Values are broad beliefs about what is important, whereas norms are the specific rules and expectations that guide behaviour."},{"text":"Roles are general beliefs about what is important; sanctions are specific rules of behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Roles are expected patterns of behaviour and sanctions are responses to conformity or deviance. Values are general beliefs, while norms are specific behavioural rules."},{"text":"Sanctions are general beliefs about what is important; roles are specific rules of behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sanctions reward conformity or punish deviance, while roles describe expectations linked to social positions. Values are general beliefs and norms are specific rules of behaviour."}]},{"id":"b873b8af-5b5b-4212-84b6-b3e881300c40","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Crime is about [ ], while deviance is about [ ].","back":"Crime is about law, while deviance is about social reaction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Crime is about law, while deviance is about social reaction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Crime involves conduct prohibited by formal law, whereas deviance depends on whether behaviour is judged to violate social norms and attracts a negative social reaction."},{"text":"Crime is about social reaction, while deviance is about law.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the distinction. Crime is defined by violation of law, while deviance is defined through social norms and the reactions of others."},{"text":"Crime is about law, while deviance is about formal punishment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Formal punishment is mainly associated with legal offences and does not define all deviance. Deviance concerns social reaction to perceived norm-breaking, while crime concerns law."},{"text":"Crime is about morality, while deviance is about social reaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating crime as a question of morality overlooks its formal legal definition, since immoral acts are not always illegal. Crime concerns law, while deviance concerns social reaction."}]},{"id":"edc0537a-b5b8-471f-a6ff-f0ed4e9c765b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"If cannabis use is illegal but normalised by a friendship group, how is it classified for that group?","back":"Criminal, but not necessarily deviant for that group.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Criminal, but not necessarily deviant for that group.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cannabis use is criminal because it violates the law, but it may not be deviant within a friendship group whose norms accept and normalise it."},{"text":"Criminal, and necessarily deviant for that group.","correct":false,"explanation":"Illegality does not automatically make behaviour deviant within every social group. It remains criminal, but a group that normalises cannabis use may not define it as deviant."},{"text":"Deviant, but not necessarily criminal for that group.","correct":false,"explanation":"Group acceptance cannot remove the behaviour’s legal status, so illegal cannabis use remains criminal. Because the friendship group normalises it, the behaviour is not necessarily deviant there."},{"text":"Neither criminal nor necessarily deviant for that group.","correct":false,"explanation":"A group’s norms can affect whether conduct is considered deviant, but they cannot alter criminal law. Illegal cannabis use is criminal, though not necessarily deviant within that group."}]},{"id":"abc8b7ec-0884-4f68-8638-2df4480f4e23","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What three dimensions can crime and deviance vary across?","back":"Time, place and social group.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Time, place and social group.","correct":true,"explanation":"Definitions of crime and deviance vary historically, between societies or locations, and among social groups whose norms and power differ, showing that both concepts are socially constructed."},{"text":"Class, status and power.","correct":false,"explanation":"Class, status and power are important dimensions of inequality, but they are not the three dimensions requested. Crime and deviance vary across time, place and social group."},{"text":"Age, gender and ethnicity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Age, gender and ethnicity may affect offending patterns and social reactions, but the broader dimensions of variation are time, place and social group."},{"text":"Law, morality and punishment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Law, morality and punishment help explain regulation and judgement, but they are not the three contexts of variation. Crime and deviance vary across time, place and social group."}]},{"id":"f6d5594e-2659-4939-b0e5-5a0a00e2b193","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does the 2015 criminalisation of coercive and controlling behaviour show about law?","back":"Law reflects changing social values and political struggles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Law reflects changing social values and political struggles.","correct":true,"explanation":"Criminalising coercive and controlling behaviour demonstrates that laws change as understandings of harm and acceptable relationships develop, often following campaigning and political conflict."},{"text":"Law reflects unchanging moral values and social consensus.","correct":false,"explanation":"The introduction of a new offence shows that legal definitions are not fixed or based on unchanging morality. Law reflects changing social values and political struggles."},{"text":"Law reflects individual behaviour and personal choices.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although laws regulate individuals, this legal change resulted from wider shifts in how society and political actors understood domestic abuse. Law reflects changing social values and political struggles."},{"text":"Law reflects biological differences and natural instincts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biological explanations cannot account for the historical creation of a specific criminal offence. Its introduction shows that law reflects changing social values and political struggles."}]},{"id":"e04473ac-0220-4ae7-a22d-c89ec33ccf80","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Crime and deviance are not fixed labels - they depend on laws, norms, [ ] and [ ].","back":"Crime and deviance are not fixed labels - they depend on laws, norms, power and social reaction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Crime and deviance are not fixed labels - they depend on laws, norms, power and social reaction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Power influences whose definitions become law or dominant norms, while social reactions determine whether conduct and individuals are labelled deviant, making these categories socially constructed."},{"text":"Crime and deviance are not fixed labels - they depend on laws, norms, biology and individual instinct.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biology and instinct treat crime and deviance as natural qualities rather than socially constructed labels. They depend on laws, norms, power and social reaction."},{"text":"Crime and deviance are not fixed labels - they depend on laws, norms, power and genetic inheritance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although power shapes which rules and labels dominate, genetic inheritance does not determine whether behaviour is socially defined as deviant. The other key factor is social reaction."},{"text":"Crime and deviance are not fixed labels - they depend on laws, norms, social class and formal punishment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social class and formal punishment may influence experiences of control, but the general processes shaping labels are power and social reaction, alongside laws and norms."}]},{"id":"237ccfc9-e486-4164-ab3c-e2b0b1f8c56d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A social construction is created through [ ], not a simple [ ] category.","back":"A social construction is created through social processes, not a simple natural category.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A social construction is created through social processes, not a simple natural category.","correct":true,"explanation":"A social construction gains meaning through interaction, culture, institutions and interpretation rather than existing as an objective natural category independent of society."},{"text":"A social construction is created through biological processes, not a simple social category.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the concept by treating social constructions as biological realities. They are produced through social processes rather than being simple natural categories."},{"text":"A social construction is created through social processes, not a simple legal category.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social constructions can include legal categories, so contrasting social processes with legal classification misses the key distinction. They are socially produced rather than simply natural."},{"text":"A social construction is created through natural processes, not a simple cultural category.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural processes imply that the category exists independently of human interpretation. A social construction is created through social processes rather than being a simple natural category."}]},{"id":"9d90f484-f19a-43cf-b40a-26922cbb5c03","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"According to Becker, when does someone become deviant?","back":"When others successfully apply a deviant label.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When others successfully apply a deviant label.","correct":true,"explanation":"Becker’s labelling theory argues that deviance is not inherent in an act. A person becomes deviant when others successfully define and label them as such."},{"text":"When they first break a social norm.","correct":false,"explanation":"Committing an act that breaks social norms does not automatically make someone deviant in Becker’s theory. Deviance results when others successfully apply a deviant label."},{"text":"When police formally arrest the individual.","correct":false,"explanation":"Police intervention may contribute to labelling, but arrest alone is not Becker’s defining condition. Someone becomes deviant when others successfully apply a deviant label."},{"text":"When they privately accept a deviant identity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Accepting a label may help create a deviant identity, but Becker defines someone as deviant once others successfully apply the deviant label."}]},{"id":"d6c8dd9f-f8ae-4918-8f18-35527d446971","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Formal social control is carried out by [ ] using written rules and [ ].","back":"Formal social control is carried out by official agencies using written rules and official sanctions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Formal social control is carried out by official agencies using written rules and official sanctions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Formal social control is exercised by recognised bodies such as the police and courts. These official agencies enforce written rules through authorised rewards and punishments."},{"text":"Formal social control is carried out by informal groups using written rules and informal sanctions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Informal groups and informal sanctions operate through unwritten norms rather than written rules. Formal control is carried out by official agencies using official sanctions."},{"text":"Formal social control is carried out by official agencies using written rules and informal sanctions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Official agencies do carry out formal control, but informal sanctions such as disapproval are not formally authorised. Written rules are enforced using official sanctions."},{"text":"Formal social control is carried out by peer groups using written rules and official sanctions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Peer groups are agents of informal rather than formal control, even if they influence behaviour. Formal social control is carried out by official agencies using official sanctions."}]},{"id":"49c63a9e-5882-4d94-b96d-2be0505ad9aa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which type of social control comes from family, friends, schools or the media?","back":"Informal social control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Informal social control.","correct":true,"explanation":"Families, friends, schools and the media usually encourage conformity through socialisation, approval and disapproval rather than legal enforcement, making this informal social control."},{"text":"Formal social control.","correct":false,"explanation":"Formal social control is exercised through official rules and authorised agencies such as the police and courts. The listed groups mainly provide informal social control."},{"text":"Coercive social control.","correct":false,"explanation":"Coercive social control relies primarily on force or threats, whereas families, friends, schools and the media typically influence conformity through informal approval, disapproval and socialisation."},{"text":"Judicial social control.","correct":false,"explanation":"Judicial social control specifically involves courts and the legal process. Control from families, friends, schools or the media is generally classified as informal social control."}]},{"id":"a818d5c3-9792-4566-b81a-30af2a246ef5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What do sanctions do in social control?","back":"They encourage conformity through rewards or punishments.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They encourage conformity through rewards or punishments.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sanctions reinforce social norms by rewarding approved behaviour or punishing disapproved behaviour. Both positive and negative sanctions therefore encourage people to conform."},{"text":"They discourage conformity through rewards or punishments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sanctions discourage deviance rather than conformity: rewards support approved conduct, while punishments deter rule-breaking. Their purpose is to encourage conformity."},{"text":"They define criminal laws through rewards or punishments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sanctions regulate behaviour rather than define criminal law, which is established through legislation and legal decisions. They encourage conformity through rewards or punishments."},{"text":"They measure crime levels through rewards or punishments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sanctions do not measure the amount of offending; crime statistics and surveys perform that role. Sanctions encourage conformity by attaching rewards or punishments to behaviour."}]},{"id":"89c68f0c-ce5c-4e17-92ea-f32187dd492c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If crime occurs but is not reported to or recorded by police, what is it part of?","back":"The dark figure of crime.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The dark figure of crime.","correct":true,"explanation":"The dark figure consists of offences absent from official police statistics because they were not reported, detected or recorded, despite having occurred."},{"text":"The recorded rate of crime.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recorded crime includes offences entered into police statistics, so it excludes incidents that are neither reported nor recorded. Such incidents belong to the dark figure of crime."},{"text":"The conviction rate for crime.","correct":false,"explanation":"The conviction rate concerns cases ending in a guilty verdict, not crimes missing from police records. Unreported or unrecorded offences form the dark figure of crime."},{"text":"The official rate of crime.","correct":false,"explanation":"The official crime rate is calculated from offences known to official agencies and therefore misses many hidden incidents. Those incidents form the dark figure of crime."}]},{"id":"2533ccd1-f523-44e5-bc58-b800baab4d0e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can police recorded crime understate true crime?","back":"Some offences are not reported or not recorded.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Some offences are not reported or not recorded.","correct":true,"explanation":"Police statistics include only offences brought to police attention and subsequently recorded. Unreported incidents and recording decisions therefore make recorded crime lower than true crime."},{"text":"Some offences are reported twice or not recorded.","correct":false,"explanation":"Offences being reported more than once could inflate rather than understate the recorded total. Understatement occurs because some offences are not reported or not recorded."},{"text":"Some offences are not investigated or not recorded.","correct":false,"explanation":"Investigation affects whether offenders are identified, but an unsolved offence can still be recorded as a crime. Understatement mainly arises when offences are not reported or recorded."},{"text":"Some offences are not prosecuted or not recorded.","correct":false,"explanation":"Court prosecution occurs after police recording and therefore does not determine whether an offence enters recorded crime statistics. Some offences are instead not reported or not recorded."}]},{"id":"23708ce7-2aa3-4142-a93d-4a045eb01f03","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Crime Survey for England and Wales is a large [ ] linked to the [ ].","back":"The Crime Survey for England and Wales is a large victim survey linked to the ONS.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Crime Survey for England and Wales is a large victim survey linked to the ONS.","correct":true,"explanation":"The CSEW asks a large sample about their experiences as victims, including incidents not reported to police. It is a victim survey associated with the ONS."},{"text":"The Crime Survey for England and Wales is a large self-report survey linked to the ONS.","correct":false,"explanation":"A self-report survey asks respondents about offences they have committed, whereas the CSEW asks about victimisation. It is a victim survey linked to the ONS."},{"text":"The Crime Survey for England and Wales is a large police survey linked to the Home Office.","correct":false,"explanation":"The CSEW is not a police survey based on offences known to the police. It is a victim survey linked to the ONS and captures experiences beyond police records."},{"text":"The Crime Survey for England and Wales is a large population census linked to the ONS.","correct":false,"explanation":"A population census aims to count the entire population and collect demographic information. The CSEW is instead a large victim survey linked to the ONS."}]},{"id":"6cda26c2-901b-41f5-abce-d3a0b31d548b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can the Crime Survey estimate the dark figure of crime?","back":"It captures offences not reported to police.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It captures offences not reported to police.","correct":true,"explanation":"The survey asks respondents directly about victimisation, so it identifies offences that never entered police records because victims did not report them."},{"text":"It captures offences already recorded by police.","correct":false,"explanation":"Offences already recorded by police are part of official statistics, not the hidden total the survey helps estimate. The survey captures offences not reported to police."},{"text":"It captures offences resulting in court convictions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Court convictions represent only cases that passed through prosecution and trial, so they cannot reveal hidden offending. The survey captures offences not reported to police."},{"text":"It captures offences directly witnessed by police.","correct":false,"explanation":"Crimes witnessed by officers are likely to come to official attention and do not explain most of the dark figure. The survey captures offences not reported to police."}]},{"id":"26acb005-ee15-4471-bdca-e84059542ed0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What can reduce the validity of self-report studies?","back":"Respondents may exaggerate, forget or conceal offences.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Respondents may exaggerate, forget or conceal offences.","correct":true,"explanation":"Self-reported offending depends on honest and accurate recall. Exaggeration, memory failure and deliberate concealment can therefore make the findings less truthful and reduce their validity."},{"text":"Respondents may accurately recall and disclose offences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Accurate recall and honest disclosure would improve validity rather than reduce it. Validity is threatened because respondents may exaggerate, forget or conceal offences when reporting their behaviour."},{"text":"Respondents may represent the target population accurately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Representativeness primarily improves generalisability rather than undermining validity. Self-report validity is reduced when respondents exaggerate, forget or conceal offences, making their answers less accurate."},{"text":"Respondents may understand and answer clearly throughout.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clear understanding and answers would strengthen the study rather than weaken it. The main validity problem is that respondents may exaggerate, forget or conceal offences."}]},{"id":"05f10d48-76e3-4c75-8eb6-8a42f3b43388","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"According to Durkheim, how can crime reinforce social boundaries?","back":"It reminds people what is unacceptable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It reminds people what is unacceptable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Public reactions to crime clarify society’s moral limits. Condemnation and punishment remind members which behaviour is unacceptable, thereby reinforcing shared norms and social boundaries."},{"text":"It reminds people what is legally profitable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Durkheim’s argument concerns the clarification of moral rules, not opportunities for legal profit. Reactions to crime remind people what is unacceptable and reinforce collective boundaries."},{"text":"It reminds people what is biologically inherited.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biological inheritance is associated with biological explanations of offending, not Durkheim’s functionalism. Crime reinforces boundaries by reminding people which conduct society considers unacceptable."},{"text":"It reminds people what is economically achievable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Economic achievement is linked more closely to strain theories than boundary maintenance. Durkheim argued that society’s reaction to crime reminds people what is unacceptable."}]},{"id":"04786ed6-f8bb-480a-b434-2d87bff19298","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In Merton's strain theory, when can crime occur?","back":"When cultural goals are promoted but legitimate means are lacking.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When cultural goals are promoted but legitimate means are lacking.","correct":true,"explanation":"Merton argued that strain develops when society encourages goals such as material success without providing equal access to legitimate ways of achieving them, potentially encouraging crime."},{"text":"When legitimate means are promoted but cultural goals are lacking.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Merton’s relationship between goals and means. Crime can occur when cultural goals are strongly promoted but access to legitimate means of achieving them is lacking."},{"text":"When cultural goals are promoted and legitimate means are available.","correct":false,"explanation":"If legitimate opportunities are readily available, the strain encouraging innovation through crime is reduced. Merton focused on promoted cultural goals combined with inadequate legitimate means."},{"text":"When informal sanctions are promoted but cultural values are lacking.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses strain theory with ideas about social control and value consensus. Merton links crime to promoted cultural goals and unequal access to legitimate means."}]},{"id":"d73ef83f-e3aa-49ee-9a9c-f31d4cc2bae7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do Marxists study crimes of the powerful?","back":"Law often reflects powerful class interests.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Law often reflects powerful class interests.","correct":true,"explanation":"Marxists argue that economically dominant groups influence lawmaking and enforcement. Studying their crimes reveals how law may protect powerful class interests while controlling less powerful groups."},{"text":"Law often reflects working-class interests.","correct":false,"explanation":"Marxists do not see the working class as controlling the legal system. They study elite offending because law often reflects the interests of the powerful class."},{"text":"Law often reflects shared moral consensus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shared moral consensus is a functionalist interpretation of law. Marxists instead examine crimes of the powerful because they argue that law often reflects powerful class interests."},{"text":"Law often reflects neutral professional judgement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating law as neutral overlooks the Marxist claim that economic power shapes lawmaking and enforcement. Marxists argue that law often reflects powerful class interests."}]},{"id":"6975a08f-251a-4163-bdda-1bbf88f17046","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did Cohen's Mods and Rockers study show about media reaction?","back":"It can create moral panics and amplify deviance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can create moral panics and amplify deviance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cohen found that exaggerated media coverage turned Mods and Rockers into folk devils, generating moral panic and producing reactions that intensified rather than reduced deviance."},{"text":"It can create social cohesion and prevent deviance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social cohesion is associated with functionalist accounts of punishment, not Cohen’s central finding. Media exaggeration can create moral panics and amplify deviance through increased attention and control."},{"text":"It can create objective reporting and measure deviance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cohen showed that media reporting was selective and exaggerated rather than objective. This reaction helped create moral panics and amplified the apparent scale of deviance."},{"text":"It can create accurate stereotypes and reduce deviance.","correct":false,"explanation":"The folk-devil stereotypes were distorted rather than accurate, and the reaction could increase deviance. Cohen showed that media coverage can create moral panics and amplify deviance."}]},{"id":"70422271-d761-4290-a287-5d0df81f6bb6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which social structure do feminist approaches see as shaping crime and control?","back":"Patriarchy - male power over women.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Patriarchy - male power over women.","correct":true,"explanation":"Feminist approaches examine how patriarchal power shapes offending, victimisation and social control. Male dominance can influence both women’s experiences of crime and their treatment by institutions."},{"text":"Matriarchy - female power over men.","correct":false,"explanation":"Feminists generally analyse male dominance rather than a social system controlled by women. The relevant structure is patriarchy, meaning male power over women."},{"text":"Meritocracy - rewards based on achievement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meritocracy concerns the allocation of rewards according to achievement, not gendered power. Feminist approaches focus on patriarchy, understood as male power over women."},{"text":"Bureaucracy - rule through formal procedures.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bureaucracy describes administration through formal rules and offices, rather than the gender hierarchy central to feminism. Feminist approaches identify patriarchy as shaping crime and control."}]},{"id":"7a4c04ed-b661-44b4-9b86-6b8f568516e9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Right realists emphasise [ ]; left realists emphasise [ ] more.","back":"Right realists emphasise individual responsibility; left realists emphasise relative deprivation more.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Right realists emphasise individual responsibility; left realists emphasise relative deprivation more.","correct":true,"explanation":"Right realism stresses personal choice, weak self-control and responsibility for offending. Left realism gives greater attention to relative deprivation and the social conditions contributing to crime."},{"text":"Right realists emphasise structural inequality; left realists emphasise relative deprivation more.","correct":false,"explanation":"Structural inequality is not the main emphasis of right realism, which prioritises individual responsibility and control. Left realism places greater emphasis on relative deprivation."},{"text":"Right realists emphasise individual responsibility; left realists emphasise biological inheritance more.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biological inheritance is not a defining emphasis of left realism. Right realists stress individual responsibility, while left realists focus more on relative deprivation and marginalisation."},{"text":"Right realists emphasise relative deprivation; left realists emphasise individual responsibility more.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two perspectives’ characteristic emphases. Right realists prioritise individual responsibility, whereas left realists give greater weight to relative deprivation."}]},{"id":"bc5f213a-eddb-4925-8974-1b276d26b211","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Consensus theories stress [ ], while conflict theories stress [ ].","back":"Consensus theories stress shared values, while conflict theories stress inequality and power.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Consensus theories stress shared values, while conflict theories stress inequality and power.","correct":true,"explanation":"Consensus theories view society as broadly united by common norms and values. Conflict theories instead examine divisions, unequal resources and the power of dominant groups."},{"text":"Consensus theories stress class conflict, while conflict theories stress inequality and power.","correct":false,"explanation":"Class conflict belongs to conflict approaches rather than consensus theory. Consensus theories stress shared values, while conflict theories focus on inequality and power."},{"text":"Consensus theories stress shared values, while conflict theories stress social harmony.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social harmony is associated with consensus approaches, not conflict theories. Conflict theories stress inequality and power, whereas consensus theories emphasise shared values."},{"text":"Consensus theories stress inequality and power, while conflict theories stress shared values.","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the central concerns of the two approaches. Consensus theories emphasise shared values, while conflict theories concentrate on inequality, competing interests and power."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-14","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Crime and Deviance","title":"Crime and deviance Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/sociology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"8a29dee9-4218-50a8-9135-dd7a02c90503","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]

Crime and Deviance Flashcards

Crime and Deviance Flashcards