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Utilitarianism therefore evaluates actions according to the overall happiness or welfare their consequences produce."},{"text":"deontological","correct":false,"explanation":"Deontology judges actions through duties or rules rather than their outcomes. The correct term is consequentialist because utilitarianism determines right action by comparing the consequences produced."},{"text":"absolutist","correct":false,"explanation":"Absolutism holds that certain moral rules apply regardless of circumstances or results. Utilitarianism is consequentialist because outcomes determine whether an action is morally right."},{"text":"virtue-based","correct":false,"explanation":"Virtue ethics focuses primarily on an agent’s character rather than calculating outcomes. Utilitarianism is consequentialist because it assesses actions through their effects on overall welfare."}]},{"id":"27f494df-7a21-4d28-a61f-e1a9576b43d7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the core utilitarian test for choosing between options?","back":"Choose the option with the best overall consequences for everyone affected.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Choose the option with the best overall consequences for everyone affected.","correct":true,"explanation":"Utilitarianism compares the total effects of the available options and chooses the one producing the greatest net benefit or happiness across all those affected."},{"text":"Choose the option that follows the strictest moral rule regardless of its effects.","correct":false,"explanation":"Following rules regardless of effects is a deontological approach. Utilitarianism instead requires choosing the option with the best overall consequences for everyone affected."},{"text":"Choose the option that shows the most virtuous character in the person acting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Focusing on moral character belongs to virtue ethics. The utilitarian test is to choose the option with the best overall consequences for everyone affected."},{"text":"Choose the option with the greatest personal benefit for the person acting.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses utilitarianism with ethical egoism, which prioritises the agent’s interests. Utilitarianism chooses the best overall consequences for everyone affected, counting interests impartially."}]},{"id":"9a8672f7-3d17-4947-901a-aaf493f6725f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In classical utilitarianism, what good is usually maximised?","back":"Overall happiness or pleasure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Overall happiness or pleasure.","correct":true,"explanation":"Classical utilitarians such as Bentham and Mill understand utility in hedonistic terms, so morally right actions maximise happiness or pleasure across everyone affected."},{"text":"Overall obedience or duty.","correct":false,"explanation":"Obedience and duty are central to deontological ethics, not classical utilitarianism. Classical utilitarians seek to maximise overall happiness or pleasure through the consequences of actions."},{"text":"Overall virtue or character.","correct":false,"explanation":"Virtue and character are the main concerns of virtue ethics. Classical utilitarianism instead treats overall happiness or pleasure as the good that should be maximised."},{"text":"Overall freedom or autonomy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freedom and autonomy may contribute to welfare, but they are not the fundamental good in classical utilitarianism. Its primary aim is maximising overall happiness or pleasure."}]},{"id":"ab31d4ca-fb61-4663-86c8-15eea527c02a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Hedonism treats [ ] as the highest good and seeks the absence of [ ].","back":"Hedonism treats pleasure as the highest good and seeks the absence of pain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hedonism treats pleasure as the highest good and seeks the absence of pain.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hedonism identifies pleasure as intrinsically good and pain as intrinsically bad. Classical utilitarianism therefore aims to increase pleasure while reducing or preventing pain."},{"text":"Hedonism treats virtue as the highest good and seeks the absence of vice.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating virtue as the supreme good belongs to virtue ethics rather than hedonism. Hedonism identifies pleasure as the highest good and seeks the absence of pain."},{"text":"Hedonism treats duty as the highest good and seeks the absence of pleasure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Prioritising duty reflects deontological ethics, while rejecting pleasure reverses hedonism’s central claim. Hedonism treats pleasure as the highest good and seeks the absence of pain."},{"text":"Hedonism treats pain as the highest good and seeks the absence of pleasure.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the hedonistic evaluation of experiences. Hedonism regards pleasure as the highest good, whereas pain is the negative state that it seeks to eliminate."}]},{"id":"24459ce0-01ab-4af7-be14-2ad736b4eedf","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Bentham want ethics and law to become more rational?","back":"British law was often harsh, unequal and tradition-based.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"British law was often harsh, unequal and tradition-based.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bentham believed inherited legal practices produced excessive punishments and unequal treatment. He wanted rational reform based on utility, assessing laws by their effects on public happiness."},{"text":"British law was often lenient, uniform and recently codified.","correct":false,"explanation":"British law was not a consistently codified and lenient system in Bentham’s assessment. He criticised it as harsh, unequal and tradition-based, requiring rational utilitarian reform."},{"text":"British law was often democratic, consistent and evidence-based.","correct":false,"explanation":"These qualities would have reduced Bentham’s grounds for demanding reform. He instead regarded British law as harsh, unequal and tradition-based rather than rationally organised around utility."},{"text":"British law was often merciful, impartial and utility-based.","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakenly describes the kind of rational system Bentham hoped to create. He criticised existing British law for being harsh, unequal and rooted in tradition."}]},{"id":"c5c1c862-a0df-478a-bd41-984502b094b5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is Bentham's utilitarianism impartial rather than selfish?","back":"It counts everyone affected equally.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It counts everyone affected equally.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bentham’s principle of utility gives each person’s pleasure and pain equal consideration. No individual’s welfare automatically matters more simply because of identity or social position."},{"text":"It counts the moral agent most highly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Giving priority to the person acting would make the theory egoistic rather than impartial. Bentham’s utilitarianism counts everyone affected equally when calculating overall utility."},{"text":"It counts the majority more heavily.","correct":false,"explanation":"Utilitarianism may favour an outcome benefiting a majority, but it does not assign majority members greater individual value. Bentham’s calculation counts everyone affected equally."},{"text":"It counts the most virtuous people equally.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bentham does not restrict equal consideration to people judged virtuous. His impartial calculation includes the pleasures and pains of everyone affected, regardless of moral character."}]},{"id":"f288381a-b4eb-487b-b5d1-eb2da1a3c3b8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Bentham focuses mainly on the [ ] of pleasure; Mill adds the [ ] of happiness.","back":"Bentham focuses mainly on the quantity of pleasure; Mill adds the quality of happiness.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Bentham focuses mainly on the quantity of pleasure; Mill adds the quality of happiness.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bentham evaluates pleasures chiefly through measurable features such as intensity and duration. Mill argues that pleasures also differ qualitatively, with higher intellectual pleasures being more valuable."},{"text":"Bentham focuses mainly on the quality of pleasure; Mill adds the quantity of happiness.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses their characteristic positions. Bentham mainly calculates the quantity of pleasure, while Mill adds qualitative distinctions between higher and lower forms of happiness."},{"text":"Bentham focuses mainly on the quantity of pleasure; Mill adds the equality of happiness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mill’s distinctive development is not that happiness must be equally distributed. Bentham emphasises quantity, while Mill adds quality by distinguishing higher from lower pleasures."},{"text":"Bentham focuses mainly on the intention of pleasure; Mill adds the quality of happiness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bentham’s calculus assesses the amount and consequences of pleasure rather than an agent’s intention. He focuses mainly on quantity, while Mill additionally considers quality."}]},{"id":"a851e906-b2d1-46f8-8b0b-fa988abe7212","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which Benthamite method compares pleasures and pains?","back":"The hedonic calculus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The hedonic calculus.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bentham’s hedonic calculus compares pleasures and pains using factors including intensity, duration, certainty, propinquity, fecundity, purity and extent to estimate overall utility."},{"text":"The harm principle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mill’s harm principle concerns when society may restrict individual liberty, not the calculation of pleasure and pain. Bentham’s comparative method is the hedonic calculus."},{"text":"The categorical imperative.","correct":false,"explanation":"The categorical imperative is Kant’s deontological test based on universal moral duties. Bentham instead compares pleasures and pains through the hedonic calculus."},{"text":"The doctrine of double effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"The doctrine of double effect distinguishes intended consequences from foreseen side effects. Bentham’s method for comparing quantities of pleasure and pain is the hedonic calculus."}]},{"id":"af9b5ff8-a53e-4f75-becf-339221347010","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the hedonic calculus, [ ] means strength and [ ] means length.","back":"In the hedonic calculus, intensity means strength and duration means length.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the hedonic calculus, intensity means strength and duration means length.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bentham’s intensity criterion measures how strong a pleasure or pain is, while duration measures how long that pleasure or pain continues."},{"text":"In the hedonic calculus, duration means strength and intensity means length.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two criteria. Intensity concerns the strength of a pleasure or pain, whereas duration concerns the length of time it lasts."},{"text":"In the hedonic calculus, certainty means strength and duration means length.","correct":false,"explanation":"Certainty measures how likely a pleasure or pain is to occur, not its strength. Strength is measured by intensity, while length is measured by duration."},{"text":"In the hedonic calculus, intensity means strength and propinquity means length.","correct":false,"explanation":"Propinquity measures how soon a pleasure or pain will occur, not how long it lasts. Intensity means strength and duration means length."}]},{"id":"8a6dcd60-eb09-43ef-94c9-af352d9c6a95","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For Mill, eating and drinking are [ ] pleasures; learning and art are [ ] pleasures.","back":"For Mill, eating and drinking are lower pleasures; learning and art are higher pleasures.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For Mill, eating and drinking are lower pleasures; learning and art are higher pleasures.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mill classifies bodily pleasures such as eating and drinking as lower, while intellectual and cultural activities such as learning and art are higher pleasures."},{"text":"For Mill, eating and drinking are higher pleasures; learning and art are lower pleasures.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Mill’s qualitative distinction. Eating and drinking are lower bodily pleasures, whereas learning and art exercise higher intellectual capacities."},{"text":"For Mill, eating and drinking are higher pleasures; learning and art are higher pleasures.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mill does not classify every enjoyable activity as a higher pleasure. Eating and drinking are lower pleasures, while learning and art are higher pleasures."},{"text":"For Mill, eating and drinking are lower pleasures; learning and art are lower pleasures.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the superior quality Mill assigns to intellectual and cultural enjoyment. Eating and drinking are lower pleasures, but learning and art are higher pleasures."}]},{"id":"6a3516a9-6431-4d92-ac81-a1b1840987aa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For Mill, who can judge higher and lower pleasures?","back":"Competent judges who have experienced both kinds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Competent judges who have experienced both kinds.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mill argues that people acquainted with both higher and lower pleasures are qualified to compare their quality and consistently prefer the higher pleasures."},{"text":"The greatest number who have experienced both kinds.","correct":false,"explanation":"The majority does not determine the quality of pleasures merely through numbers. Mill relies on competent judges who have personally experienced both higher and lower pleasures."},{"text":"Impartial spectators who have experienced both kinds.","correct":false,"explanation":"The impartial spectator belongs more closely to other approaches to moral judgement. Mill specifically identifies competent judges with experience of both kinds of pleasure."},{"text":"Political authorities who have experienced both kinds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mill does not give governments or political authorities special power to rank pleasures. The judgement belongs to competent judges experienced in both higher and lower pleasures."}]},{"id":"6adbe92c-8bdc-49d3-b01d-3e91a4f4b176","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which form of utilitarianism judges each action in its specific situation?","back":"Act Utilitarianism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Act Utilitarianism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Act Utilitarianism evaluates each individual action according to whether it will maximise utility in the particular circumstances where the decision is made."},{"text":"Rule Utilitarianism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rule Utilitarianism evaluates the utility of following general rules rather than judging every action separately. Act Utilitarianism considers each action in its specific situation."},{"text":"Preference Utilitarianism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Preference Utilitarianism concerns satisfying the preferences or interests of those affected. Act Utilitarianism is the form that assesses each action in its particular circumstances."},{"text":"Negative Utilitarianism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Negative Utilitarianism prioritises reducing suffering rather than increasing happiness. Act Utilitarianism is defined by judging each individual action within its specific situation."}]},{"id":"168568b3-8e81-4695-bc47-1ec7029724f7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which form asks whether a generally accepted rule would maximise utility?","back":"Rule Utilitarianism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Rule Utilitarianism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rule Utilitarianism asks whether adopting and generally following a rule would maximise overall utility, rather than calculating the consequences of each isolated action."},{"text":"Act Utilitarianism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Act Utilitarianism judges the likely consequences of a particular action in its specific circumstances. Rule Utilitarianism instead tests whether a generally accepted rule maximises utility."},{"text":"Preference Utilitarianism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Preference Utilitarianism focuses on satisfying the preferences or interests of those affected. Rule Utilitarianism asks whether general acceptance of a rule would maximise utility."},{"text":"Negative Utilitarianism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Negative Utilitarianism makes reducing suffering the priority. The approach that assesses the utility produced by generally accepting a rule is Rule Utilitarianism."}]},{"id":"f5176504-c624-47ec-9d50-d4926031dac0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might Rule Utilitarianism reject one useful lie by a doctor?","back":"A general rule allowing lies would damage trust in medicine.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A general rule allowing lies would damage trust in medicine.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rule Utilitarianism considers the consequences of general practices. If doctors were generally permitted to lie, patients’ trust in medicine would decline, reducing utility overall."},{"text":"A single lie would necessarily cause more pain than pleasure.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats the isolated act as necessarily harmful, which is not the rule-utilitarian reasoning. The concern is that a general permission to lie would damage trust in medicine."},{"text":"Doctors have an absolute duty to tell the truth.","correct":false,"explanation":"An absolute duty is deontological rather than utilitarian because it ignores consequences. Rule Utilitarianism rejects the lie because a general rule permitting lies would damage trust in medicine."},{"text":"Any lie violates the patient’s natural rights.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural-rights reasoning is not based on maximising utility. Rule Utilitarianism focuses instead on how generally allowing doctors to lie would undermine trust in medicine."}]},{"id":"a7262426-e5b7-4fa8-beeb-eb969130f3c8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does Preference Utilitarianism maximise instead of pleasure?","back":"The preferences or interests of those affected.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The preferences or interests of those affected.","correct":true,"explanation":"Preference Utilitarianism measures utility through the fulfilment of people’s preferences or interests, rather than treating pleasure itself as the sole intrinsic good."},{"text":"The pleasure or happiness of those affected.","correct":false,"explanation":"Maximising pleasure or happiness describes classical hedonistic Utilitarianism. Preference Utilitarianism instead aims to fulfil the preferences or interests of those affected."},{"text":"The virtues or character of those affected.","correct":false,"explanation":"Focusing on virtues and character belongs to Virtue Ethics rather than Preference Utilitarianism. Preference Utilitarianism maximises the preferences or interests of those affected."},{"text":"The rights or duties of those affected.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rights and duties are associated with deontological approaches rather than the calculation of utility. Preference Utilitarianism seeks to maximise people’s preferences or interests."}]},{"id":"160a408b-8dfa-4936-902b-927e8cda6813","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] prioritises reducing suffering over increasing happiness.","back":"Negative Utilitarianism prioritises reducing suffering over increasing happiness.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Negative Utilitarianism","correct":true,"explanation":"Negative Utilitarianism gives priority to minimising suffering and harm, rather than treating the production of additional happiness as the primary moral objective."},{"text":"Preference Utilitarianism","correct":false,"explanation":"Preference Utilitarianism prioritises satisfying people’s preferences or interests, not specifically reducing suffering. Negative Utilitarianism makes the reduction of suffering its central aim."},{"text":"Rule Utilitarianism","correct":false,"explanation":"Rule Utilitarianism assesses whether generally following a rule would maximise utility. Negative Utilitarianism is the view that prioritises reducing suffering over increasing happiness."},{"text":"Act Utilitarianism","correct":false,"explanation":"Act Utilitarianism evaluates the consequences of individual actions in their circumstances. Negative Utilitarianism is distinguished by giving priority to the reduction of suffering."}]},{"id":"1cfdaf03-deaa-4ab6-81da-eea9b501e2c6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What criticism does Ideal Utilitarianism answer?","back":"Classical utilitarianism is too narrow about intrinsic value.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Classical utilitarianism is too narrow about intrinsic value.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ideal Utilitarianism broadens intrinsic value beyond pleasure alone, arguing that goods such as knowledge, beauty and friendship can be valuable in themselves."},{"text":"Classical utilitarianism is too demanding about personal sacrifice.","correct":false,"explanation":"Excessive personal sacrifice is the demandingness objection, not the criticism answered by Ideal Utilitarianism. Ideal Utilitarianism addresses the narrow claim that only pleasure has intrinsic value."},{"text":"Classical utilitarianism is too uncertain about future consequences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Difficulty predicting consequences is a calculation objection, which Ideal Utilitarianism does not solve. It answers the criticism that classical utilitarianism recognises too narrow a range of intrinsic goods."},{"text":"Classical utilitarianism is too permissive about individual rights.","correct":false,"explanation":"Permitting violations of rights is a justice objection rather than Ideal Utilitarianism’s main target. Ideal Utilitarianism responds to the narrow identification of intrinsic value with pleasure."}]},{"id":"0374f6cf-141d-42d4-80f9-612c21b6faab","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"According to Mill's harm principle, when may society restrict freedom?","back":"Only to prevent harm to others.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Only to prevent harm to others.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mill’s harm principle permits society to limit an individual’s liberty only to prevent harm to other people, not merely because their conduct seems unwise or immoral."},{"text":"Only to prevent harm to oneself.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses paternalism with Mill’s harm principle. Mill generally protects self-regarding choices, allowing social restriction only when conduct risks causing harm to other people."},{"text":"Only to prevent offence to others.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mere offence or disapproval does not normally justify coercion under Mill’s principle. Freedom may be restricted only to prevent genuine harm to other people."},{"text":"Only to prevent immoral private conduct.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mill rejects enforcing morality simply because society dislikes private behaviour. Restriction is justified only where an individual’s conduct threatens harm to other people."}]},{"id":"b0ec4475-7acb-4e50-b122-e749ece1a493","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is utilitarianism not fully ethical relativist?","back":"It has one universal principle: maximise utility.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It has one universal principle: maximise utility.","correct":true,"explanation":"Utilitarian judgements depend on circumstances, but the standard applied everywhere remains universal: choose the action or rule that produces the greatest overall utility."},{"text":"It has one universal principle: follow divine commands.","correct":false,"explanation":"Following divine commands belongs to Divine Command Theory, not utilitarianism. Utilitarianism avoids complete relativism because it universally requires agents to maximise overall utility."},{"text":"It has one universal principle: respect absolute rights.","correct":false,"explanation":"Absolute rights can conflict with consequentialist calculation and are not utilitarianism’s universal standard. Its constant principle is to maximise utility across all affected individuals."},{"text":"It has one universal principle: obey established customs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating local customs as morally decisive would support relativism rather than distinguish utilitarianism from it. Utilitarianism instead applies the universal principle of maximising utility."}]},{"id":"8313e444-a955-46e2-a5a4-83f348ccbbd4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can utilitarianism still give different answers in different situations?","back":"Because consequences vary by situation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Because consequences vary by situation.","correct":true,"explanation":"The principle of maximising utility remains constant, but actions produce different amounts of happiness and suffering in different circumstances, so the resulting moral judgement can change."},{"text":"Because the utility principle changes by situation.","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakes variable applications for a variable principle. The command to maximise utility remains universal, while differing consequences can make different actions right in different situations."},{"text":"Because absolute duties vary by situation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Utilitarianism does not base moral decisions on absolute duties, whether fixed or variable. Its answers differ because the likely consequences of actions vary between situations."},{"text":"Because intentions determine morality by situation.","correct":false,"explanation":"This gives intentions the decisive role associated with some non-consequentialist theories. Utilitarianism can reach different answers because outcomes, rather than intentions, vary with circumstances."}]},{"id":"fe4bf963-829f-44b4-a4ca-5be291fc0053","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What measurement problem weakens utilitarianism?","back":"Happiness and long-term consequences are hard to calculate.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Happiness and long-term consequences are hard to calculate.","correct":true,"explanation":"Utility is difficult to quantify, compare between people and predict over time. This uncertainty weakens confidence that utilitarian calculations will identify the action with the best outcome."},{"text":"Happiness and long-term consequences are easy to calculate.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the measurement objection. Happiness cannot be measured precisely, and distant consequences are uncertain, making the total utility of competing actions difficult to calculate."},{"text":"Happiness and long-term consequences are always immediately observable.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks uncertainty and delayed effects. Many consequences emerge only much later, while happiness is subjective, so neither can always be directly observed and measured."},{"text":"Happiness and long-term consequences are identical for every person.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes utility affects everyone uniformly, ignoring differences in experiences and preferences. Happiness varies between individuals, and long-term consequences are difficult to predict and compare."}]},{"id":"81450275-4de3-4b81-80b7-e4a2da75fc08","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can Act Utilitarianism threaten justice?","back":"It may allow harming an innocent person for overall happiness.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It may allow harming an innocent person for overall happiness.","correct":true,"explanation":"Act Utilitarianism judges each action by its total consequences, so it could permit punishing or sacrificing an innocent individual if doing so maximised happiness overall."},{"text":"It may require protecting an innocent person despite overall happiness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Act Utilitarianism provides no absolute requirement to protect innocence regardless of consequences. The justice objection is that it could allow an innocent person to be harmed for greater overall happiness."},{"text":"It may allow rewarding a guilty person for moral desert.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rewarding someone because they deserve it appeals to justice or desert, not Act Utilitarian calculation. The threat arises when maximising happiness permits harm to an innocent person."},{"text":"It may require following an absolute moral rule over overall happiness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Act Utilitarianism does not treat moral rules as absolute; it assesses individual actions by outcomes. Justice is threatened when better overall consequences seem to justify harming an innocent person."}]},{"id":"94c9f5d9-71b9-47b1-8760-8310bf94b59a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which shared concern can make utilitarianism compatible with religion?","back":"Reducing suffering and helping the vulnerable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Reducing suffering and helping the vulnerable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Both utilitarianism and many religious traditions value relieving suffering and caring for vulnerable people, although they may justify these aims using different moral foundations."},{"text":"Following divine commands and obeying absolute rules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Divine commands and absolute rules are central to some religious ethics but not to consequentialist utilitarianism. Their clearer shared concern is reducing suffering and supporting vulnerable people."},{"text":"Valuing religious rituals and preserving sacred traditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Religious rituals and sacred traditions may matter within faith communities, but utilitarianism does not value them inherently. Compatibility instead comes from concern for suffering and vulnerable people."},{"text":"Seeking personal salvation and rejecting earthly welfare.","correct":false,"explanation":"Personal salvation is a religious concept rather than a utilitarian goal, and rejecting welfare opposes utilitarian concern for well-being. Both approaches can support reducing suffering and helping vulnerable people."}]},{"id":"867f7ec6-cfa9-4c5e-9d46-cd7553389724","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can utilitarianism conflict with Christian natural law?","back":"Natural law treats some acts as intrinsically wrong; utilitarianism judges outcomes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Natural law treats some acts as intrinsically wrong; utilitarianism judges outcomes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Christian natural law holds that certain acts violate the purposes of human nature and are wrong in themselves, whereas utilitarianism assesses actions according to their consequences."},{"text":"Natural law treats all acts as morally neutral; utilitarianism judges outcomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural law does not regard every act as morally neutral; it identifies actions that are intrinsically wrong. This can conflict with utilitarianism’s outcome-based judgements."},{"text":"Natural law judges acts by their consequences; utilitarianism follows absolute duties.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two approaches. Utilitarianism judges actions by consequences, while Christian natural law includes absolute moral prohibitions based on acts being intrinsically wrong."},{"text":"Natural law and utilitarianism treat acts as intrinsically wrong; neither judges outcomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"This wrongly gives both theories the same non-consequentialist approach. Natural law can prohibit acts intrinsically, whereas utilitarianism determines rightness by evaluating their outcomes."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-27","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Utilitarianism","title":"Utilitarianism Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/religious-studies/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"e193aae1-4b09-5da1-a650-37d6e3f8e8de","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]