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24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/a-level/psychology/ocr/reductionism-holism/flashcards","label":"Reductionism/holism","subjectCode":"a_level_psychology__ocr","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"c9fe9a5e-fd25-4a11-838a-5a06df29d598","title":"Reductionism/holism Flashcards","topicId":"ad1e8dd8-0210-538e-a1b6-2802362889bb","topicSlug":"reductionism-holism","cards":[{"id":"6b478850-8a15-4711-b7c5-627356e9f58a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A psychologist explains complex behaviour by breaking it into smaller components. Which side of the debate is this?","back":"Reductionism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Reductionism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reductionism explains complex behaviour by breaking it down into simpler components or lower-level processes that can be studied separately."},{"text":"Holism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Holism considers behaviour through the whole person and wider context rather than separating it into components. Breaking complex behaviour down is reductionism."},{"text":"Interactionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Interactionism explains behaviour through the combined influence of factors such as nature and nurture. Breaking behaviour into smaller components instead describes reductionism."},{"text":"The idiographic approach.","correct":false,"explanation":"The idiographic approach studies individuals in depth and focuses on their uniqueness. Explaining complexity through smaller constituent components is reductionism."}]},{"id":"ceb8b266-fff0-419a-8d81-10661a19a81b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A psychologist explains behaviour through the whole person and context. Which side of the debate is this?","back":"Holism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Holism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Holism explains behaviour by considering the whole person and the interaction of contextual influences rather than isolating individual components."},{"text":"Reductionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reductionism breaks complex behaviour into simpler components or lower-level explanations. Considering the whole person and surrounding context instead reflects holism."},{"text":"Environmental determinism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Environmental determinism claims that external influences cause behaviour and restrict personal choice. An explanation integrating the whole person and context is holism."},{"text":"The nomothetic approach.","correct":false,"explanation":"The nomothetic approach seeks general laws of behaviour by studying groups. Explaining behaviour through the whole person and context specifically describes holism."}]},{"id":"139dfddb-0f62-40b1-87c6-01aa2a0e7b6c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A level of explanation is the [ ] used to explain behaviour, e.g. biological, cognitive, behavioural, social or cultural.","back":"A level of explanation is the type of factor used to explain behaviour, e.g. biological, cognitive, behavioural, social or cultural.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"type of factor","correct":true,"explanation":"A level of explanation identifies the type of factor used to account for behaviour, such as a biological, cognitive, behavioural, social or cultural factor."},{"text":"amount of evidence","correct":false,"explanation":"The amount of evidence concerns the strength of support for an explanation, not its level. A level of explanation means the type of factor used."},{"text":"method of sampling","correct":false,"explanation":"A method of sampling describes how participants are selected for research. A level of explanation instead identifies the type of factor explaining behaviour."},{"text":"degree of accuracy","correct":false,"explanation":"The degree of accuracy concerns how closely a claim or measurement reflects reality. A level of explanation refers to the type of factor proposed."}]},{"id":"0bb7518e-c0b2-4ec0-9f97-68d64a25f778","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Sperry (1968) explained performance through separated brain hemispheres. Which type of reductionism is this?","back":"Biological reductionism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Biological reductionism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sperry explained behaviour in terms of specialised functions in the brain’s separated hemispheres, reducing psychological performance to underlying biological structures."},{"text":"Cognitive reductionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cognitive reductionism focuses on internal mental processes such as memory or attention. Sperry focused on brain hemispheres, making this biological reductionism."},{"text":"Behaviourist reductionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Behaviourist reductionism explains behaviour through learned stimulus-response associations and reinforcement. Sperry instead reduced performance to the biological functions of brain hemispheres."},{"text":"Methodological reductionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Methodological reductionism turns complex behaviour into measurable variables for scientific study. Sperry’s explanation specifically reduced performance to biological brain structures."}]},{"id":"5dd9eab8-0419-469e-9471-0c2faba13d35","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Bandura et al. (1961) linked aggression to observing and imitating a model. Which type of reductionism is this?","back":"Behaviourist/social-learning reductionism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Behaviourist/social-learning reductionism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bandura reduced aggression to observable learning processes, particularly attention to a model and subsequent imitation of the model’s aggressive actions."},{"text":"Biological reductionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biological reductionism explains behaviour through genes, neurochemistry or brain structures. Bandura focused on observation and imitation, so this is behaviourist/social-learning reductionism."},{"text":"Cognitive reductionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cognitive reductionism explains behaviour primarily through internal information-processing mechanisms. Bandura linked aggression to learned observation and imitation, indicating behaviourist/social-learning reductionism."},{"text":"Methodological reductionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Methodological reductionism concerns simplifying behaviour into measurable variables. The stated explanation of aggression through observation and imitation is behaviourist/social-learning reductionism."}]},{"id":"a90a56c0-adb6-4786-aacc-bf0f7ade6489","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Loftus and Palmer (1974) linked memory distortion to leading verbs. Which type of reductionism is this?","back":"Cognitive reductionism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cognitive reductionism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Loftus and Palmer explained memory distortion through cognitive processes, particularly how leading verbal information affects the reconstruction of an event."},{"text":"Biological reductionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biological reductionism explains behaviour using genes, neurochemistry or brain structures. Leading verbs influence memory as a cognitive process, so this is cognitive reductionism."},{"text":"Behaviourist reductionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Behaviourist reductionism focuses on observable learning through conditioning or reinforcement. Loftus and Palmer investigated the internal reconstruction of memory, making the explanation cognitive."},{"text":"Methodological reductionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Methodological reductionism simplifies behaviour into variables for research, but the explanation itself links distortion to memory processing. It is therefore cognitive reductionism."}]},{"id":"46e97f6c-0fee-4e58-82c9-14c445a3112c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When researchers simplify behaviour into [ ] for scientific study, this is [ ].","back":"When researchers simplify behaviour into measurable variables for scientific study, this is methodological reductionism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When researchers simplify behaviour into measurable variables for scientific study, this is methodological reductionism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Methodological reductionism makes complex behaviour scientifically testable by operationalising it as measurable variables that researchers can manipulate, observe or quantify."},{"text":"When researchers simplify behaviour into subjective meanings for scientific study, this is methodological reductionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Subjective meanings are not necessarily operationalised or directly measurable. Methodological reductionism specifically simplifies behaviour into measurable variables for controlled scientific investigation."},{"text":"When researchers simplify behaviour into measurable variables for scientific study, this is biological reductionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biological reductionism explains behaviour through biological components such as genes or brain activity. Converting behaviour into measurable variables is methodological reductionism."},{"text":"When researchers simplify behaviour into biological components for scientific study, this is cognitive reductionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biological components would indicate biological, not cognitive, reductionism. The original description concerns creating measurable variables, which is methodological reductionism."}]},{"id":"eda3e822-699d-46a5-a3d9-d935a0bce06d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Bandura-style research, how could "aggression" be operationalised?","back":"Count physical or verbal aggressive acts towards a Bobo doll.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Count physical or verbal aggressive acts towards a Bobo doll.","correct":true,"explanation":"Counting specified physical or verbal aggressive acts gives aggression an observable, measurable definition, allowing researchers to record its frequency consistently."},{"text":"Count all touches and movements towards a Bobo doll.","correct":false,"explanation":"Touches and movements may be playful or neutral, so this measure lacks validity as an operationalisation of aggression. Researchers should count physical or verbal aggressive acts."},{"text":"Record the child’s heart rate while viewing a Bobo doll.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heart rate measures physiological arousal, which can result from excitement or anxiety rather than aggression. Aggression should be operationalised by counting physical or verbal aggressive acts."},{"text":"Ask about general attitudes towards violence after seeing a Bobo doll.","correct":false,"explanation":"Attitudes towards violence are self-reported beliefs and do not directly measure aggressive behaviour. A valid behavioural operationalisation counts physical or verbal aggressive acts."}]},{"id":"cbc2eeed-3406-4e88-b70a-6753cb6e56f6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does isolating one variable improve internal validity?","back":"It increases confidence the IV caused the DV change.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It increases confidence the IV caused the DV change.","correct":true,"explanation":"Controlling other variables removes competing explanations, so any systematic change in the DV can more confidently be attributed to manipulation of the IV."},{"text":"It increases confidence the findings generalise to real settings.","correct":false,"explanation":"Generalisability to real settings concerns ecological validity and may actually decrease under tightly controlled conditions. Isolation improves internal validity by linking the DV change to the IV."},{"text":"It increases confidence the sample represents the target population.","correct":false,"explanation":"Representativeness depends on sampling rather than variable control. Isolating the IV increases confidence that it, rather than an extraneous variable, caused the DV change."},{"text":"It increases confidence the observations are free from researcher bias.","correct":false,"explanation":"Researcher bias is reduced through procedures such as blinding or standardisation, not simply by isolating a variable. Isolation strengthens the causal link between the IV and DV."}]},{"id":"e2000202-4f8a-45d3-b3cb-dd6526249778","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Inferential testing is reductionist because it turns evidence into [ ], e.g. using [ ].","back":"Inferential testing is reductionist because it turns evidence into a probability decision, e.g. using $p < 0.05$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Inferential testing is reductionist because it turns evidence into a probability decision, e.g. using $p < 0.05$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Inferential tests reduce complex data to a numerical probability and a decision about significance, commonly by comparing a calculated p-value with the $0.05$ threshold."},{"text":"Inferential testing is reductionist because it turns evidence into a causal conclusion, e.g. using $p < 0.05$.","correct":false,"explanation":"A significant p-value indicates that results are unlikely under the null hypothesis; it does not itself establish causation. Inferential testing reduces evidence to a probability decision."},{"text":"Inferential testing is reductionist because it turns evidence into a qualitative description, e.g. using $p > 0.05$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Inferential testing converts evidence into a quantitative probability decision, not a qualitative description. A conventional example is deciding statistical significance using $p < 0.05$."},{"text":"Inferential testing is reductionist because it turns evidence into a probability decision, e.g. using $p = 0.5$.","correct":false,"explanation":"The type of decision is correct, but $p = 0.5$ is not the conventional significance criterion. Psychology typically uses $p < 0.05$ as the decision threshold."}]},{"id":"957cffbc-fc80-44b5-97f4-bad4183af79a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the main risk of explaining behaviour through one isolated cause?","back":"It may oversimplify interacting influences.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It may oversimplify interacting influences.","correct":true,"explanation":"Behaviour usually results from interacting biological, cognitive, social and situational influences. Focusing on one isolated cause can therefore produce an incomplete, oversimplified explanation."},{"text":"It may reduce experimental control over variables.","correct":false,"explanation":"Isolating one cause generally increases experimental control rather than reducing it. The main risk is oversimplification because other interacting influences may be ignored."},{"text":"It may make the explanation too complex.","correct":false,"explanation":"A single-cause account simplifies an explanation rather than making it excessively complex. Its weakness is that this simplification may overlook interactions between multiple influences."},{"text":"It may prevent objective testing of hypotheses.","correct":false,"explanation":"Isolated causes are often easier to operationalise and test objectively. The main problem is that the resulting account may oversimplify behaviour by excluding interacting factors."}]},{"id":"18be4c2d-8674-40ca-a1c1-244a7e44fe54","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Milgram (1963) explained obedience mainly through authority, setting and procedure. Which form of reductionism is this?","back":"Situational reductionism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Situational reductionism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Milgram primarily explained obedience through immediate external factors, including the authority figure, institutional setting and gradual procedure, making his account situationally reductionist."},{"text":"Biological reductionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biological reductionism explains behaviour through genes, brain structures or neurochemistry. Milgram instead emphasised external features of the authority situation and experimental setting."},{"text":"Cognitive reductionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cognitive reductionism focuses on internal processes such as beliefs, memory or information processing. Milgram’s main explanation centred on external situational pressures from authority."},{"text":"Dispositional reductionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"A dispositional account would explain obedience through stable personality traits. Milgram stressed the authority, setting and procedure, so his explanation was situational reductionism."}]},{"id":"7d50887a-9b74-4e12-9961-5f4b3d71af98","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is when a property appears through interacting parts and cannot be understood by examining each part [ ].","back":"Emergence is when a property appears through interacting parts and cannot be understood by examining each part separately.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Emergence is when a property appears through interacting parts and cannot be understood by examining each part separately.","correct":true,"explanation":"An emergent property arises from interactions within a whole system and is not present in any component alone, so studying the parts separately cannot fully explain it."},{"text":"Reductionism is when a property appears through interacting parts and cannot be understood by examining each part separately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reductionism attempts to explain a whole by analysing its component parts. The appearance of a new property through their interaction is called emergence."},{"text":"Emergence is when a property appears through interacting parts and cannot be understood by examining each part together.","correct":false,"explanation":"Emergent properties cannot be understood by examining parts separately. Studying the parts together and focusing on their interactions is precisely what can reveal the emergent property."},{"text":"Reductionism is when a property appears through interacting parts and cannot be understood by examining each part together.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both elements of the definition. Emergence describes properties produced by interactions, and such properties cannot be understood by studying each component separately."}]},{"id":"aa9f119c-2182-4b1e-8c6e-4a2e3146240b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which core study is more holistic because it considered family context and development over time?","back":"Freud's Little Hans (1909).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Freud's Little Hans (1909).","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud’s longitudinal case study considered Hans’s family relationships, experiences and psychosexual development, producing a relatively holistic explanation of his phobia over time."},{"text":"Milgram's Obedience study (1963).","correct":false,"explanation":"Milgram investigated obedience in a controlled procedure and emphasised immediate situational factors. Freud’s Little Hans considered family context and psychological development over time."},{"text":"Bandura et al.'s Bobo doll study (1961).","correct":false,"explanation":"Bandura examined children’s imitation after exposure to an adult model, rather than tracing one child’s family context and development. That holistic feature belongs to Little Hans."},{"text":"Sperry's Split-brain study (1968).","correct":false,"explanation":"Sperry used specialised tasks to investigate hemispheric functions, making the research biologically reductionist. Freud’s Little Hans incorporated family relationships and development over time."}]},{"id":"eaf2d27a-b289-4706-89a2-540df3f196b6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which study supports cultural holism through lying and truth-telling norms?","back":"Lee et al. (1997).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Lee et al. (1997).","correct":true,"explanation":"Lee et al. showed that Chinese and Canadian children evaluated truth-telling and lying differently depending on cultural values, supporting a culturally holistic understanding of behaviour."},{"text":"Milgram (1963).","correct":false,"explanation":"Milgram investigated obedience to authority, not cultural norms surrounding lying and truth-telling. Lee et al. compared Chinese and Canadian children’s moral evaluations."},{"text":"Bandura et al. (1961).","correct":false,"explanation":"Bandura et al. studied imitation of aggressive models rather than cultural differences in moral judgements. Lee et al. examined lying and truth-telling norms across cultures."},{"text":"Loftus and Palmer (1974).","correct":false,"explanation":"Loftus and Palmer investigated how leading questions affect eyewitness memory, not culturally shaped moral norms. Lee et al. compared responses to lying and truth-telling."}]},{"id":"cf23ca79-1484-472c-af12-05b9bdee5fa9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What validity advantage does holism often have?","back":"Stronger ecological validity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Stronger ecological validity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Holistic explanations consider behaviour within its broader social, cultural and personal context, so they often reflect real-life complexity more closely and have stronger ecological validity."},{"text":"Stronger internal validity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Internal validity is usually strengthened by controlling and isolating variables, which is associated with reductionist research. Holism more commonly improves ecological validity by preserving context."},{"text":"Stronger population validity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Population validity depends primarily on whether the sample represents the target population. Holism’s characteristic advantage is stronger ecological validity through studying behaviour in context."},{"text":"Stronger temporal validity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temporal validity concerns whether findings remain applicable across historical periods. Holism does not automatically ensure this; its usual advantage is greater ecological validity."}]},{"id":"c79ba6db-41e8-40a6-9249-421455fd79ec","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can holistic explanations be harder to test scientifically?","back":"They can become vague, making cause and effect hard to identify.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They can become vague, making cause and effect hard to identify.","correct":true,"explanation":"Holistic explanations consider many interacting influences simultaneously. This complexity can make precise variables and causal relationships difficult to isolate, operationalise and test under controlled scientific conditions."},{"text":"They can become deterministic, making free will impossible to recognise.","correct":false,"explanation":"Determinism is more commonly associated with explanations that reduce behaviour to fixed biological or environmental causes. Holistic explanations are difficult to test because they can become vague, obscuring cause and effect."},{"text":"They can become artificial, making everyday behaviour hard to generalise to.","correct":false,"explanation":"Artificiality concerns the ecological validity of laboratory research rather than holism itself. Holistic explanations are harder to test because their complexity can make cause and effect vague and difficult to identify."},{"text":"They can become reductionist, making interactions between factors hard to acknowledge.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ignoring interactions is a limitation of reductionism, whereas holism deliberately considers them. Its scientific difficulty is that numerous interacting factors can produce vague explanations with unclear cause and effect."}]},{"id":"40ee2528-ed62-4b50-8da4-e158ee547928","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] claims behaviour can ultimately be explained by one basic level, often [ ].","back":"Hard reductionism claims behaviour can ultimately be explained by one basic level, often biology.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hard reductionism claims behaviour can ultimately be explained by one basic level, often biology.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hard reductionism argues that complex behaviour can ultimately be reduced to a single fundamental explanatory level. In psychology, this lowest level is often assumed to be biological."},{"text":"Soft reductionism claims behaviour can ultimately be explained by one basic level, often biology.","correct":false,"explanation":"Soft reductionism analyses behaviour at separate levels but does not claim that one level provides the complete explanation. Hard reductionism makes this stronger claim, often prioritising biology."},{"text":"Hard reductionism claims behaviour can ultimately be explained by one basic level, often social context.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social context is a higher-level explanation and is more characteristic of holistic or interactionist accounts. Hard reductionism usually treats biology as the fundamental level underlying behaviour."},{"text":"Holism claims behaviour can ultimately be explained by one basic level, often cognition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Holism explains behaviour through the interaction of multiple factors rather than reducing it to cognition or another single level. Hard reductionism claims one basic level, often biology, is sufficient."}]},{"id":"296b5711-67fa-42c3-9d36-064f113a9fc5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] breaks behaviour into parts but rejects the claim that [ ].","back":"Soft reductionism breaks behaviour into parts but rejects the claim that one level explains everything.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Soft reductionism breaks behaviour into parts but rejects the claim that one level explains everything.","correct":true,"explanation":"Soft reductionism accepts that studying separate components or explanatory levels can be useful, while recognising that no single level can provide a complete account of behaviour."},{"text":"Hard reductionism breaks behaviour into parts but rejects the claim that one level explains everything.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rejecting the sufficiency of one explanatory level is the defining qualification made by soft reductionism. Hard reductionism instead claims that behaviour can ultimately be explained at one basic level."},{"text":"Soft reductionism breaks behaviour into parts but rejects the claim that behaviour can be studied scientifically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Soft reductionism does not reject scientific investigation; breaking behaviour into manageable components can support it. What it rejects is the stronger claim that one explanatory level accounts for everything."},{"text":"Holism breaks behaviour into parts but rejects the claim that every level contributes something.","correct":false,"explanation":"Holism studies behaviour as an integrated whole and generally accepts contributions from multiple levels. Soft reductionism breaks behaviour into parts while rejecting the idea that one level explains everything."}]},{"id":"0b230fdc-99d0-4432-9daf-09f72078230b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"An explanation of depression combines genes, brain chemistry, negative thinking, stressful events and support. What approach is this?","back":"Interactionist.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Interactionist.","correct":true,"explanation":"An interactionist explanation combines influences from multiple levels and examines how they affect one another. Here, biological, cognitive and environmental factors jointly contribute to depression."},{"text":"Biological.","correct":false,"explanation":"A purely biological explanation would focus on factors such as genes, neurotransmitters and brain structures. Including thinking, life events and social support makes the explanation interactionist."},{"text":"Cognitive.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cognitive explanation would primarily attribute depression to thought processes such as negative schemas. The inclusion of genes, chemistry, stress and support shows an interactionist approach instead."},{"text":"Environmental.","correct":false,"explanation":"An environmental explanation would emphasise experiences such as stressful events and social support. Combining these with genes, brain chemistry and cognition makes the overall account interactionist."}]},{"id":"1f20ef03-4e2b-42d3-9477-43b8fb739c16","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In clinical psychology, which approach combines biological, psychological and social factors?","back":"Biopsychosocial approach.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Biopsychosocial approach.","correct":true,"explanation":"The biopsychosocial approach explains mental health through the interaction of biological influences, psychological processes and social circumstances, providing a broader alternative to a purely medical account."},{"text":"Biomedical approach.","correct":false,"explanation":"The biomedical approach primarily explains disorders through biological abnormalities, such as genes or neurotransmitters. The approach that explicitly combines biological, psychological and social factors is biopsychosocial."},{"text":"Cognitive-behavioural approach.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cognitive-behavioural approach focuses on interactions between thoughts and learned behaviour, rather than systematically combining biological, psychological and social factors. That broader framework is biopsychosocial."},{"text":"Psychodynamic approach.","correct":false,"explanation":"The psychodynamic approach emphasises unconscious conflict and early childhood experience. Biological, psychological and social influences are explicitly integrated by the biopsychosocial approach."}]},{"id":"e82c279b-9d90-479c-8c40-96ad97f23e70","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can reductionist explanations become socially sensitive?","back":"They may label groups as biologically or psychologically deficient.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They may label groups as biologically or psychologically deficient.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reducing group differences to supposed biological or psychological deficits can promote stereotyping, discrimination and blame. These potential social consequences make such explanations socially sensitive."},{"text":"They may include too many interacting factors to test scientifically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Difficulty testing many interacting factors is a criticism of holistic explanations, not the main source of reductionism’s social sensitivity. Sensitivity arises when groups are labelled biologically or psychologically deficient."},{"text":"They may make cause and effect impossible to identify precisely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unclear causal relationships are more commonly a problem for complex holistic explanations. Reductionist accounts become socially sensitive when simplified explanations portray particular groups as biologically or psychologically deficient."},{"text":"They may require expensive equipment and highly trained specialists.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cost and specialist equipment are practical limitations of some biological research, not reasons an explanation is socially sensitive. Social sensitivity arises from potentially harmful labels of group deficiency."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Reductionism/holism","title":"Reductionism/holism Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/psychology/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"ad1e8dd8-0210-538e-a1b6-2802362889bb","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]