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physical surroundings created or substantially modified by people, including buildings, roads, parks and other designed spaces."},{"text":"natural physical setting","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the built environment with naturally occurring surroundings. The correct term is “human-made physical setting” because the environment has been created or modified by people."},{"text":"social and cultural context","correct":false,"explanation":"Social and cultural context concerns relationships, norms and values rather than physical surroundings. The built environment is the “human-made physical setting” around us."},{"text":"unmodified natural landscape","correct":false,"explanation":"An unmodified landscape belongs to the natural environment, not the built environment. The blank requires “human-made physical setting”, covering designed or altered surroundings."}]},{"id":"1145dfaf-e7a7-4e3c-bc5c-cb866ed1a3a9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Crowding is [ ], whereas density is [ ].","back":"Crowding is subjective, whereas density is objective.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Crowding is subjective, whereas density is objective.","correct":true,"explanation":"Crowding is a personal psychological experience of having insufficient space, while density is an objective calculation of the number of people within a given area."},{"text":"Crowding is objective, whereas density is subjective.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the distinction. Crowding is subjective because it is experienced differently by individuals, whereas density is objectively measured as people per unit of space."},{"text":"Crowding is measurable, whereas density is subjective.","correct":false,"explanation":"Crowding cannot be calculated directly because it is a psychological appraisal. Crowding is subjective, while density is objective and can be numerically measured."},{"text":"Crowding is subjective, whereas density is subjective.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating both concepts as subjective overlooks density’s numerical definition. Crowding is subjective, but density is an objective measure of people within an area."}]},{"id":"162b2892-fe82-4605-bb40-7fed355ce85d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can two spaces with the same density feel differently crowded?","back":"Privacy, control or escape routes can differ.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Privacy, control or escape routes can differ.","correct":true,"explanation":"Crowding reflects an individual’s appraisal, not density alone. Differences in privacy, perceived control and opportunities to leave can therefore change how crowded equal-density spaces feel."},{"text":"Density is a subjective judgement that can differ.","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakes density for a personal perception. Density is objectively measured, while differences in privacy, control or escape routes explain why equal-density spaces can feel different."},{"text":"Crowding is fixed by density in each space.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes crowding is determined entirely by the number of people per area. Privacy, control or escape routes can differ, producing different subjective experiences at equal density."},{"text":"Equal density produces equal comfort in both spaces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal density does not guarantee equal comfort because crowding is subjective. Privacy, perceived control and available escape routes can differ between the two spaces."}]},{"id":"669d3dca-300f-4823-b89c-0b819c65b003","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Environments that help recovery from stress or mental fatigue are [ ] and may provide a [ ].","back":"Environments that help recovery from stress or mental fatigue are restorative and may provide a positive distraction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Environments that help recovery from stress or mental fatigue are restorative and may provide a positive distraction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Restorative environments support recovery from stress or depleted attention. Pleasant features can provide a positive distraction that redirects attention away from pain, anxiety or fatigue."},{"text":"Environments that help recovery from stress or mental fatigue are restorative and may provide a negative distraction.","correct":false,"explanation":"A negative distraction would be unpleasant or demanding and could increase stress. Restorative environments instead provide a positive distraction that supports psychological recovery."},{"text":"Environments that help recovery from stress or mental fatigue are depleting and may provide a positive distraction.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses recovery with further depletion. Environments that restore mental resources are restorative and may aid recovery by offering a positive distraction."},{"text":"Environments that help recovery from stress or mental fatigue are stressful and may provide a source of overload.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stressful environments and sensory overload consume psychological resources rather than replenish them. Recovery-supporting environments are restorative and may provide a positive distraction."}]},{"id":"55ffd0d4-e36c-442e-a32e-2460a005ce5c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which psychological pathway is targeted by clear hospital signs?","back":"Increased perceived control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Increased perceived control.","correct":true,"explanation":"Clear signs make a hospital easier to navigate, reducing uncertainty and helping people feel able to manage their surroundings. This increases perceived control."},{"text":"Increased physiological arousal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clear signs generally reduce uncertainty rather than heighten bodily stress responses. Their intended psychological pathway is increased perceived control through easier navigation."},{"text":"Increased learned helplessness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Learned helplessness arises when people perceive that outcomes are beyond their control. Clear signs have the opposite effect by increasing perceived control over navigation."},{"text":"Increased social support.","correct":false,"explanation":"Signs primarily improve orientation rather than directly changing interpersonal support. Their psychological effect is increased perceived control because users can navigate independently."}]},{"id":"963aef70-9fdc-44e2-bb13-188b6dd28a0e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can safe shared spaces improve social wellbeing?","back":"They encourage social contact and reduce isolation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They encourage social contact and reduce isolation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Safe, accessible communal areas create opportunities for neighbours and other users to meet. This promotes social contact and helps protect against loneliness and isolation."},{"text":"They discourage social contact and increase isolation.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the expected effect of safe communal spaces. They encourage social contact and reduce isolation by giving people comfortable opportunities to meet."},{"text":"They encourage social withdrawal and weaken community ties.","correct":false,"explanation":"Safe shared spaces are designed to facilitate interaction rather than withdrawal. They improve social wellbeing by encouraging social contact and reducing isolation."},{"text":"They increase territorial conflict and reduce trust.","correct":false,"explanation":"This applies problems associated with unsafe or poorly designed spaces. Safe shared spaces instead encourage social contact and reduce isolation among community members."}]},{"id":"2567a62b-8d54-4fa1-bbff-d513a2db5cdf","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can replacing derelict land with a park improve social wellbeing?","back":"It encourages social interaction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It encourages social interaction.","correct":true,"explanation":"A park provides an accessible shared place where residents can meet, spend time and take part in activities, thereby encouraging social interaction."},{"text":"It encourages social isolation.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the likely social effect of creating an accessible park. Shared green space encourages social interaction by providing opportunities for residents to meet."},{"text":"It prevents community contact.","correct":false,"explanation":"Replacing derelict land with a usable park creates rather than prevents opportunities for meeting others. It therefore encourages social interaction within the community."},{"text":"It encourages territorial conflict.","correct":false,"explanation":"Territorial conflict is more associated with contested or poorly designed space. A well-designed public park improves social wellbeing by encouraging social interaction."}]},{"id":"e30d2338-c99d-490f-bd58-ef551e14b8a3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Urban renewal is also called [ ]; if it pushes locals out through higher rents, it is [ ].","back":"Urban renewal is also called regeneration; if it pushes locals out through higher rents, it is gentrification.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Urban renewal is also called regeneration; if it pushes locals out through higher rents, it is gentrification.","correct":true,"explanation":"Regeneration refers to improving a run-down urban area. When these improvements raise rents and displace existing lower-income residents, the process is termed gentrification."},{"text":"Urban renewal is also called urbanisation; if it pushes locals out through higher rents, it is gentrification.","correct":false,"explanation":"Urbanisation means growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas, not renewal of an existing area. Urban renewal is regeneration, while rent-driven displacement is gentrification."},{"text":"Urban renewal is also called regeneration; if it pushes locals out through higher rents, it is suburbanisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Suburbanisation is movement from city centres to surrounding suburbs, not displacement caused by rising local rents. Such displacement during regeneration is called gentrification."},{"text":"Urban renewal is also called deindustrialisation; if it pushes locals out through higher rents, it is counter-urbanisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deindustrialisation is the decline of industrial activity, while counter-urbanisation is movement away from urban areas. Urban renewal is regeneration, and rent-driven displacement is gentrification."}]},{"id":"3d1908df-63ec-4f22-9bb5-ba9dd675163a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the main social harm of gentrification?","back":"Social networks are disrupted.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Social networks are disrupted.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gentrification can displace established residents and alter local institutions, disrupting long-standing relationships and community support networks that previously provided social cohesion."},{"text":"Social networks are strengthened.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the typical social effect of displacement and neighbourhood change. The main harm is that established social networks are disrupted as residents and local institutions move away."},{"text":"Housing becomes more affordable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gentrification commonly raises rents and property prices rather than improving affordability. Its main social harm is the disruption of established social networks through displacement and community change."},{"text":"Long-term residents gain greater security.","correct":false,"explanation":"Higher housing costs may make long-term residents less secure and force them to relocate. The main social harm is that this displacement disrupts established social networks."}]},{"id":"7ed25222-e5b5-4dcf-8265-5b41752eb297","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Ulrich (1984) test in gall-bladder surgery patients?","back":"Whether tree versus brick-wall window views affected recovery.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Whether tree versus brick-wall window views affected recovery.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ulrich compared surgical patients whose windows faced trees with those whose windows faced a brick wall, measuring whether these contrasting views influenced recovery outcomes."},{"text":"Whether private versus shared hospital rooms affected recovery.","correct":false,"explanation":"Room occupancy was not the environmental comparison in Ulrich’s study. He tested whether tree versus brick-wall window views affected patients’ recovery after gall-bladder surgery."},{"text":"Whether natural versus artificial room lighting affected recovery.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing window views with lighting changes the independent variable. Ulrich investigated whether seeing trees rather than a brick wall from the window affected recovery."},{"text":"Whether quiet versus noisy hospital wards affected recovery.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hospital noise is another plausible environmental influence, but it was not Ulrich’s comparison. He tested whether tree versus brick-wall window views affected recovery."}]},{"id":"37dc8566-be9c-4ef8-b4cf-946e27b9259b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Ulrich (1984) was a [ ] because the window view was [ ].","back":"Ulrich (1984) was a quasi-experiment because the window view was naturally occurring.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ulrich (1984) was a quasi-experiment because the window view was naturally occurring.","correct":true,"explanation":"The researcher did not manipulate or randomly allocate the window views; patients already occupied rooms with different views. This naturally occurring independent variable makes the study a quasi-experiment."},{"text":"Ulrich (1984) was a laboratory experiment because the window view was deliberately manipulated.","correct":false,"explanation":"The window view was neither created by the researcher nor allocated under controlled laboratory conditions. It was naturally occurring, so the study was a quasi-experiment."},{"text":"Ulrich (1984) was a field experiment because the window view was deliberately manipulated.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the research used a real hospital setting, the window view was not manipulated by the researcher. Because it occurred naturally, the design was a quasi-experiment."},{"text":"Ulrich (1984) was a natural experiment because the window view was randomly allocated.","correct":false,"explanation":"Patients were not randomly assigned to views as part of the research. The naturally occurring window-view variable made this a quasi-experiment, with matched pairs controlling participant differences."}]},{"id":"3bb08662-ba51-476a-9347-239377631909","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was the independent variable in Ulrich (1984)?","back":"Window view: trees or brick wall.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Window view: trees or brick wall.","correct":true,"explanation":"The independent variable was the type of scene visible from each patient’s window, with patients experiencing either a view of trees or a brick wall."},{"text":"Hospital stay: shorter or longer recovery.","correct":false,"explanation":"Length of hospital stay was a measure of recovery, making it a dependent variable rather than the independent variable. The independent variable was window view: trees or brick wall."},{"text":"Analgesic use: weaker or stronger medication.","correct":false,"explanation":"Analgesic use was recorded as an outcome indicating recovery, not varied as the independent variable. The independent variable was whether the window showed trees or a brick wall."},{"text":"Patient age: younger or older adults.","correct":false,"explanation":"Age was a participant characteristic controlled through matching, not the variable being investigated. The independent variable was window view: trees or brick wall."}]},{"id":"8b50d5d4-62c6-4e88-b87f-d0e0bf51a9ce","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Ulrich's sample included [ ] from a [ ].","back":"Ulrich's sample included 46 patients from a Pennsylvania hospital.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ulrich's sample included 46 patients from a Pennsylvania hospital.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ulrich examined records from 46 gall-bladder surgery patients treated in one Pennsylvania hospital, pairing patients with tree views and brick-wall views on relevant characteristics."},{"text":"Ulrich's sample included 46 patients from a New York hospital.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sample size is correct, but the location is not. Ulrich used 46 patients whose treatment records came from a hospital in Pennsylvania."},{"text":"Ulrich's sample included 92 patients from a Pennsylvania hospital.","correct":false,"explanation":"This likely double-counts the matched pairs as 46 patients in each condition. The whole sample contained 46 patients from a Pennsylvania hospital."},{"text":"Ulrich's sample included 23 patients from a California hospital.","correct":false,"explanation":"Twenty-three refers to the number of patients in each view condition, not the total sample, and the hospital was in Pennsylvania. The sample contained 46 patients."}]},{"id":"84a32f1e-80d4-44b1-b54b-f90d95582c9d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Ulrich use a matched-pairs design?","back":"To reduce participant differences between view conditions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To reduce participant differences between view conditions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Matching patients on relevant characteristics made the tree-view and brick-wall groups more comparable, reducing participant differences as an alternative explanation for recovery outcomes."},{"text":"To increase participant differences between view conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"A matched-pairs design aims to make conditions more similar, not more different. Ulrich used matching to reduce participant differences between the two window-view conditions."},{"text":"To manipulate patients’ window views between view conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Matching does not manipulate the independent variable, and the existing window views were naturally occurring. It was used to reduce participant differences between the view conditions."},{"text":"To eliminate researcher bias between view conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Matching primarily controls differences between participants rather than researcher expectations. Ulrich used it to make the tree-view and brick-wall groups comparable on relevant patient characteristics."}]},{"id":"0ad4ad7f-c090-43fe-882b-d2f6ad6a6e9c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Ulrich operationalised recovery using hospital stay, nurses' notes, [ ] and [ ].","back":"Ulrich operationalised recovery using hospital stay, nurses' notes, number and strength of analgesics and minor complications.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ulrich operationalised recovery using hospital stay, nurses' notes, number and strength of analgesics and minor complications.","correct":true,"explanation":"These observable records provided several measurable indicators of recovery, including time in hospital, evaluations by nurses, pain medication use and post-operative complications."},{"text":"Ulrich operationalised recovery using hospital stay, nurses' notes, patients’ self-reported happiness and major complications.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ulrich relied on medical records rather than self-reported happiness, and recorded minor rather than major complications. The other measures were number and strength of analgesics and minor complications."},{"text":"Ulrich operationalised recovery using hospital stay, nurses' notes, number and strength of antibiotics and minor complications.","correct":false,"explanation":"The medication measure concerned analgesics for pain, not antibiotics for infection. Recovery was assessed using the number and strength of analgesics alongside minor complications."},{"text":"Ulrich operationalised recovery using hospital stay, nurses' notes, number and strength of analgesics and room-change requests.","correct":false,"explanation":"Room-change requests were not one of Ulrich’s recorded recovery outcomes. He measured number and strength of analgesics and minor complications, alongside hospital stay and nurses’ notes."}]},{"id":"814ab275-e6d7-45cc-81ae-f9223dbd2e42","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How did a tree view affect hospital stay in Ulrich (1984)?","back":"Patients had a slightly shorter hospital stay.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Patients had a slightly shorter hospital stay.","correct":true,"explanation":"Patients who could see trees were discharged slightly sooner than matched patients facing a brick wall, suggesting that exposure to a natural view supported recovery."},{"text":"Patients had a slightly longer hospital stay.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the direction of Ulrich’s result. Patients with a tree view had a slightly shorter hospital stay than those whose windows faced a brick wall."},{"text":"Patients had a much shorter hospital stay.","correct":false,"explanation":"This exaggerates the size of the observed effect. The tree-view patients did leave hospital sooner, but their stay was only slightly shorter."},{"text":"Patients had an equally long hospital stay.","correct":false,"explanation":"The groups did not have identical lengths of stay. Patients with a tree view had a slightly shorter hospital stay than matched patients with a brick-wall view."}]},{"id":"829bb303-018c-4911-8a06-4759d64b2abd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did tree-view patients need less of in Ulrich (1984)?","back":"Strong painkillers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Strong painkillers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ulrich found that patients whose rooms overlooked trees required fewer strong analgesics during recovery, suggesting that exposure to a natural view may reduce perceived pain or distress."},{"text":"Antibiotics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibiotics treat bacterial infections rather than pain, and Ulrich did not report reduced antibiotic use. The tree-view patients needed fewer strong painkillers during their recovery."},{"text":"Sleeping tablets.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing pain management with sleep treatment leads to this choice. Ulrich’s records showed that tree-view patients required fewer strong painkillers, not fewer sleeping tablets."},{"text":"Blood-thinning drugs.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses drugs used to prevent blood clots with analgesic medication. Ulrich found lower use of strong painkillers among patients who could see trees."}]},{"id":"14b13746-ff20-456c-8d98-324a3b7725a0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was Ulrich's cautious conclusion about nature views?","back":"They may benefit health and recovery.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They may benefit health and recovery.","correct":true,"explanation":"The evidence suggested an association rather than proving direct causation, so Ulrich appropriately concluded that natural views may support health and recovery rather than guaranteeing an effect."},{"text":"They guarantee complete and rapid recovery.","correct":false,"explanation":"The lack of random allocation means the study cannot establish that nature views guarantee complete recovery. Ulrich cautiously concluded that they may benefit health and recovery."},{"text":"They can replace conventional medical treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"A natural view may complement medical care through stress reduction, but it cannot substitute for clinical treatment. Ulrich concluded only that such views may benefit health and recovery."},{"text":"They eliminate all surgical complications.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ulrich’s findings did not show that nature views prevent every postsurgical problem. His cautious conclusion was that they may benefit health and recovery."}]},{"id":"4e67fc3e-4f2d-4c6a-975b-1ae22c0900f4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might a natural view improve surgical recovery?","back":"It can reduce stress and provide positive distraction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can reduce stress and provide positive distraction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Natural scenes may lower physiological and psychological stress while diverting attention from pain and discomfort, supporting a calmer and potentially quicker postsurgical recovery."},{"text":"It can increase stress and focus attention on pain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increased stress would generally hinder healing rather than improve it. A natural view may aid recovery by reducing stress and offering a positive distraction from pain."},{"text":"It can increase isolation and provide little stimulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social isolation and boredom are unlikely to explain improved recovery and could worsen wellbeing. The proposed benefits are reduced stress and positive distraction."},{"text":"It can raise anxiety and prevent restful sleep.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater anxiety and disrupted sleep would be expected to impede recovery. Natural views are thought to help by reducing stress and providing a positive distraction."}]},{"id":"9cc47d47-bd04-47a8-8860-e3365cadff94","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does Ulrich (1984) have strong ecological validity?","back":"Real patients recovered from real surgery in a real hospital.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Real patients recovered from real surgery in a real hospital.","correct":true,"explanation":"The study examined genuine patients undergoing ordinary recovery in their normal hospital setting, so its conditions and behaviour closely reflected real-life healthcare experiences."},{"text":"Student volunteers imagined surgery during an artificial laboratory task.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using student volunteers and simulated surgery would create an artificial task with weak ecological validity. Ulrich instead studied real patients recovering after real surgery in a real hospital."},{"text":"Healthy participants described hypothetical recovery in a classroom questionnaire.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hypothetical questionnaire responses do not reproduce the pain, stress or environment of genuine recovery. Ulrich’s ecological validity came from observing real patients in a real hospital."},{"text":"Paid participants explored simulated wards using virtual-reality equipment.","correct":false,"explanation":"A virtual hospital lacks the consequences and context of actual surgery. Ulrich’s study had stronger ecological validity because real patients recovered in a genuine hospital."}]},{"id":"76a87f1a-0756-4ea5-b83b-82d890ad4ca4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is internal validity weaker in Ulrich (1984)?","back":"No random allocation, so room confounds may affect recovery.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"No random allocation, so room confounds may affect recovery.","correct":true,"explanation":"Patients were not randomly assigned to tree-view and wall-view rooms, so uncontrolled room or patient differences could explain recovery outcomes instead of the view itself."},{"text":"No independent variable, so the view could not affect recovery.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study did compare different views, so absence of an independent variable is not the problem. Internal validity is weaker because there was no random allocation, allowing room confounds."},{"text":"Only self-report measures, so patients may exaggerate their recovery.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ulrich used objective hospital records, so reliance on self-reported recovery was not the main weakness. The key concern is no random allocation and possible room confounds."},{"text":"Strong order effects, so repeated testing may affect recovery.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeated testing is not relevant because patients were not repeatedly completing the same task. Internal validity is weaker because non-random room allocation may have introduced confounds."}]},{"id":"28e90cf8-1eae-4047-960b-f495477d8397","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What limits the generalisability of Ulrich (1984)?","back":"A small sample from one USA hospital.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A small sample from one USA hospital.","correct":true,"explanation":"The limited number of patients came from a single American hospital, so the findings may not represent other hospitals, cultures, patient groups or types of surgery."},{"text":"A large sample from hospitals across the USA.","correct":false,"explanation":"A large sample drawn from hospitals nationwide would generally improve generalisability rather than limit it. Ulrich used a small sample from only one USA hospital."},{"text":"A cross-cultural sample from several different countries.","correct":false,"explanation":"Including patients from several countries would increase cultural and geographical representativeness. The actual limitation was a small sample from one hospital in the USA."},{"text":"A random sample from the whole USA population.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random national sampling would make the findings more representative, not less. Generalisability is limited because Ulrich’s small sample came from one USA hospital."}]},{"id":"ffc31a81-d0b5-4b8e-846d-42e5bdb4d45b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which ethical issue is raised by using hospital records?","back":"Privacy and confidentiality of patient data.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Privacy and confidentiality of patient data.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hospital records contain sensitive personal and medical information, so researchers must keep data secure, anonymise patients and prevent individuals from being identified without authorisation."},{"text":"Protection from physical harm during surgery.","correct":false,"explanation":"The patients underwent surgery for medical reasons, not because researchers exposed them to danger. The relevant records-based issue concerns privacy and confidentiality of their data."},{"text":"Deception and debriefing of hospital patients.","correct":false,"explanation":"Examining existing records does not involve misleading patients about an experimental task. The central ethical concern is protecting the privacy and confidentiality of sensitive patient information."},{"text":"The right to withdraw from necessary surgery.","correct":false,"explanation":"The research did not determine whether patients could leave medical treatment, so withdrawal from surgery is not the records-based issue. Patient data instead require privacy and confidentiality."}]},{"id":"ef1fa8f2-c5c9-4d1f-91e9-3d9a2183a935","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why should urban renewal involve local residents?","back":"To protect community identity and avoid displacement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To protect community identity and avoid displacement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Consulting residents allows renewal to reflect local needs, relationships and traditions, reducing the risk that redevelopment destroys community identity or forces established residents elsewhere."},{"text":"To protect developer profits and increase property prices.","correct":false,"explanation":"Prioritising developers can promote gentrification and neglect existing residents’ needs. Local participation should instead protect community identity and help prevent displacement."},{"text":"To replace local traditions and attract wealthier residents.","correct":false,"explanation":"Replacing local culture and attracting wealthier residents can erode community identity and displace established populations. Involvement should preserve identity and reduce that risk."},{"text":"To accelerate planning decisions and avoid public consultation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoiding consultation excludes residents from decisions that directly affect their homes and social networks. Participation is needed to protect community identity and avoid displacement."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Psychological effects of built environment (Social)","title":"Psychological effects of built environment (Social) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/psychology/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"a0e310b3-8072-553a-860f-4c37dcbb467c","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]