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3b:T712,- State the aim of the study: to investigate whether depth perception in humans and other animal species is innate or learned. B1 - Describe the apparatus (the visual cliff): a raised platform with a central board, a glass runway extending on both sides, with a high-density checkerboard pattern directly under the glass on one side ("shallow" side) and on the floor far below on the other side ("deep" side). M1 - Describe the sample: 36 infants aged 6 to 14 months, as well as various young animal species. B1 - Describe the procedure: the infant is placed on the central board, and the mother calls them from either the deep or shallow side. M1 - Describe findings for human infants: most infants crawled onto the shallow side to reach their mothers, but very few (only 3 of 27) would cross the deep side, often crying or backing away. A1 - Describe findings for animals: animals like chicks and goats avoided the deep side from birth (or as soon as they were mobile), showing a clear aversion to the visual drop. A1 - Explains that the avoidance of the deep side suggests that depth perception is largely innate or matures rapidly with the onset of locomotion. M1 - Explains the limitation regarding human infants: since the infants were 6–14 months old and already crawling, their preference could have been influenced by prior experience and learning. A1 - Explains how animal trials (especially those with newborn animals) offer stronger evidence for nature/innateness as they had no opportunity for prior learning. M1 - Explains the evolutionary/survival value of depth perception, which prevents young, mobile organisms from falling from heights. C13c:T77b,- **Aim:** To determine whether infants can perceive and differentiate forms or patterns, and whether this ability is innate or acquired through learning B1 - **Methodology:** Designed the 'looking chamber' (or peep box) where infants lay on their backs looking up at circular test patterns, with the researcher measuring the duration of visual fixation through a peephole B1 - **Stimuli:** Used six circular discs of different patterns: a schematic face, a bull's-eye, newspaper print, and plain red, yellow, and white discs B1 - **Findings (Patterns):** Infants of all ages (from under 48 hours to six months) demonstrated a significant preference for patterned stimuli over plain colored ones B1 - **Findings (Faces):** The schematic face received the most attention/gaze time, followed by the bull's-eye and newsprint, while plain colored discs received minimal attention B1 - **Innate Abilities:** Explains that form perception is, to some degree, genetically pre-wired (innate) rather than completely learned, as infants under a week old displayed distinct visual preferences C1 - **Social and Adaptive Significance:** Explains that the preference for face-like patterns suggests a biological preparedness for social contact, which assists in bonding with caregivers early in life C1 - **Active Perceptual Systems:** Explains that young infants have active, organized perceptual systems capable of selective attention from birth C1 - **Methodological Impact:** Explains how this study pioneered the 'preferential looking paradigm' still used to study cognitive development today C1 - **Development of Form Perception:** Explains that basic form perception is functional at birth and acts as an innate foundation for subsequent visual and social development C125:["$","$L35",null,{"bundle":{"topicIds":["e84f0f58-9ec3-5aac-9183-951012412add"],"paperIds":[],"stageIds":[],"stageTopicIds":[],"stageAssessmentIds":[],"topicNoteIds":["728a0340-ff01-4c93-b044-00b699b87f47"]},"children":[["$","$L36",null,{"feature":"question-bank"}],"$L37",["$","$L38",null,{"subjectCode":"a_level_psychology__ocr","subjectName":"Psychology","topicSlug":"perceptual-development-cognitive","topicTitle":"Perceptual development (Cognitive)","sectionTitle":null,"activity":"worksheet","resourceTitle":"Perceptual development (Cognitive) Questions","resourceHref":"/a-level/psychology/ocr/perceptual-development-cognitive/questions/q1","saveTrail":false}],["$","$L39",null,{"href":"/a-level/psychology/ocr/perceptual-development-cognitive/questions/q1","label":"Perceptual development (Cognitive)","subjectCode":"a_level_psychology__ocr","surface":"questions"}],["$","script",null,{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"LearningResource\",\"name\":\"Question 4 – Perceptual development (Cognitive) - 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Perceptual development (Cognitive)

Question 2

Perceptual development (Cognitive) Questions

Perceptual development (Cognitive)

Question 2

Perceptual development (Cognitive) Questions