In Loftus and Palmer’s (1974) research into the accuracy of eyewitness testimony, Experiment 2 was designed to investigate whether leading questions genuinely distort memory or simply create a temporary response bias. How was the independent variable (IV) manipulated in this second experiment?
Participants were divided into three groups: one group was asked a speed estimation question using the verb 'smashed', another group was asked using the verb 'hit', and a third control group was not asked about vehicle speed.
Participants were divided into five distinct groups, with each group receiving a questionnaire containing a different critical verb: 'smashed', 'collided', 'bumped', 'hit', or 'contacted'.
Participants were divided into two groups: one group viewed a high-speed collision containing visible broken glass, while the second group viewed a low-speed collision with no visible broken glass.
Participants were divided into two groups: one group was tested immediately after viewing a film clip of an accident, and the second group was tested after a one-week delay.
