In the study by Grant et al. (1998) on context-dependent memory, participants studied a two-page journal article under either silent or noisy conditions and were subsequently tested in either a matching or mismatching auditory environment. Which of the following statements correctly describes the findings of this study?
Noise during the study phase acted as a significant distractor, resulting in overall lower recall and recognition scores for participants in both noisy study conditions compared to those in both silent study conditions.
Matching environmental contexts during the study and test phases significantly enhanced performance on both the short-answer and multiple-choice tests compared to mismatched contexts.
A context-dependent memory effect was observed only on the short-answer (recall) test, with no significant differences found between matching and mismatching conditions on the multiple-choice (recognition) test.
Participants in the noisy-noisy matching condition achieved significantly higher recognition scores than those in the silent-silent matching condition due to an arousal effect of background noise.
