In Experiment 2 of Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study on reconstructive memory, participants watched a short film of a car accident. Which of the following describes the independent variable manipulated in the questionnaire completed immediately after the film?
The actual speed of the cars in the video clip shown to the different groups of participants.
The presence or absence of shattered glass in the video clip of the car accident.
The specific verb used in the critical speed estimation question, or whether the question was asked at all.
The length of time participants had to wait before answering questions about broken glass.
163 exam-style questions on OCR A Level Psychology Memory, covering Loftus and Palmer (1974): Eyewitness testimony and Grant et al. (1998): Context-dependent memory. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.