In Loftus and Palmer’s (1974) second experiment investigating eyewitness testimony, how was the independent variable (the verb condition) manipulated across the participant groups?
One group was asked about speed using the verb 'smashed', one group using the verb 'hit', and a third group was a control not asked a speed-estimation question.
Five groups were used, with each group being asked about speed using a different verb: 'smashed', 'collided', 'bumped', 'hit', or 'contacted'.
Three groups were compared based on the retention interval: one group was tested immediately, one group after 24 hours, and one group after one week.
Three groups watched different video clips: one of a high-speed collision, one of a low-speed collision, and a control clip of normal traffic flow.
163 exam-style questions on OCR A Level Psychology Memory, covering Loftus and Palmer (1974): Eyewitness testimony and Grant et al. (1998): Context-dependent memory. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.