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childhood experiences."},{"text":"Behaviourist approach.","correct":false,"explanation":"The behaviourist approach would explain the phobia through conditioning and learning. Freud instead used the psychodynamic approach, focusing on unconscious Oedipal conflict and displaced anxiety."},{"text":"Cognitive approach.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cognitive approach focuses on faulty thoughts and information processing. Freud used the psychodynamic approach, interpreting Hans’s phobia through unconscious conflict and defence mechanisms."},{"text":"Biological approach.","correct":false,"explanation":"The biological approach would emphasise genes, brain structures or neurochemistry. Freud instead applied the psychodynamic approach, tracing the phobia to unconscious childhood conflict."}]},{"id":"b759f659-92c9-4dff-a23e-8f4771f29638","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Freud (1909) is in the [ ] area and the theme [ ].","back":"Freud (1909) is in the Individual differences area and the theme Understanding disorders.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Freud (1909) is in the Individual differences area and the theme Understanding disorders.","correct":true,"explanation":"The study concerns individual variation in psychological disorder, specifically Hans’s phobia, and uses psychoanalytic ideas to understand how such disorders may develop."},{"text":"Freud (1909) is in the Social area and the theme Responses to people in authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"Authority and social influence are not the study’s focus. Freud (1909) belongs to Individual differences and the theme Understanding disorders because it examines a child’s phobia."},{"text":"Freud (1909) is in the Biological area and the theme Brain and neuropsychology.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freud did not investigate brain structures or biological processes. The study belongs to Individual differences and Understanding disorders because it psychoanalytically explains Hans’s phobia."},{"text":"Freud (1909) is in the Cognitive area and the theme Memory.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although recollections provided evidence, memory was not the central topic. The study is classified under Individual differences and Understanding disorders because it examines childhood phobia."}]},{"id":"2d892da3-bb6f-43ce-9eb1-49a31b04e76d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What was Freud’s core explanation of Hans’s horse phobia?","back":"Displaced fear of his father from Oedipal conflict and castration anxiety.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Displaced fear of his father from Oedipal conflict and castration anxiety.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud argued that Hans unconsciously feared punishment from his father because of Oedipal desires, then displaced this threatening fear onto horses as safer substitute objects."},{"text":"Conditioned fear of horses from direct learning and stimulus generalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is a behaviourist explanation based on classical conditioning, not Freud’s interpretation. Freud attributed the phobia to displaced fear of Hans’s father arising from Oedipal conflict and castration anxiety."},{"text":"Inherited fear of animals from genetic vulnerability and natural selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"An inherited predisposition would be a biological or evolutionary account. Freud instead explained the horse phobia as fear of Hans’s father displaced through Oedipal conflict and castration anxiety."},{"text":"Distorted thinking about horses from irrational beliefs and faulty perception.","correct":false,"explanation":"This gives a cognitive explanation based on irrational beliefs. Freud’s psychodynamic account proposed that Hans displaced fear of his father, generated by Oedipal conflict and castration anxiety, onto horses."}]},{"id":"f9e56509-94de-4a85-b415-f4712ddf25a9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In [ ], anxiety shifts from a threatening target onto a [ ].","back":"In displacement, anxiety shifts from a threatening target onto a safer substitute.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In displacement, anxiety shifts from a threatening target onto a safer substitute.","correct":true,"explanation":"Displacement is a defence mechanism that redirects an unacceptable emotion from its threatening original target towards a substitute that feels safer or less likely to retaliate."},{"text":"In projection, anxiety shifts from a threatening target onto a weaker person.","correct":false,"explanation":"Projection involves attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to somebody else. Displacement is the mechanism that redirects anxiety from a threatening target onto a safer substitute."},{"text":"In repression, anxiety shifts from a threatening target onto a conscious memory.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repression pushes distressing thoughts and memories out of conscious awareness rather than redirecting anxiety. Displacement transfers anxiety from its threatening target to a safer substitute."},{"text":"In regression, anxiety shifts from a threatening target onto a childlike behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Regression means returning to behaviour associated with an earlier developmental stage. Displacement, by contrast, redirects anxiety away from a threatening target and onto a safer substitute."}]},{"id":"25cf8632-df01-4a10-9f3d-88d06cfd4e50","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Oedipus complex occurs in the [ ], roughly ages [ ].","back":"The Oedipus complex occurs in the phallic stage, roughly ages 3-6.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Oedipus complex occurs in the phallic stage, roughly ages 3-6.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud placed the Oedipus complex in the phallic stage, approximately ages 3-6, when a child’s unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent produces rivalry with the same-sex parent."},{"text":"The Oedipus complex occurs in the oral stage, roughly ages 0-1.","correct":false,"explanation":"The oral stage centres on pleasure through the mouth during infancy, not Oedipal rivalry. Freud placed the Oedipus complex in the phallic stage at roughly ages 3-6."},{"text":"The Oedipus complex occurs in the anal stage, roughly ages 1-3.","correct":false,"explanation":"The anal stage concerns toilet training, control and autonomy rather than the Oedipus complex. The complex occurs during the phallic stage, approximately between ages 3 and 6."},{"text":"The Oedipus complex occurs in the latency stage, roughly ages 6-puberty.","correct":false,"explanation":"During latency, sexual impulses are relatively dormant and energy is directed towards school and friendships. Freud located the Oedipus complex earlier, in the phallic stage at ages 3-6."}]},{"id":"0879f345-b363-4f43-bd08-6538d9bacd9e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Freud say Hans’s fear of being bitten symbolised?","back":"Castration anxiety: fear his father would punish him.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Castration anxiety: fear his father would punish him.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud interpreted being bitten as a symbol of castration. Hans supposedly feared that his father would punish him for his unconscious desire for his mother."},{"text":"Separation anxiety: fear his mother would abandon him.","correct":false,"explanation":"Separation anxiety concerns distress about losing an attachment figure, but Freud interpreted the feared bite as castration anxiety: fear that Hans’s father would punish his Oedipal desires."},{"text":"Conditioned anxiety: fear horses would physically injure him.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats the bite literally and gives a learning-based explanation. Freud regarded it symbolically as castration anxiety, representing fear of punishment from Hans’s father."},{"text":"Moral anxiety: fear strangers would judge his behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fear of social judgement does not capture Freud’s interpretation of the bite. Freud saw it as castration anxiety, symbolising feared punishment by Hans’s father for Oedipal desires."}]},{"id":"eb9f14d7-9f0f-4da2-94fa-ac6f77c82690","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was Freud’s aim in the Little Hans study?","back":"Support psychoanalytic explanations of childhood phobia.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Support psychoanalytic explanations of childhood phobia.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud aimed to use Hans’s reported experiences and symptoms as evidence supporting psychoanalytic ideas, including the Oedipus complex, castration anxiety and displacement in childhood phobia."},{"text":"Test behaviourist explanations of childhood phobia.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freud did not test conditioning or reinforcement as causes of phobia. His aim was to support psychoanalytic explanations involving unconscious conflict, castration anxiety and displacement."},{"text":"Identify biological explanations of childhood phobia.","correct":false,"explanation":"No genes, brain structures or neurochemical processes were investigated. Freud aimed to support psychoanalytic explanations of childhood phobia using evidence interpreted through his theory."},{"text":"Compare cognitive explanations of childhood phobia.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study did not compare distorted beliefs or information-processing accounts. Freud’s aim was to support a psychoanalytic explanation of childhood phobia based on unconscious conflict."}]},{"id":"e7fac3a0-c5f3-4bc4-a236-2ce06c9bbabb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was Freud’s main research method in Little Hans?","back":"Case study.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Case study.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud conducted an intensive investigation of one child, using detailed reports supplied mainly by Hans’s father. This in-depth focus on a single individual makes it a case study."},{"text":"Laboratory experiment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freud did not manipulate an independent variable under controlled conditions. He investigated one child in depth through reports and interpretations, making the method a case study."},{"text":"Field experiment.","correct":false,"explanation":"A field experiment manipulates an independent variable in a natural setting, which did not occur. Freud used an in-depth case study of Hans and his phobia."},{"text":"Questionnaire study.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although Hans was asked questions, Freud did not collect standardised questionnaire data from a sample. The detailed investigation of one child was a case study."}]},{"id":"bc82817b-ae24-41b0-af2e-48c620f6b328","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Hans was studied over time, making the study [ ]; the data were mainly [ ].","back":"Hans was studied over time, making the study longitudinal; the data were mainly qualitative.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hans was studied over time, making the study longitudinal; the data were mainly qualitative.","correct":true,"explanation":"Following Hans’s development over an extended period made the case study longitudinal. The detailed reports of his behaviour, statements and fantasies produced mainly qualitative data."},{"text":"Hans was studied over time, making the study cross-sectional; the data were mainly quantitative.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cross-sectional study compares participants or groups at one point in time, whereas Hans was followed over time. His detailed reported experiences provided qualitative, not numerical, data."},{"text":"Hans was studied over time, making the study longitudinal; the data were mainly quantitative.","correct":false,"explanation":"The repeated study of Hans over time was longitudinal, but the mistake here is classifying descriptive observations and reported conversations as quantitative rather than qualitative data."},{"text":"Hans was studied over time, making the study cross-sectional; the data were mainly qualitative.","correct":false,"explanation":"The data were mainly qualitative because they consisted of detailed reports and interpretations. However, studying the same child over time makes the design longitudinal, not cross-sectional."}]},{"id":"2ff328fc-9f66-440a-9242-79d056d547f3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Who was the sample in Freud (1909)?","back":"One five-year-old boy, pseudonym Little Hans, in Vienna.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"One five-year-old boy, pseudonym Little Hans, in Vienna.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud’s case study focused on a single five-year-old Viennese boy. His real identity was protected through the pseudonym Little Hans."},{"text":"One five-year-old girl, pseudonym Little Anna, in Vienna.","correct":false,"explanation":"The case did not study a girl, despite Freud’s wider claims about childhood development applying to both sexes. The sole participant was a five-year-old boy called Little Hans."},{"text":"Five five-year-old boys, pseudonym the Hans group, in Vienna.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing this case study with a small group investigation misrepresents its highly individualised sample. Freud studied one five-year-old boy under the pseudonym Little Hans."},{"text":"One nine-year-old boy, pseudonym Little Hans, in Vienna.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hans was five, not nine, when the central observations were made. The sample consisted of one five-year-old Viennese boy known by the pseudonym Little Hans."}]},{"id":"23e560e4-fe2a-4da6-a0f9-e10434184153","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did Freud mainly collect information about Hans?","back":"Hans’s father observed/questioned him and sent Freud reports.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hans’s father observed/questioned him and sent Freud reports.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hans’s father conducted most observations and questioning, then communicated the resulting information to Freud. Freud’s conclusions therefore relied largely on second-hand parental reports."},{"text":"Freud himself observed/questioned him and recorded daily reports.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freud met Hans only on a limited basis and did not conduct the main daily observations. Hans’s father questioned and observed him, then sent reports to Freud."},{"text":"Hans’s mother observed/questioned him and sent Freud reports.","correct":false,"explanation":"The information was not primarily gathered by Hans’s mother, although she featured prominently in his experiences. His father carried out the observations and questioning and reported to Freud."},{"text":"Hans’s teacher observed/questioned him and sent Freud reports.","correct":false,"explanation":"This was not a school-based observation conducted by a teacher. Hans’s father observed and questioned him in his everyday home life, forwarding reports to Freud."}]},{"id":"ed3527bf-fe14-4cbb-b087-70323577b9df","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why was Hans an opportunity sample?","back":"He was available through Freud’s personal/professional network.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"He was available through Freud’s personal/professional network.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hans was selected because Freud could access him through an existing personal and professional connection with his father. Selection based on availability defines opportunity sampling."},{"text":"He was selected randomly from Vienna’s population register.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hans was not randomly selected from a defined population, so each eligible child had no equal selection chance. He was chosen through Freud’s network because he was available."},{"text":"He volunteered after Freud published a public advertisement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freud did not recruit volunteers through a public advertisement. Hans became the participant because an existing connection with his father made him conveniently available."},{"text":"He filled a quota for five-year-old Viennese children.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hans was not deliberately chosen from several candidates to satisfy a demographic quota. His availability through Freud’s personal and professional contacts made this opportunity sampling."}]},{"id":"2d41fae9-fe2b-4bb0-86d8-07f17832a09a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was Hans’s observable phobia?","back":"Fear of horses biting him, causing avoidance outside.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fear of horses biting him, causing avoidance outside.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hans displayed a specific fear that horses would bite him, which led him to avoid going outside. Freud interpreted this observable phobia through unconscious conflict."},{"text":"Fear of dogs biting him, causing avoidance outside.","correct":false,"explanation":"Replacing horses with dogs confuses Hans’s case with a generic childhood animal phobia. Hans specifically feared horses biting him and consequently avoided going outside."},{"text":"Fear of strangers attacking him, causing avoidance outside.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hans’s avoidance was not driven by a fear of strangers attacking him. His observable phobia concerned horses biting him when he went outside."},{"text":"Fear of darkness trapping him, causing avoidance outside.","correct":false,"explanation":"A fear of darkness could produce avoidance at night, but it was not Hans’s reported phobia. He feared horses biting him and therefore resisted going outside."}]},{"id":"151c5cd2-4982-48ac-ac77-811821a8632d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Which horse features did Freud link to Hans’s father?","back":"

Black muzzle - father’s moustache.
Blinkers - father’s glasses.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Black muzzle - father’s moustache.
Blinkers - father’s glasses.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud interpreted the horse’s black muzzle as resembling the father’s moustache and its blinkers as resembling his glasses. These similarities supported the proposed displacement onto horses."},{"text":"

Black muzzle - father’s hair.
Blinkers - father’s glasses.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Freud did link the blinkers with the father’s glasses, but not the black muzzle with his hair. The muzzle was interpreted as representing the father’s moustache."},{"text":"

Black muzzle - father’s moustache.
Blinkers - father’s eyebrows.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The black muzzle was linked with the father’s moustache, but Freud did not interpret the blinkers as his eyebrows. They were associated with the father’s glasses."},{"text":"

Black muzzle - mother’s hair.
Blinkers - mother’s glasses.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These features were linked specifically to the father, not the mother. Freud associated the black muzzle with the father’s moustache and the blinkers with his glasses."}]},{"id":"7f87b21b-ac07-4e0d-8ac4-c9d2d6e1523e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Freud think the horse falling down represented?","back":"Hans’s wish that his father would fall/disappear.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hans’s wish that his father would fall/disappear.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud interpreted the falling horse as expressing Hans’s unconscious wish to remove his father, whom he viewed as a rival for his mother’s affection."},{"text":"Hans’s wish that his mother would fall/disappear.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freud did not interpret the image as a wish to remove Hans’s mother. It represented Hans’s unconscious wish for his rival father to fall or disappear."},{"text":"Hans’s fear that his father would fall/disappear.","correct":false,"explanation":"Interpreting the event as a straightforward fear misses Freud’s account of unconscious wish fulfilment. The falling horse represented Hans’s wish for his father to disappear."},{"text":"Hans’s fear that he himself would fall/disappear.","correct":false,"explanation":"The interpretation concerned Hans’s father rather than Hans himself. Freud argued that Hans unconsciously wished for his father, a rival for his mother, to fall or disappear."}]},{"id":"f2bd3ff5-b188-4059-8798-dd4483d5a259","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the giraffe fantasy, the large giraffe represented the [ ]; the crumpled giraffe represented the [ ].","back":"In the giraffe fantasy, the large giraffe represented the father; the crumpled giraffe represented the mother.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the giraffe fantasy, the large giraffe represented the father; the crumpled giraffe represented the mother.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud interpreted the large giraffe as Hans’s father and the crumpled giraffe as his mother. The fantasy represented Hans taking possession of his mother despite paternal protest."},{"text":"In the giraffe fantasy, the large giraffe represented the mother; the crumpled giraffe represented the father.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Freud’s interpretation of the two giraffes. The large giraffe represented the father, while the crumpled giraffe represented the mother whom Hans wanted to possess."},{"text":"In the giraffe fantasy, the large giraffe represented the father; the crumpled giraffe represented the sister.","correct":false,"explanation":"The large giraffe is correctly associated with the father, but the crumpled giraffe did not represent a sister. Freud interpreted it as Hans’s mother."},{"text":"In the giraffe fantasy, the large giraffe represented the mother; the crumpled giraffe represented the sister.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither role matches Freud’s stated interpretation. The large giraffe represented Hans’s father, and the crumpled giraffe represented his mother within the Oedipal family conflict."}]},{"id":"9a0e3948-71e3-43e6-81b0-00586baaa1e1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Hans sitting on the crumpled giraffe symbolise for Freud?","back":"A wish to possess his mother.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A wish to possess his mother.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud interpreted Hans dominating the giraffe as wish fulfilment: Hans symbolically possessed his mother, reflecting the desire for exclusive maternal affection within the Oedipus complex."},{"text":"A wish to punish his father.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although Hans supposedly viewed his father as a rival, the crumpled giraffe represented his mother rather than his father. Sitting on it symbolised his wish to possess his mother."},{"text":"A fear of being castrated.","correct":false,"explanation":"Castration anxiety helped explain Hans’s horse phobia, but it was not the meaning of sitting on the giraffe. Freud interpreted that action as a wish to possess his mother."},{"text":"A desire to protect his sister.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freud linked Hans’s sister to feelings of jealousy rather than a protective desire. Sitting on the crumpled giraffe symbolised Hans’s wish to possess his mother."}]},{"id":"c4fac972-fd8a-461f-bef9-fdf6cdb25269","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Freud conclude from Hans’s improvement?","back":"Uncovering unconscious conflict can help relieve symptoms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Uncovering unconscious conflict can help relieve symptoms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hans improved after his supposedly repressed Oedipal fears were identified and discussed. Freud therefore concluded that bringing unconscious conflict into conscious awareness can relieve psychological symptoms."},{"text":"Reinforcing avoidance behaviour can help relieve symptoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reinforcing avoidance would maintain a phobia by preventing corrective experiences. Freud instead concluded that uncovering and making sense of unconscious conflict can help relieve symptoms."},{"text":"Suppressing conscious memories can help relieve symptoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freud did not advocate pushing conscious memories out of awareness, which resembles repression. He believed symptoms improved when unconscious conflict was uncovered and brought into awareness."},{"text":"Increasing parental discipline can help relieve symptoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hans’s improvement was not attributed to stricter parenting or punishment. Freud concluded that revealing the unconscious conflict underlying the phobia could help relieve its symptoms."}]},{"id":"6ce9367b-3713-4302-acae-7485e2776e4d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is rich qualitative detail a strength of Freud (1909)?","back":"It gives depth and shows personal meaning of symptoms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It gives depth and shows personal meaning of symptoms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Detailed conversations, observations and interpretations provide an in-depth account of Hans’s experiences. This allows psychologists to explore how his symptoms may have held personal psychological meaning."},{"text":"It ensures objectivity and removes personal interpretation of symptoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Qualitative detail does not ensure objectivity because Freud’s interpretations were subjective. Its genuine strength is depth, allowing the personal meaning attached to Hans’s symptoms to be explored."},{"text":"It proves causality and isolates the origin of symptoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"A detailed case study cannot establish cause and effect because variables are not controlled. Its strength is the depth it provides about the personal meaning of Hans’s symptoms."},{"text":"It allows replication and produces identical accounts of symptoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unique qualitative material and subjective interpretation make exact replication difficult. Rich detail is valuable because it offers depth and reveals the personal meaning of Hans’s symptoms."}]},{"id":"be516f56-7efd-48a0-9671-0b0b9754e260","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Freud (1909) have ecological validity?","back":"Hans was studied at home, not in an artificial lab.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hans was studied at home, not in an artificial lab.","correct":true,"explanation":"Most observations and conversations occurred in Hans’s everyday home environment. His behaviour was therefore studied under more natural conditions than those created in an artificial laboratory."},{"text":"Hans was studied in isolation, not with his family present.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hans was not isolated from his family; his father conducted and reported many conversations at home. This natural setting, rather than isolation, supports ecological validity."},{"text":"Hans was studied under controls, not in his usual surroundings.","correct":false,"explanation":"Strict controls would increase experimental control, not ecological validity. Freud’s study had ecological validity because Hans was observed and questioned in his familiar home environment."},{"text":"Hans was studied with strangers, not by his own father.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hans’s father gathered much of the case material, so he was not mainly studied by strangers. Being studied at home in familiar surroundings increased ecological validity."}]},{"id":"760344a9-de6b-4a1e-879a-38bcdb7a592c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is Freud (1909) low in generalisability?","back":"One culturally specific child: middle-class Viennese boy, early 1900s.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"One culturally specific child: middle-class Viennese boy, early 1900s.","correct":true,"explanation":"Findings from one middle-class Viennese boy in the early twentieth century may not apply to other genders, cultures, social classes or historical periods, limiting generalisability."},{"text":"One randomly selected child: representative of Viennese children, early 1900s.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hans was not randomly selected or shown to represent Viennese children. He was one culturally specific, middle-class boy, so the findings cannot confidently generalise to wider populations."},{"text":"Many culturally diverse children: different classes and countries, early 1900s.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study did not use a large, culturally diverse sample. It examined one middle-class Viennese boy, making generalisation across cultures, classes and individuals inappropriate."},{"text":"One biologically typical child: findings apply across cultures and periods.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being a child does not make Hans representative of all people. His specific gender, class, culture and historical context mean the findings may not apply elsewhere."}]},{"id":"229c975d-1fe5-408b-983e-82dac2eaa5a4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What alternative explanation weakens Freud’s validity?","back":"Behavioural learning: Hans feared horses after seeing one fall.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Behavioural learning: Hans feared horses after seeing one fall.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hans may have acquired his fear through classical conditioning after witnessing a frightening horse accident. This observable learning explanation challenges Freud’s claim that unconscious Oedipal conflict caused the phobia."},{"text":"Biological inheritance: Hans received a horse phobia directly from his father.","correct":false,"explanation":"There is no evidence that Hans inherited a specific horse phobia from his father. A stronger alternative is behavioural learning after Hans witnessed a horse fall."},{"text":"Cognitive development: Hans lacked object permanence when horses disappeared.","correct":false,"explanation":"Object permanence develops in infancy and does not explain Hans’s horse fear. Behavioural learning provides the relevant alternative because his phobia followed seeing a horse collapse."},{"text":"Social conformity: Hans feared horses because his friends feared them.","correct":false,"explanation":"The case provides no evidence that Hans copied fearful friends or conformed to a peer group. The behavioural alternative is that witnessing a horse fall conditioned his fear."}]},{"id":"c31b9551-1918-4a54-ae2a-5d6f36a83fd7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is Freud (1909) low in reliability?","back":"Subjective interpretation: another researcher may interpret differently.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Subjective interpretation: another researcher may interpret differently.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud inferred hidden meanings from Hans’s words, dreams and behaviour. Because these judgements were subjective, another researcher might reach different conclusions from the same case material."},{"text":"Standardised interpretation: every researcher would interpret identically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freud did not use an objective, standardised interpretation procedure. His subjective reading of symbols means different researchers could draw different conclusions, reducing reliability."},{"text":"Objective measurement: another researcher would obtain the same findings.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study relied heavily on interpretations rather than objective measurements. Another researcher could understand Hans’s statements and behaviour differently, so the findings may not be consistent."},{"text":"Controlled observation: another researcher could replicate it exactly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hans was studied as a unique case in natural family circumstances, not through a controlled, repeatable procedure. Freud’s subjective interpretations make exact replication and consistent findings unlikely."}]},{"id":"6ed0de47-ddc4-4c49-b5a1-14726dc8baa5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What ethical consent issue applies to Little Hans?","back":"Hans could not give fully informed consent as a young child.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hans could not give fully informed consent as a young child.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hans was too young to understand fully the study’s purpose, procedures and possible consequences. Although parental permission could be obtained, his own informed consent was limited."},{"text":"Hans independently gave fully informed consent as a young child.","correct":false,"explanation":"A young child is unlikely to understand enough about research procedures and consequences to consent independently. Hans therefore could not provide fully informed consent himself."},{"text":"Hans did not require any informed consent as a young child.","correct":false,"explanation":"Children still require ethical protection in research, usually through parental consent and the child’s assent where possible. Hans’s age limited his ability to give fully informed consent."},{"text":"Hans automatically gave fully informed consent when speaking to his father.","correct":false,"explanation":"Talking to his father does not demonstrate understanding or voluntary agreement to participate in published research. As a young child, Hans could not provide fully informed consent."}]},{"id":"caea410a-cf18-4878-ae06-76013b911953","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How did Freud’s method differ from Baron-Cohen et al. (1997)?","back":"

Freud: case study.
Baron-Cohen: quasi-experiment.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Freud: case study.
Baron-Cohen: quasi-experiment.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud conducted an in-depth case study of one child, whereas Baron-Cohen compared pre-existing participant groups in a quasi-experiment without manipulating the independent variable."},{"text":"

Freud: laboratory experiment.
Baron-Cohen: case study.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the studies’ methodological characteristics. Freud used a case study of Little Hans, while Baron-Cohen used a quasi-experiment comparing naturally occurring groups."},{"text":"

Freud: field experiment.
Baron-Cohen: laboratory experiment.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither study manipulated an independent variable in the way required for a true experiment. Freud used a case study, while Baron-Cohen conducted a quasi-experiment."},{"text":"

Freud: natural experiment.
Baron-Cohen: correlational study.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses naturally occurring groups with a natural experiment or correlation. Freud’s method was a case study, whereas Baron-Cohen’s group comparison was a quasi-experiment."}]},{"id":"bb488605-5b30-4c02-8066-b0a27b677d3b","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How did Freud’s explanation differ from Baron-Cohen et al. (1997)?","back":"

Freud: unconscious conflict.
Baron-Cohen: Theory of Mind deficit.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Freud: unconscious conflict.
Baron-Cohen: Theory of Mind deficit.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud explained Hans’s phobia through unconscious psychodynamic conflict, whereas Baron-Cohen explained autistic participants’ difficulties through a cognitive deficit in Theory of Mind."},{"text":"

Freud: Theory of Mind deficit.
Baron-Cohen: unconscious conflict.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the two explanations. Freud proposed unconscious psychodynamic conflict, while Baron-Cohen attributed autistic participants’ difficulties to a deficit in Theory of Mind."},{"text":"

Freud: classical conditioning.
Baron-Cohen: operant conditioning.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This substitutes behavioural explanations for those actually proposed. Freud emphasised unconscious conflict, whereas Baron-Cohen explained performance through a Theory of Mind deficit."},{"text":"

Freud: cognitive dysfunction.
Baron-Cohen: biological maturation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This assigns explanations not central to either study. Freud interpreted Hans through unconscious conflict, while Baron-Cohen focused specifically on a Theory of Mind deficit."}]},{"id":"c0ad34c3-eb23-4860-a9c4-5698c95b24a3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Freud’s study is [ ] because Hans’s behaviour is explained by [ ] outside his control.","back":"Freud’s study is deterministic because Hans’s behaviour is explained by unconscious forces outside his control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Freud’s study is deterministic because Hans’s behaviour is explained by unconscious forces outside his control.","correct":true,"explanation":"The explanation is deterministic because unconscious forces are presented as causes of Hans’s behaviour over which he has no conscious choice or control."},{"text":"Freud’s study is free-will based because Hans’s behaviour is explained by unconscious forces outside his control.","correct":false,"explanation":"Free will requires conscious personal choice, which conflicts with behaviour being controlled by unconscious forces. Freud’s account is therefore deterministic rather than free-will based."},{"text":"Freud’s study is deterministic because Hans’s behaviour is explained by conscious choices outside his control.","correct":false,"explanation":"Conscious choices imply deliberate agency rather than forces outside Hans’s control. Freud’s deterministic explanation instead attributes the behaviour to unconscious forces."},{"text":"Freud’s study is nomothetic because Hans’s behaviour is explained by environmental reinforcement outside his control.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses Freud’s psychodynamic account with behaviourism and a law-seeking approach. The study is deterministic here because it explains Hans’s behaviour through unconscious forces."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Freud (1909): Little Hans","title":"Freud (1909): Little Hans Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/psychology/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"4daec4d0-859d-5a00-b470-bddf3a6a07aa","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]