Research in cognitive psychology suggests that active retrieval practice enhances long-term retention compared to passive study methods. An educational psychologist investigated this using an independent measures design. They compared the recall scores of participants who used spaced repetition flashcards (Group A) to those who used passive re-reading (Group B) to study a set of key terms. One week later, all participants completed a recall test scored from 0 to 25 (where 0 indicates no terms recalled and 25 indicates all terms recalled perfectly). Some of the data collected is presented in the table below.
| Spaced Repetition (Group A) | Passive Re-reading (Group B) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Recall Score | Rank | Recall Score | Rank |
| 10 | 4 | 5 | 1 |
| 13 | 6 | 7 | 2 |
| 16 | 8 | 8 | 3 |
| 19 | 10 | 11 | 5 |
| 21 | 11 | 14 | 7 |
| 24 | 13 | 17 | 9 |
| 25 | 14 | 22 | 12 |
Mann-Whitney U Formulas:
U=the smaller of U1 and U2U = \text{the smaller of } U_1 \text{ and } U_2U=the smaller of U1 and U2
Where:
U1=n1n2+n1(n1+1)2−∑R1 U_1 = n_1 n_2 + \frac{n_1(n_1 + 1)}{2} - \sum R_1 U1=n1n2+2n1(n1+1)−∑R1and
U2=n1n2+n2(n2+1)2−∑R2 U_2 = n_1 n_2 + \frac{n_2(n_2 + 1)}{2} - \sum R_2 U2=n1n2+2n2(n2+1)−∑R2Calculate the U U\,U value for the data collected in this study using the Mann-Whitney U U\,U formulas provided. Show your workings.
513 exam-style questions on OCR A Level Psychology Data recording, analysis and presentation. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.