33:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/1xyh1u_ku6jw-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3yfg2hrj9oxbd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/36r9y5g_s4k64.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/44w2c3xxfw4wd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/16jtsbm2g52s0.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/05mo4k9k-ry1n.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2eanemqjnv2vr.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2f3ohq_f1uov2.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0qeo40bqomvxa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/27ftpb6yvr6lz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1o4x0l2qh0ta-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2gqripb6ybmw9.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2l63yczi1z2qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1of_-ow2iz1cj.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/06b61oz__qen3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2fnth9-t6i7kd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788"],"Gingerbread"] 35:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/1xyh1u_ku6jw-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3yfg2hrj9oxbd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/36r9y5g_s4k64.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/44w2c3xxfw4wd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/16jtsbm2g52s0.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/05mo4k9k-ry1n.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2eanemqjnv2vr.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2f3ohq_f1uov2.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0qeo40bqomvxa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/27ftpb6yvr6lz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1o4x0l2qh0ta-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2gqripb6ybmw9.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2l63yczi1z2qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1of_-ow2iz1cj.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/06b61oz__qen3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2fnth9-t6i7kd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788"],"RecordResourceResume"] 36:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/1xyh1u_ku6jw-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3yfg2hrj9oxbd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/36r9y5g_s4k64.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/44w2c3xxfw4wd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/16jtsbm2g52s0.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/05mo4k9k-ry1n.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2eanemqjnv2vr.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2f3ohq_f1uov2.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0qeo40bqomvxa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/27ftpb6yvr6lz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1o4x0l2qh0ta-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2gqripb6ybmw9.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2l63yczi1z2qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1of_-ow2iz1cj.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/06b61oz__qen3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2fnth9-t6i7kd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 37:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/1xyh1u_ku6jw-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3yfg2hrj9oxbd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/36r9y5g_s4k64.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/44w2c3xxfw4wd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/16jtsbm2g52s0.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/05mo4k9k-ry1n.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2eanemqjnv2vr.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2f3ohq_f1uov2.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0qeo40bqomvxa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/27ftpb6yvr6lz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1o4x0l2qh0ta-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2gqripb6ybmw9.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2l63yczi1z2qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1of_-ow2iz1cj.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/06b61oz__qen3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2fnth9-t6i7kd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/a-level/psychology/ocr/collection-of-evidence-cognitive/flashcards","label":"Collection of evidence (Cognitive)","subjectCode":"a_level_psychology__ocr","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"64f0ddc8-8a6f-4b98-b9af-c6562fcd5953","title":"Collection of evidence (Cognitive) Flashcards","topicId":"897614a7-99e2-5992-b224-98be93bdf62e","topicSlug":"collection-of-evidence-cognitive","cards":[{"id":"fcd67432-b7e8-43b7-b58e-9e520095b3ff","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Information given by someone who has seen or experienced an event is [ ].","back":"Information given by someone who has seen or experienced an event is eyewitness testimony.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"eyewitness testimony","correct":true,"explanation":"Eyewitness testimony is information reported by a person who directly saw or experienced an event, such as a crime, and later describes what happened."},{"text":"expert testimony","correct":false,"explanation":"Expert testimony comes from a specialist offering professional knowledge rather than someone reporting direct experience. Information from someone who saw or experienced the event is eyewitness testimony."},{"text":"hearsay evidence","correct":false,"explanation":"Hearsay evidence involves reporting information learned from another person rather than describing a directly witnessed event. A direct observer’s account is eyewitness testimony."},{"text":"forensic evidence","correct":false,"explanation":"Forensic evidence consists of physical or scientific findings, such as DNA or fingerprints. A person’s report of an event they witnessed is eyewitness testimony."}]},{"id":"383610d3-92c2-4c26-9c3b-0a0eb55480b6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is verbal evidence in criminal psychology a cognitive issue?","back":"It relies on memory, attention and language to report events.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It relies on memory, attention and language to report events.","correct":true,"explanation":"Memory, attention and language are cognitive processes. Witnesses must attend to an event, retain relevant information and use language to communicate what they remember."},{"text":"It relies on reinforcement, punishment and imitation to report events.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reinforcement, punishment and imitation are associated with learning approaches, not the mental processes used to report witnessed events. Verbal evidence relies on memory, attention and language."},{"text":"It relies on genes, hormones and brain structure to report events.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genes, hormones and brain structure belong primarily to biological explanations. Verbal evidence is a cognitive issue because reporting an event relies on memory, attention and language."},{"text":"It relies on unconscious conflict and defence mechanisms to report events.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unconscious conflict and defence mechanisms are psychodynamic concepts rather than the key processes involved in witness reports. Verbal evidence depends on memory, attention and language."}]},{"id":"e0f6e0eb-5998-4042-ace4-4e3ff6fae701","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In memory, [ ] is when information is taken in through the senses.","back":"In memory, encoding is when information is taken in through the senses.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"encoding","correct":true,"explanation":"Encoding is the process of taking sensory information into the memory system and converting it into a form that can be stored."},{"text":"storage","correct":false,"explanation":"Storage is the retention of encoded information over time, not its initial intake through the senses. Taking information into the memory system is encoding."},{"text":"retrieval","correct":false,"explanation":"Retrieval is accessing information that has already been stored, such as when answering police questions. The initial intake of sensory information is encoding."},{"text":"rehearsal","correct":false,"explanation":"Rehearsal involves repeating information to help maintain or store it; it is not the initial sensory intake. Information is first taken into memory through encoding."}]},{"id":"3f4f1810-8a4c-484c-a574-37f38d2899b8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A crime is fast, stressful and frightening. Which memory stage may be poor?","back":"Encoding.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Encoding.","correct":true,"explanation":"Encoding may be poor because stress, fear and the speed of a crime can prevent witnesses from attending to details and taking in information accurately."},{"text":"Storage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Storage concerns what happens to information after it has been encoded. The immediate speed, stress and fear of the crime mainly interfere with encoding."},{"text":"Retrieval.","correct":false,"explanation":"Retrieval occurs when the witness later tries to recall stored information. Conditions during the fast and frightening event primarily reduce the quality of encoding."},{"text":"Rehearsal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rehearsal is repetition that helps maintain information, rather than the main memory stage affected during the crime itself. Stress and speed can impair encoding."}]},{"id":"e33fbd8c-af7a-42d6-bac2-4a2054359d41","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Delay, discussion, media coverage and later questioning mainly affect which memory stage?","back":"Storage.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Storage.","correct":true,"explanation":"During storage, memories may be changed by delay and post-event information from discussions, media reports or later questions before they are eventually retrieved."},{"text":"Encoding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encoding occurs while the original event is being perceived. Delay, discussion, media coverage and later questioning happen afterwards and mainly affect memory during storage."},{"text":"Retrieval.","correct":false,"explanation":"Later questioning requires retrieval, but the cumulative effects of delay, discussion and media coverage alter information while it is stored. The main affected stage is storage."},{"text":"Rehearsal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rehearsal means repeating information to maintain it and is not one of the three principal memory stages. Post-event influences mainly affect storage."}]},{"id":"21ce7c52-e860-47cd-8192-0461ff1d3a36","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Witnesses do not replay perfect recordings - memory is [ ].","back":"Witnesses do not replay perfect recordings - memory is reconstructed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"reconstructed","correct":true,"explanation":"Memory is reconstructed because recall is rebuilt using stored details, expectations and later information rather than played back as an exact recording of the event."},{"text":"recorded","correct":false,"explanation":"Describing memory as recorded suggests an exact, stable copy of experience, which is the misconception rejected here. Witness memory is reconstructed during recall."},{"text":"reproduced","correct":false,"explanation":"Reproduced implies that recall makes an accurate copy of the original event. In reality, witnesses rebuild memories using schemas and post-event information, so memory is reconstructed."},{"text":"preserved","correct":false,"explanation":"Preserved suggests that information remains unchanged from the original event until recall. Witness memories can be altered by expectations and later information, so they are reconstructed."}]},{"id":"07bfda28-9848-454b-9c1a-fc5f41bc4099","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why should police avoid leading questions?","back":"They can contaminate recall or alter memory reports.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They can contaminate recall or alter memory reports.","correct":true,"explanation":"Leading questions introduce assumptions or misleading details that can become incorporated into a witness’s reconstructed memory, contaminating recall and changing the report given."},{"text":"They can improve encoding or strengthen memory traces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Questioning generally occurs after the event, so it cannot improve the original encoding. Leading questions should be avoided because they can contaminate recall or alter memory reports."},{"text":"They can reduce anxiety or increase witness confidence.","correct":false,"explanation":"A leading question may increase confidence without increasing accuracy, so confidence is not a reason to use it. Such questions can contaminate recall or alter memory reports."},{"text":"They can prevent discussion or protect stored memories.","correct":false,"explanation":"Leading questions do not prevent witnesses from discussing events or protect their memories. Instead, their wording can supply misleading information that contaminates recall or alters reports."}]},{"id":"0046297d-3a89-46af-845d-eaaaefd9a6f2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Loftus and Palmer, what did smashed produce compared with hit?","back":"Higher speed estimates.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Higher speed estimates.","correct":true,"explanation":"The stronger verb smashed led participants to estimate higher vehicle speeds than hit, demonstrating that leading wording can influence eyewitness recall."},{"text":"Lower speed estimates.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the study’s finding. The more forceful verb smashed implied a more severe collision and produced higher speed estimates than hit."},{"text":"More accurate estimates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Loftus and Palmer did not establish that smashed improved accuracy. Its stronger implication biased participants, producing higher speed estimates than the word hit."},{"text":"Identical speed estimates.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the effect of question wording. Participants given smashed estimated higher speeds than those given hit, showing that leading verbs influence reports."}]},{"id":"2774515f-d7a2-422b-9635-374bb1b0c93b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A reminder that helps someone access stored information is a [ ].","back":"A reminder that helps someone access stored information is a retrieval cue.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"retrieval cue","correct":true,"explanation":"A retrieval cue is a reminder or prompt linked to stored information, helping someone access and recall that information from memory."},{"text":"encoding cue","correct":false,"explanation":"An encoding cue is associated with how information is initially learned, not a reminder used to access stored information. The correct term is retrieval cue."},{"text":"maintenance rehearsal","correct":false,"explanation":"Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating information to keep it active in short-term memory. A reminder that helps access stored information is a retrieval cue."},{"text":"schema","correct":false,"explanation":"A schema is a mental framework built from experience that guides understanding and recall. It is not specifically a reminder for accessing stored information; that is a retrieval cue."}]},{"id":"f3b42fd4-9ed5-4c7c-849f-4f6eb47f7753","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can recreating the original context improve recall?","back":"Retrieval cues better match encoding cues.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Retrieval cues better match encoding cues.","correct":true,"explanation":"Recall improves when the cues present during retrieval resemble those available when information was encoded. Recreating the original context therefore provides better-matching encoding cues."},{"text":"Retrieval cues better match rehearsal cues.","correct":false,"explanation":"The key principle is matching cues present during encoding, not cues used during rehearsal. Recreating context improves recall because retrieval cues better match encoding cues."},{"text":"Retrieval cues better replace encoding cues.","correct":false,"explanation":"Context does not replace the cues present during learning; it recreates similar ones. The correct explanation is that retrieval cues better match encoding cues."},{"text":"Retrieval cues better avoid encoding cues.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoiding the original encoding cues would reduce cue overlap and make recall less effective. Recreated context helps because retrieval cues better match encoding cues."}]},{"id":"7633c722-840d-4b6e-b0e2-7de7358f02ff","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which cognitive interview technique recreates the physical and emotional context?","back":"Context reinstatement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Context reinstatement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Context reinstatement asks the witness to recreate the physical surroundings and emotional state present during the original event, providing matching retrieval cues."},{"text":"Report everything.","correct":false,"explanation":"Report everything encourages witnesses to mention all details, including apparently irrelevant ones. Recreating the physical and emotional setting is context reinstatement."},{"text":"Changed perspective.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changed perspective asks the witness to imagine the event from another viewpoint, which can encourage speculation. Recreating physical and emotional context is context reinstatement."},{"text":"Reverse order.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reverse order asks the witness to recall events backwards to reduce reliance on schemas. Recreating the physical and emotional context is context reinstatement."}]},{"id":"ef0a26fe-0ed2-43ff-81cc-7396308d0e99","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can report everything improve recall?","back":"Small details may cue further recall or become important.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Small details may cue further recall or become important.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reporting everything prevents witnesses from filtering out apparently irrelevant information. Small details can act as retrieval cues for further memories or later prove important."},{"text":"Small details may prevent further recall or become distracting.","correct":false,"explanation":"The technique is intended to stimulate, not prevent, further recall. Small details may cue further recall or become important, even if they initially seem irrelevant."},{"text":"Small details may confirm the original schema or become important.","correct":false,"explanation":"Report everything is not mainly designed to confirm a witness’s schema, which could bias recall. Its benefit is that small details may cue further recall or become important."},{"text":"Small details may replace the original memory or become important.","correct":false,"explanation":"Small details do not replace the original memory as a normal consequence of this technique. They may instead cue further recall or become important evidence."}]},{"id":"2ab5e3d0-9e37-47a8-ae84-1c7536505402","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why ask a witness to recall events in a different order?","back":"It reduces reliance on a fixed story or schema.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It reduces reliance on a fixed story or schema.","correct":true,"explanation":"Recalling events in a different order disrupts the usual narrative sequence and reduces dependence on a fixed story or schema, helping the witness retrieve more accurate details."},{"text":"It reduces reliance on a leading question or prompt.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing the order of recall is not primarily about removing leading questions. It reduces reliance on a fixed story or schema by disrupting the expected sequence."},{"text":"It reduces reliance on an emotional context or mood.","correct":false,"explanation":"Emotional context is addressed by context reinstatement, not by recalling events in a different order. The reversed order reduces reliance on a fixed story or schema."},{"text":"It reduces reliance on a single witness or account.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing recall order does not provide another witness or account for comparison. It reduces reliance on a fixed story or schema, making additional details more accessible."}]},{"id":"3a1f0abf-1480-445a-8161-0dbc0e1b17f8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] is a mental framework based on past experience.","back":"A schema is a mental framework based on past experience.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"schema","correct":true,"explanation":"A schema is a mental framework developed from past experience. It helps people organise, interpret and remember information, although it can also introduce distortions."},{"text":"script","correct":false,"explanation":"A script is a schema describing the typical sequence of events in a particular situation. The broader mental framework based on past experience is a schema."},{"text":"prototype","correct":false,"explanation":"A prototype is a typical or representative example of a category. It is not the general mental framework based on past experience; that is a schema."},{"text":"retrieval cue","correct":false,"explanation":"A retrieval cue is a prompt that helps access stored information. A mental framework based on past experience is called a schema."}]},{"id":"67064841-e477-4316-b9d5-3906896c73bb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the main risk of the changed-perspective instruction?","back":"It may encourage guessing or speculation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It may encourage guessing or speculation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Changed perspective asks witnesses to imagine the event from another viewpoint. Because they may not have observed that viewpoint, the instruction can encourage guessing or speculation."},{"text":"It may encourage accurate source monitoring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Imagining another viewpoint can blur the distinction between experienced and imagined details, weakening source monitoring. The main risk is encouraging guessing or speculation."},{"text":"It may encourage context reinstatement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Context reinstatement is a separate cognitive interview technique involving the original physical and emotional setting. The changed-perspective instruction risks guessing or speculation."},{"text":"It may encourage reliance on the original sequence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changed perspective is not intended to preserve the original sequence and does not mainly create that risk. Its concern is that witnesses may guess or speculate about another viewpoint."}]},{"id":"556fd225-b1ec-44a6-839b-93c48c9470dc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The enhanced cognitive interview keeps memory techniques but adds [ ].","back":"The enhanced cognitive interview keeps memory techniques but adds communication and social features.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"communication and social features","correct":true,"explanation":"The enhanced cognitive interview retains the original memory-retrieval techniques and adds communication and social features, such as rapport-building and adapting questions to the witness."},{"text":"rapport and leading questions","correct":false,"explanation":"Rapport is included, but leading questions are avoided because they can contaminate testimony. The added features are communication and social features."},{"text":"repeated questioning and confrontation","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeated or confrontational questioning can increase pressure and inaccuracies rather than improve the interview. The enhanced cognitive interview adds communication and social features."},{"text":"hypnosis and lie detection","correct":false,"explanation":"The enhanced cognitive interview does not depend on hypnosis or lie-detection procedures. It keeps memory techniques while adding communication and social features."}]},{"id":"8b944151-a65e-4a31-a385-f8222e45fc82","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In an enhanced cognitive interview, why build rapport?","back":"To reduce anxiety and support cooperation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To reduce anxiety and support cooperation.","correct":true,"explanation":"A relaxed, supportive relationship makes the witness more willing to cooperate and concentrate, while reducing anxiety that could interfere with careful retrieval of memories."},{"text":"To increase anxiety and test reliability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing anxiety can disrupt memory retrieval rather than reveal whether a witness is reliable. Rapport aims to reduce anxiety and support the witness’s cooperation."},{"text":"To establish authority and prevent disagreement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rapport is not intended to make the interviewer dominant or suppress disagreement. Its purpose is to reduce anxiety and encourage genuine cooperation during recall."},{"text":"To speed up questioning and shorten recall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Building rapport may take additional time and is not designed to shorten recall. It reduces anxiety and supports cooperation, creating better conditions for remembering."}]},{"id":"de509638-ab18-4bd3-adb4-27d74b2c63e2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of publication was Memon and Higham (1999)?","back":"A review article, not a single lab experiment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A review article, not a single lab experiment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Memon and Higham evaluated findings from existing cognitive interview research, so their publication was a review article rather than a report of one laboratory experiment."},{"text":"A laboratory study, not a review of research.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing the article with a laboratory study overlooks its synthesis of previous evidence. Memon and Higham published a review article, not one new experiment."},{"text":"A field experiment, not a literature review.","correct":false,"explanation":"The authors did not manipulate cognitive interviewing in a real policing environment. Their publication was a review article that assessed findings from existing studies."},{"text":"A case study, not a controlled experiment.","correct":false,"explanation":"A case study would examine one person, event or organisation in depth. Memon and Higham instead produced a review article covering existing cognitive interview research."}]},{"id":"5d9c51d8-14a3-4ddc-96ee-650bb0763e22","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What main benefit did Memon and Higham report for the cognitive interview?","back":"It often increases correct information recalled.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It often increases correct information recalled.","correct":true,"explanation":"Research reviewed by Memon and Higham generally showed that cognitive interview techniques help witnesses retrieve a greater amount of accurate information from memory."},{"text":"It often eliminates all incorrect information recalled.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cognitive interview does not remove every error, and some versions may increase incorrect details. Its main benefit is increasing the amount of correct information recalled."},{"text":"It often decreases the total information recalled.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the reported effect: the cognitive interview is designed to prompt fuller retrieval. Memon and Higham found that it often increases correct information recalled."},{"text":"It often increases witness confidence in guesses.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater confidence in guesses would not establish improved memory accuracy. The reported benefit was an increase in correct information recalled, although some errors may also rise."}]},{"id":"4b235db4-ac5e-428a-8942-83fa42c6d415","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What accuracy limitation did Memon and Higham note?","back":"Some versions may increase incorrect details too.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Some versions may increase incorrect details too.","correct":true,"explanation":"Memon and Higham cautioned that greater overall recall does not guarantee perfect accuracy, because some forms of the cognitive interview may also produce more incorrect details."},{"text":"Some versions may eliminate correct details entirely.","correct":false,"explanation":"The evidence does not suggest that cognitive interviews remove all accurate recall. They commonly increase correct information, although some versions may increase incorrect details too."},{"text":"Some versions may prevent memory retrieval altogether.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cognitive interview procedures are intended to facilitate retrieval rather than prevent it. The limitation is that some versions may increase incorrect details alongside correct information."},{"text":"Some versions may reduce witness cooperation permanently.","correct":false,"explanation":"Permanent loss of cooperation was not the accuracy limitation identified. Memon and Higham noted that some versions may increase incorrect details as well as correct recall."}]},{"id":"3f13f40e-3aa1-46d4-b6af-f5e9da1ac0aa","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Memon and Higham concluded the cognitive interview is useful, but [ ].","back":"Memon and Higham concluded the cognitive interview is useful, but not a magic solution.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"not a magic solution","correct":true,"explanation":"Memon and Higham judged the cognitive interview useful but emphasised that its effectiveness has limits, including the possibility that some procedures increase incorrect details."},{"text":"a guaranteed source of accuracy","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating the technique as a guarantee ignores variation between versions and the possible increase in errors. The authors concluded that it was useful, but not a magic solution."},{"text":"equally effective in every situation","correct":false,"explanation":"Effectiveness varies with the interview procedure and context, so the technique cannot be assumed to work equally well everywhere. The conclusion was that it is not a magic solution."},{"text":"unable to improve witness recall","correct":false,"explanation":"This contradicts evidence that the cognitive interview often increases correct information recalled. Memon and Higham considered it useful while warning that it was not a magic solution."}]},{"id":"8e6ddbea-1f84-40d2-b515-adfcf353416e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In the PEACE model, which stage is the cognitive interview especially relevant to?","back":"Account.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Account.","correct":true,"explanation":"During the Account stage, the interviewer obtains the witness’s or interviewee’s account and may use cognitive interview retrieval techniques to encourage detailed recall."},{"text":"Planning and preparation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Planning and preparation occurs before the interview and focuses on organising objectives and information. Cognitive retrieval techniques are especially relevant during the Account stage."},{"text":"Closure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Closure brings the interview to an appropriate end and explains what happens next. The cognitive interview is especially relevant during Account, when detailed recall is obtained."},{"text":"Evaluation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Evaluation takes place after the main interview to assess information and performance. Cognitive interview techniques are primarily used during the Account stage to support retrieval."}]},{"id":"32b7e92c-01f8-401c-aafb-afa3f3d71cab","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the cognitive interview usually more suitable for witnesses than suspects?","back":"It assumes cooperation and genuine memory retrieval.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It assumes cooperation and genuine memory retrieval.","correct":true,"explanation":"The cognitive interview relies on the interviewee making a sincere effort to search memory and report details, which is generally more likely with cooperative witnesses."},{"text":"It assumes deception and deliberate memory suppression.","correct":false,"explanation":"The method is not designed around overcoming deception or deliberate concealment. It assumes cooperation and genuine memory retrieval, conditions more typical of witnesses than suspects."},{"text":"It requires confession and acceptance of responsibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Obtaining a confession is not a requirement of the cognitive interview. The technique depends on cooperation and a genuine attempt to retrieve memories of an event."},{"text":"It relies on pressure and repeated leading questions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pressure and leading questions can distort recall and conflict with cognitive interview principles. The method instead assumes cooperation and genuine retrieval of remembered information."}]},{"id":"1055848e-bd16-494d-84bd-a41bfd65dd45","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why may lab studies of the cognitive interview lack ecological validity?","back":"Staged events lack real fear, surprise and personal involvement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Staged events lack real fear, surprise and personal involvement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Participants observing a staged event may not experience the emotional intensity or personal significance of a real crime, limiting how well laboratory findings generalise."},{"text":"Staged events create excessive fear, surprise and personal involvement.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the ecological validity concern. Staged laboratory events generally produce less genuine fear, surprise and personal involvement than real crimes experienced by witnesses."},{"text":"Staged events prevent any observation, attention and memory formation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Participants can observe and remember staged events, so memory formation is not prevented. The limitation is the absence of realistic fear, surprise and personal involvement."},{"text":"Staged events involve greater danger, trauma and legal consequences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Laboratory events are normally designed to avoid genuine danger, trauma and consequences. They therefore lack the fear, surprise and personal involvement associated with real incidents."}]},{"id":"77b6723a-baf0-4d7d-9e68-51869afa8fde","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What ethical pressures should police interviewers avoid?","back":"Avoid leading questions, intimidation and pressure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Avoid leading questions, intimidation and pressure.","correct":true,"explanation":"These practices can distort a witness’s account or coerce a response, reducing the validity of evidence and potentially causing psychological harm to the interviewee."},{"text":"Avoid open questions, reassurance and rapport.","correct":false,"explanation":"Open questions, reassurance and rapport generally support accurate, ethical interviewing rather than threatening it. Interviewers should instead avoid leading questions, intimidation and pressure because these may distort responses."},{"text":"Avoid active listening, empathy and patience.","correct":false,"explanation":"Active listening, empathy and patience help interviewees communicate without coercion. The unethical practices to avoid are leading questions, intimidation and pressure, which can influence or force answers."},{"text":"Avoid neutral prompts, clarification and breaks.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutral prompts, appropriate clarification and breaks can improve understanding and reduce distress. Interviewers should avoid leading questions, intimidation and pressure because they risk contaminating evidence."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Collection of evidence (Cognitive)","title":"Collection of evidence (Cognitive) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/psychology/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"897614a7-99e2-5992-b224-98be93bdf62e","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]