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Unconscious mental forces
Inner conflict
Early childhood experiences

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Unconscious mental forces
Inner conflict
Early childhood experiences

","correct":true,"explanation":"The psychodynamic approach explains behaviour through unconscious processes, conflicts between parts of the personality, and formative childhood experiences that continue to influence adult personality."},{"text":"

Conscious decision-making
Personal growth
Present social relationships

","correct":false,"explanation":"These ideas are more closely associated with humanistic explanations. The psychodynamic approach mainly emphasises unconscious mental forces, inner conflict and early childhood experiences."},{"text":"

Environmental stimuli
Learned responses
Reinforcement histories

","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses psychodynamic assumptions with behaviourism, which focuses on learning from the environment. Psychodynamic theory stresses unconscious mental forces, inner conflict and early childhood experiences."},{"text":"

Cognitive schemas
Information processing
Conscious expectations

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are central concepts in the cognitive approach rather than the psychodynamic approach. Freud primarily attributed behaviour to unconscious mental forces, inner conflict and early childhood experiences."}]},{"id":"1183e092-e058-4805-bc1c-b1d8c731c7d8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] mind contains thoughts and feelings you are aware of now; the [ ] mind contains information easily brought into awareness.","back":"The conscious mind contains thoughts and feelings you are aware of now; the preconscious mind contains information easily brought into awareness.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The conscious mind contains thoughts and feelings you are aware of now; the preconscious mind contains information easily brought into awareness.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud described present awareness as conscious and material that is not currently noticed but can be readily recalled as preconscious."},{"text":"The preconscious mind contains thoughts and feelings you are aware of now; the conscious mind contains information easily brought into awareness.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Freud’s levels of awareness. Current thoughts and feelings are conscious, while information that can easily enter awareness is preconscious."},{"text":"The unconscious mind contains thoughts and feelings you are aware of now; the preconscious mind contains information easily brought into awareness.","correct":false,"explanation":"The unconscious is inaccessible to ordinary awareness, so it cannot describe present thoughts and feelings. Current awareness is conscious, while readily retrievable information is preconscious."},{"text":"The conscious mind contains thoughts and feelings you are aware of now; the unconscious mind contains information easily brought into awareness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Material that is easily brought into awareness is preconscious, not unconscious. Freud regarded unconscious material as hidden and not directly accessible, while present awareness is conscious."}]},{"id":"d8d129b3-7cc6-4289-8242-380d9da4690f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does Freud’s unconscious mind contain?","back":"Hidden wishes, fears, traumatic memories and conflicts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hidden wishes, fears, traumatic memories and conflicts.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud believed unacceptable wishes, fears, painful memories and unresolved conflicts remain outside conscious awareness but still influence behaviour and emotional life."},{"text":"Current thoughts, deliberate choices, recent decisions and intentions.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are contents of conscious awareness rather than the unconscious. Freud’s unconscious contains hidden wishes, fears, traumatic memories and conflicts that continue to affect behaviour."},{"text":"Accessible knowledge, ordinary memories, learned facts and names.","correct":false,"explanation":"Information that can readily be recalled belongs to the preconscious rather than the unconscious. Freud associated the unconscious with hidden wishes, fears, traumatic memories and conflicts."},{"text":"Logical beliefs, rational judgements, moral decisions and plans.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overstates conscious, rational control and misses Freud’s central claim. The unconscious stores hidden wishes, fears, traumatic memories and conflicts beyond immediate awareness."}]},{"id":"454e34dd-f92f-43fb-aa8c-bce9b4751326","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does psychic determinism claim about behaviour?","back":"Behaviour has a psychological cause, even if the person is unaware of it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Behaviour has a psychological cause, even if the person is unaware of it.","correct":true,"explanation":"Psychic determinism proposes that every behaviour has an underlying psychological cause, often involving unconscious motives or conflicts that the individual cannot recognise directly."},{"text":"Behaviour has a biological cause, even if the person is unaware of it.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses psychic determinism with biological determinism, which explains behaviour through genes or physiology. Freud argued that behaviour has a psychological cause, even when unconscious."},{"text":"Behaviour has a conscious purpose, even if the person is unaware of it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calling the purpose conscious contradicts the claim that the person may not recognise it. Psychic determinism holds that behaviour has an underlying psychological cause, often operating unconsciously."},{"text":"Behaviour has a random origin, even if the person is unaware of it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Psychic determinism rejects the idea that behaviour occurs randomly. It claims that behaviour has a psychological cause, although unconscious processes may conceal that cause."}]},{"id":"4ce94327-e35a-4632-a4ca-29a527ae82fd","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Defence mechanisms are unconscious strategies used by the [ ] to reduce [ ].","back":"Defence mechanisms are unconscious strategies used by the ego to reduce anxiety.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Defence mechanisms are unconscious strategies used by the ego to reduce anxiety.","correct":true,"explanation":"The ego mediates between the id, superego and reality, using defence mechanisms unconsciously to protect itself from anxiety caused by psychological conflict."},{"text":"Defence mechanisms are unconscious strategies used by the id to reduce anxiety.","correct":false,"explanation":"The id seeks immediate gratification and does not deploy defence mechanisms. The ego uses these unconscious strategies to manage anxiety produced by conflict."},{"text":"Defence mechanisms are unconscious strategies used by the ego to reduce pleasure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Defence mechanisms do not aim to reduce pleasure; they protect the ego from psychological discomfort. The ego uses them unconsciously to reduce anxiety."},{"text":"Defence mechanisms are unconscious strategies used by the superego to reduce aggression.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assigns the process to the wrong personality component and narrows its purpose incorrectly. The ego uses defence mechanisms to reduce anxiety arising from inner conflict."}]},{"id":"7bf44daa-baeb-4e61-82ea-d9650cba19b0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does repression do?","back":"It pushes threatening thoughts or memories into the unconscious.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It pushes threatening thoughts or memories into the unconscious.","correct":true,"explanation":"Repression protects the ego from anxiety by unconsciously excluding distressing thoughts or memories from conscious awareness, although they may continue to influence behaviour."},{"text":"It redirects unacceptable impulses or emotions onto a safer target.","correct":false,"explanation":"Redirecting an impulse towards a safer substitute is displacement, not repression. Repression pushes threatening thoughts or memories out of awareness and into the unconscious."},{"text":"It refuses to accept distressing facts or external events as reality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Refusing to acknowledge an unpleasant reality is denial. Repression instead removes threatening thoughts or memories from conscious awareness by pushing them into the unconscious."},{"text":"It attributes unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assigning one’s own unacceptable feelings to somebody else is projection. Repression involves pushing threatening thoughts or memories into the unconscious so they are no longer consciously accessible."}]},{"id":"62802dbd-0e74-4d43-8fc0-b931ca0e7644","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Freud see childhood experiences as crucial?","back":"Unresolved childhood conflicts can shape adult personality and behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Unresolved childhood conflicts can shape adult personality and behaviour.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud argued that unresolved conflicts during psychosexual development may produce fixations, leaving lasting effects on an individual’s adult personality and patterns of behaviour."},{"text":"Inherited childhood characteristics can determine adult personality and behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"This substitutes biological inheritance for Freud’s developmental explanation. He believed unresolved childhood conflicts could create fixations that shape later personality and behaviour."},{"text":"Recently learned associations can shape adult personality and behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reflects a behaviourist emphasis on recent learning rather than Freud’s view. The psychodynamic approach stresses the lasting influence of unresolved childhood conflicts."},{"text":"Present conscious decisions can determine adult personality and behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks Freud’s emphasis on unconscious influences and early development. He argued that unresolved childhood conflicts can continue to shape adult personality and behaviour."}]},{"id":"dd049193-abaa-4e53-a625-79f620c7ac60","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A fixation occurs when [ ] at a psychosexual stage affects [ ].","back":"A fixation occurs when unresolved conflict at a psychosexual stage affects later personality or behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A fixation occurs when unresolved conflict at a psychosexual stage affects later personality or behaviour.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud proposed that unresolved conflict at a psychosexual stage can halt part of development, creating a fixation that influences personality or behaviour later in life."},{"text":"A fixation occurs when resolved conflict at a psychosexual stage affects later personality or behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Successfully resolved conflict allows progression to the next psychosexual stage rather than producing fixation. Fixation results from unresolved conflict and can affect later personality or behaviour."},{"text":"A fixation occurs when unresolved conflict at a psychosexual stage affects temporary mood or attention.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fixation describes an enduring developmental influence, not merely a short-term change in mood or concentration. Unresolved conflict affects later personality or behaviour."},{"text":"A fixation occurs when biological maturation at a psychosexual stage affects temporary mood or attention.","correct":false,"explanation":"This replaces Freud’s psychological conflict with physical maturation and treats the outcome as temporary. Fixation arises from unresolved conflict and influences later personality or behaviour."}]},{"id":"8a47b8f0-f5b7-456f-bfdd-5227b8acaef7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which psychosexual stage focuses on toilet training, control and independence?","back":"The anal stage.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The anal stage.","correct":true,"explanation":"During the anal stage, toilet training creates conflict around bodily control, cleanliness and independence. Freud placed this stage at approximately one to three years of age."},{"text":"The oral stage.","correct":false,"explanation":"The oral stage centres on feeding, sucking and weaning rather than toilet training. Toilet training, control and growing independence are associated with the anal stage."},{"text":"The phallic stage.","correct":false,"explanation":"The phallic stage concerns identification, family relationships and the Oedipus conflict. Toilet training and struggles over control are characteristic of the anal stage."},{"text":"The latency stage.","correct":false,"explanation":"The latency stage involves relatively dormant sexual impulses and increased focus on friendships and learning. Toilet training and independence belong to the earlier anal stage."}]},{"id":"35a3b99a-a559-4060-9b9a-95e344227b0e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which psychosexual stage involves family relationships, identification and the Oedipus conflict?","back":"The phallic stage.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The phallic stage.","correct":true,"explanation":"During the phallic stage, children experience the Oedipus conflict and resolve it through identification with the same-sex parent, contributing to superego development."},{"text":"The anal stage.","correct":false,"explanation":"The anal stage focuses on toilet training and conflicts concerning control and independence. Family identification and the Oedipus conflict occur during the phallic stage."},{"text":"The latency stage.","correct":false,"explanation":"The latency stage follows the resolution of the Oedipus conflict, with sexual impulses becoming relatively dormant. The conflict and parental identification belong to the phallic stage."},{"text":"The genital stage.","correct":false,"explanation":"The genital stage begins at puberty and concerns mature sexual relationships. The Oedipus conflict and identification with a parent occur earlier, during the phallic stage."}]},{"id":"88f837ff-c307-4adb-a72d-a6a2a25972c2","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What three structures make up the tripartite personality?","back":"

Id
Ego
Superego

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Id
Ego
Superego

","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud’s tripartite personality consists of the id, ego and superego. These structures represent instinctive desires, realistic mediation and internalised moral standards respectively."},{"text":"

Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are levels in Freud’s topographic model of the mind, not structures of personality. The tripartite personality consists of the id, ego and superego."},{"text":"

Oral
Anal
Phallic

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are early psychosexual stages rather than personality structures. Freud’s tripartite model divides personality into the id, ego and superego."},{"text":"

Libido
Eros
Thanatos

","correct":false,"explanation":"These terms concern psychic energy and Freud’s life and death instincts, not the tripartite personality. Its three structures are the id, ego and superego."}]},{"id":"14505a4e-f79e-40f9-bfd4-ffd7093c21be","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The id operates according to the [ ] and seeks [ ].","back":"The id operates according to the pleasure principle and seeks immediate satisfaction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The id operates according to the pleasure principle and seeks immediate satisfaction.","correct":true,"explanation":"The id is entirely instinctive and demands immediate gratification of biological drives. It therefore follows the pleasure principle without considering morality, social rules or realistic consequences."},{"text":"The id operates according to the reality principle and seeks delayed satisfaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"The reality principle and delayed gratification describe the ego, which considers practical consequences. The id follows the pleasure principle and seeks immediate satisfaction."},{"text":"The id operates according to the morality principle and seeks moral perfection.","correct":false,"explanation":"The morality principle and pursuit of moral perfection belong to the superego. The id instead follows the pleasure principle and seeks immediate satisfaction of its impulses."},{"text":"The id operates according to the pleasure principle and seeks delayed satisfaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"The pleasure principle is correctly associated with the id, but delaying satisfaction requires ego control. The id seeks immediate satisfaction regardless of consequences."}]},{"id":"466323ab-554a-4d3f-9f68-7ea3e6820106","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does the ego deal with the id’s desires?","back":"It satisfies them in a realistic and socially acceptable way.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It satisfies them in a realistic and socially acceptable way.","correct":true,"explanation":"The ego follows the reality principle, finding practical compromises that satisfy the id’s impulses while taking account of social expectations, morality and possible consequences."},{"text":"It satisfies them in an immediate and entirely selfish way.","correct":false,"explanation":"Seeking immediate gratification without considering consequences describes the id rather than the ego. The ego satisfies desires in a realistic and socially acceptable way."},{"text":"It judges them in a strict and morally perfect way.","correct":false,"explanation":"Judging desires against strict moral standards is the function of the superego. The ego instead seeks realistic and socially acceptable ways to satisfy the id."},{"text":"It eliminates them in a complete and permanent way.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ego does not permanently remove the id’s instinctive desires, although it may delay or redirect them. It seeks realistic and socially acceptable satisfaction."}]},{"id":"18819d4d-d44c-4a8f-b3f3-825005bd88ab","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The superego operates according to the [ ] and punishes wrongdoing with [ ].","back":"The superego operates according to the morality principle and punishes wrongdoing with guilt.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The superego operates according to the morality principle and punishes wrongdoing with guilt.","correct":true,"explanation":"The superego contains internalised moral standards and judges behaviour according to the morality principle. When these standards are violated, it creates feelings of guilt."},{"text":"The superego operates according to the pleasure principle and punishes wrongdoing with guilt.","correct":false,"explanation":"Guilt is produced by the superego, but the pleasure principle belongs to the id. The superego operates according to the morality principle."},{"text":"The superego operates according to the morality principle and punishes wrongdoing with pleasure.","correct":false,"explanation":"The morality principle is correctly linked to the superego, but wrongdoing produces guilt rather than pleasure. Guilt discourages behaviour that violates internalised standards."},{"text":"The superego operates according to the reality principle and punishes wrongdoing with anxiety.","correct":false,"explanation":"The reality principle belongs to the ego, and anxiety arises from personality conflict more broadly. The superego follows the morality principle and punishes wrongdoing with guilt."}]},{"id":"16ea16f6-8903-43a4-8edf-168a44992908","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In Freud’s personality conflict, what does the ego do?","back":"The ego negotiates between id desires, superego morality and reality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The ego negotiates between id desires, superego morality and reality.","correct":true,"explanation":"The ego mediates among the id’s demands, the superego’s moral rules and external reality. It seeks a realistic compromise that reduces conflict between them."},{"text":"The ego obeys id desires, rejects superego morality and ignores reality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unconditionally obeying instinctive desires would reflect the id’s pleasure principle, not ego functioning. The ego negotiates between id desires, superego morality and reality."},{"text":"The ego enforces superego morality, blocks id desires and disregards reality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Strictly enforcing moral standards describes domination by the superego rather than balanced ego functioning. The ego negotiates among morality, instinctive desires and reality."},{"text":"The ego withdraws from id desires, superego morality and reality.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ego cannot simply withdraw from personality conflict because mediation is its central role. It negotiates between the id, the superego and external reality."}]},{"id":"fadbe808-a26e-4d36-b343-745ccc33d443","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is dream analysis used for in the psychodynamic approach?","back":"To interpret dreams as symbolic expressions of unconscious wishes and conflicts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To interpret dreams as symbolic expressions of unconscious wishes and conflicts.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud viewed dreams as a route to the unconscious. Dream analysis interprets their symbolic content to uncover repressed wishes and unresolved psychological conflicts."},{"text":"To interpret dreams as literal predictions of future events and experiences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freud did not regard dreams as supernatural predictions or literal forecasts. Dream analysis treats them as symbolic expressions of unconscious wishes and psychological conflicts."},{"text":"To interpret dreams as accurate records of conscious thoughts and decisions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dreams are not treated as straightforward records of conscious thinking in the psychodynamic approach. They are interpreted symbolically to reveal unconscious wishes and conflicts."},{"text":"To interpret dreams as random images without psychological meaning or purpose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating dreams as meaningless neural activity contradicts Freud’s psychodynamic account. He believed their symbols express unconscious wishes and conflicts that can be interpreted."}]},{"id":"ccd36bf0-9059-4e03-a973-ef757917c26b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did Freud interpret Little Hans’s horse phobia?","back":"As displacement of unconscious fear linked to the Oedipus conflict.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"As displacement of unconscious fear linked to the Oedipus conflict.","correct":true,"explanation":"Freud argued that Hans displaced his unconscious fear of his father, arising from the Oedipus conflict, onto horses as a safer substitute object."},{"text":"As classical conditioning of a fear response linked to seeing a horse collapse.","correct":false,"explanation":"Conditioning is a behaviourist explanation involving learned associations, not Freud’s interpretation. Freud viewed the phobia as displacement of unconscious fear linked to the Oedipus conflict."},{"text":"As imitation of an observed fear response linked to his parents’ behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Imitation belongs to social learning theory and was not Freud’s conclusion. Freud interpreted Hans’s fear as displacement of unconscious anxiety arising from the Oedipus conflict."},{"text":"As expression of an inherited fear response linked to biological vulnerability.","correct":false,"explanation":"An inherited predisposition would provide a biological account rather than Freud’s psychodynamic explanation. Freud linked the horse phobia to displaced unconscious fear from the Oedipus conflict."}]},{"id":"9c349979-dfdd-4a1c-8370-79b94c48471f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does Little Hans have low generalisability?","back":"It was one case study of one child.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It was one case study of one child.","correct":true,"explanation":"Evidence from one child cannot confidently be applied to wider populations because that child’s experiences and characteristics may have been highly unusual."},{"text":"It was one large survey of many children.","correct":false,"explanation":"A large representative survey would normally improve population generalisability rather than weaken it. Little Hans has low generalisability because it was one case study of one child."},{"text":"It was one replicated experiment with many children.","correct":false,"explanation":"A replicated experiment would provide broader, more reliable evidence than an individual case. Generalisability is limited because Freud’s evidence concerned just one child."},{"text":"It was one longitudinal study of a representative sample.","correct":false,"explanation":"A representative longitudinal study could support generalisation across children and development. Little Hans instead involved one case study of a single child."}]},{"id":"460cf076-4561-4c96-b5a7-2a692e17b45b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Bowlby (1944) find about many “affectionless” thieves?","back":"They had experienced early separation from their mothers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They had experienced early separation from their mothers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bowlby reported that many affectionless thieves had experienced prolonged maternal separation early in childhood, supporting his proposed link between disrupted attachment and later delinquency."},{"text":"They had experienced secure attachment to their mothers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bowlby did not identify secure early attachment as the shared experience. He found that many affectionless thieves had experienced early separation from their mothers."},{"text":"They had experienced strict discipline from their mothers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Strict discipline was not Bowlby’s key reported finding and reflects a parenting-style explanation. His study highlighted early separation from mothers among many affectionless thieves."},{"text":"They had inherited criminal tendencies from their mothers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bowlby’s study did not establish an inherited cause of criminality. He reported that many affectionless thieves had experienced early separation from their mothers."}]},{"id":"542d961c-ed66-4c38-9949-f1d36938686f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Bowlby (1944) was [ ], so it cannot prove that early separation [ ].","back":"Bowlby (1944) was correlational, so it cannot prove that early separation caused delinquency.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Bowlby (1944) was correlational, so it cannot prove that early separation caused delinquency.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bowlby identified an association between maternal separation and delinquency, but a correlational design cannot establish that separation directly caused the later behaviour."},{"text":"Bowlby (1944) was experimental, so it cannot prove that early separation caused delinquency.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calling the study experimental confuses association with manipulation and control. Bowlby’s research was correlational, so it could not prove that early separation caused delinquency."},{"text":"Bowlby (1944) was correlational, so it cannot prove that early separation was unrelated to delinquency.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study found an association rather than showing no relationship. Because the evidence was correlational, it could not demonstrate that early separation caused delinquency."},{"text":"Bowlby (1944) was longitudinal, so it cannot prove that early separation prevented delinquency.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Bowlby’s proposed relationship and mislabels the design. The research was correlational and therefore could not establish that early separation caused delinquency."}]},{"id":"454f6998-77a7-4ec9-b486-547a433c7fa6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are many psychodynamic ideas difficult to falsify?","back":"Unconscious motives cannot be directly observed or tested objectively.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Unconscious motives cannot be directly observed or tested objectively.","correct":true,"explanation":"Psychodynamic explanations often invoke unconscious processes that cannot be directly measured. This makes it difficult to design an objective observation that could disprove their claims."},{"text":"Observable behaviours can be directly recorded and tested objectively.","correct":false,"explanation":"Observable behaviour can be measured and used to test predictions, which makes behavioural explanations relatively falsifiable. The difficulty concerns unconscious motives that cannot be directly observed."},{"text":"Biological processes can be directly measured and tested objectively.","correct":false,"explanation":"Measurable brain activity can provide objective evidence and potentially disconfirm biological claims. Psychodynamic ideas are difficult to falsify because their proposed unconscious motives are inaccessible to direct observation."},{"text":"Conscious attitudes can be directly reported and tested objectively.","correct":false,"explanation":"Standardised questionnaires can generate testable, replicable data rather than preventing falsification. The problem is that unconscious motives themselves cannot be directly observed or objectively tested."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Component 1"},"heading":"Psychodynamic approach: assumptions","title":"Psychodynamic approach: assumptions Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/psychology/eduqas/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"8c2e3386-9b56-5030-8682-cf563ba3f2c0","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]