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Evolutionary influences
Localisation of brain function
Neurotransmitters

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Evolutionary influences
Localisation of brain function
Neurotransmitters

","correct":true,"explanation":"The Eduqas biological approach explains behaviour through evolved characteristics, specialised functions of particular brain areas, and the effects of chemical messengers in the nervous system."},{"text":"

Genetic inheritance
Brain plasticity
Hormonal influences

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are relevant biological concepts, but they are not the three named Eduqas assumptions. The specified assumptions are evolutionary influences, localisation of brain function, and neurotransmitters."},{"text":"

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social learning

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are learning theories associated with the behaviourist and social learning approaches. The biological assumptions are evolutionary influences, localisation of brain function, and neurotransmitters."},{"text":"

Unconscious conflict
Childhood experience
Defence mechanisms

","correct":false,"explanation":"These concepts belong to the psychodynamic approach rather than the biological approach. Eduqas identifies evolutionary influences, localisation of brain function, and neurotransmitters as the biological assumptions."}]},{"id":"c2a35144-6ebf-4b2b-8162-3315e45be972","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In natural selection, characteristics that improve [ ] are more likely to be [ ].","back":"In natural selection, characteristics that improve survival or reproductive success are more likely to be passed on.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In natural selection, characteristics that improve survival or reproductive success are more likely to be passed on.","correct":true,"explanation":"Characteristics supporting survival or reproduction make their genetic basis more likely to reach subsequent generations, so those characteristics become more common through natural selection."},{"text":"In natural selection, characteristics that improve physical strength are more likely to be passed on.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection does not necessarily favour physical strength; it favours characteristics that increase survival or reproductive success, because these are more likely to be passed on."},{"text":"In natural selection, characteristics that improve survival or reproductive success are more likely to be learned by offspring.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses biological inheritance with social learning. Advantageous inherited characteristics are more likely to be passed on genetically, not simply learned by offspring."},{"text":"In natural selection, characteristics that improve social acceptance are more likely to be lost over generations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection concerns survival and reproductive success, not social approval alone. Characteristics producing those advantages are more likely to be passed on rather than lost."}]},{"id":"fd38c648-70b0-4dae-827f-574257258da0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might quick snake avoidance be adaptive in ancestral environments?","back":"It reduced injury or death risk, increasing survival.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It reduced injury or death risk, increasing survival.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rapid avoidance would have reduced the likelihood of venomous bites, serious injury, or death, allowing individuals to survive and potentially reproduce."},{"text":"It increased injury or death risk, reducing survival.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the adaptive effect of avoidance. Quickly moving away from snakes reduced injury or death risk, which increased an individual's likelihood of survival."},{"text":"It reduced awareness of nearby threats, decreasing survival.","correct":false,"explanation":"Quick avoidance is a response to detecting danger, not reduced threat awareness. It was adaptive because it reduced injury or death risk and increased survival."},{"text":"It encouraged contact with dangerous snakes, increasing survival.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoidance reduces contact with snakes rather than encouraging it. Less contact meant a lower risk of bites, injury, or death, thereby increasing survival."}]},{"id":"2cfca3f9-d778-43ee-8e54-f34166ff1cda","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If a once-adaptive behaviour is less helpful today, what is it called?","back":"A mismatch.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A mismatch.","correct":true,"explanation":"A mismatch occurs when a behaviour that was adaptive in an ancestral environment no longer provides the same advantage in a substantially changed modern environment."},{"text":"An adaptation.","correct":false,"explanation":"An adaptation is a characteristic that improves survival or reproductive success in its relevant environment. When it is less helpful in modern conditions, it represents a mismatch."},{"text":"A mutation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A mutation is a change in genetic material, not a formerly useful behaviour that has become less suitable. Such a behaviour is described as a mismatch."},{"text":"An instinct.","correct":false,"explanation":"An instinct is an innate behavioural tendency and may still be useful. A once-adaptive behaviour that is less helpful in current conditions is called a mismatch."}]},{"id":"69b39ede-b9a7-43d4-91a6-9c1847acc542","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Nature means [ ]; nurture means [ ].","back":"Nature means inherited biological factors; nurture means environmental influences.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Nature means inherited biological factors; nurture means environmental influences.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nature refers to inherited influences such as genes and biology, whereas nurture refers to environmental effects such as upbringing, experience, culture, and learning."},{"text":"Nature means environmental influences; nurture means inherited biological factors.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the nature-nurture distinction. Nature refers to inherited biological factors, while nurture refers to environmental influences and experiences."},{"text":"Nature means inherited biological factors; nurture means evolutionary adaptations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Evolutionary adaptations are biological rather than environmental. Nature means inherited biological factors, whereas nurture means environmental influences such as learning and upbringing."},{"text":"Nature means conscious personal choices; nurture means unconscious mental conflicts.","correct":false,"explanation":"These terms refer neither to the nature-nurture distinction nor its two sources of influence. Nature means inherited biological factors, while nurture means environmental influences."}]},{"id":"47440d09-ee27-4f69-9c57-c706bb47e067","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is it too strong to say a gene fixes a behaviour?","back":"Most behaviours reflect nature and nurture.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Most behaviours reflect nature and nurture.","correct":true,"explanation":"Behaviour usually results from an interaction between inherited biological factors and environmental influences, so a gene may create a predisposition without fixing an inevitable outcome."},{"text":"Most behaviours reflect genetic inheritance alone.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is genetic determinism because it ignores learning, experience, and context. Most behaviours reflect an interaction between nature and nurture rather than inheritance alone."},{"text":"Most behaviours reflect one dominant gene.","correct":false,"explanation":"Complex behaviours are rarely controlled by a single gene and are often polygenic and environmentally influenced. Most behaviours therefore reflect both nature and nurture."},{"text":"Most behaviours reflect environmental learning alone.","correct":false,"explanation":"This replaces genetic determinism with environmental determinism and still ignores interaction. Most behaviours develop through the combined influence of nature and nurture."}]},{"id":"4b23b0eb-a5c0-493b-9ede-1dd250f771cd","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] means specific brain areas are associated with specific [ ].","back":"Localisation of brain function means specific brain areas are associated with specific psychological or behavioural functions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Localisation of brain function means specific brain areas are associated with specific psychological or behavioural functions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Localisation proposes that particular parts of the brain perform specialised roles, so activity or damage in a specific area is associated with particular functions or behaviours."},{"text":"Hemispheric lateralisation means specific brain areas are associated with specific psychological or behavioural functions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lateralisation concerns differences in specialisation between the two cerebral hemispheres. The broader association of particular brain areas with particular functions is localisation of brain function."},{"text":"Localisation of brain function means specific brain areas are associated with specific inherited genetic sequences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Localisation connects brain regions with psychological or behavioural functions, not with particular genetic sequences. Genes may affect brain development, but that is a different relationship."},{"text":"Brain plasticity means specific brain areas are associated with specific permanent and unchanging functions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plasticity describes the brain's capacity to change and reorganise, so permanent functions contradict it. Localisation links specific brain areas with specific psychological or behavioural functions."}]},{"id":"f571cc9e-517c-4e1b-8734-4ae4a85a0d5e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which behavioural control is the prefrontal cortex especially linked with?","back":"Impulse control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Impulse control.","correct":true,"explanation":"The prefrontal cortex supports executive functions, including inhibiting inappropriate responses, delaying gratification, planning actions, and regulating impulses in accordance with goals and consequences."},{"text":"Visual processing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Visual processing is primarily associated with the occipital cortex. The prefrontal cortex is especially linked with executive regulation, including impulse control and decision-making."},{"text":"Balance and coordination.","correct":false,"explanation":"Balance and fine motor coordination are especially associated with the cerebellum. The prefrontal cortex is particularly important for impulse control and other executive functions."},{"text":"Auditory processing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Auditory processing is primarily associated with the temporal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is especially involved in executive functions such as planning, judgement, and impulse control."}]},{"id":"b5e64695-1a71-4490-8080-5ad58baaa41b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] is linked with emotion and threat detection; the [ ] is important for memory.","back":"The amygdala is linked with emotion and threat detection; the hippocampus is important for memory.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The amygdala is linked with emotion and threat detection; the hippocampus is important for memory.","correct":true,"explanation":"The amygdala is involved in processing emotion and detecting threats, whereas the hippocampus supports memory formation and retrieval."},{"text":"The hypothalamus is linked with emotion and threat detection; the hippocampus is important for memory.","correct":false,"explanation":"The hypothalamus helps regulate drives and endocrine functions, but it is not the structure primarily linked with threat detection here. The correct pair is amygdala and hippocampus."},{"text":"The amygdala is linked with emotion and threat detection; the cerebellum is important for memory.","correct":false,"explanation":"The amygdala, not the cerebellum, is the structure associated with emotion and threat detection. The hippocampus is correctly linked with memory in this sentence."},{"text":"The hippocampus is linked with emotion and threat detection; the amygdala is important for memory.","correct":false,"explanation":"The hippocampus is associated with memory, not primarily threat detection, while the amygdala is the structure linked with emotion and threat. The correct order is amygdala, then hippocampus."}]},{"id":"83ef9535-406c-4978-a69d-53e4ffbf9c8f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which brain scanning method did Raine et al. (1997) use?","back":"PET scans.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"PET scans.","correct":true,"explanation":"Raine et al. used positron emission tomography, or PET, to compare brain activity in murderers pleading not guilty by reason of insanity with controls."},{"text":"MRI scans.","correct":false,"explanation":"MRI scans show brain structure rather than the metabolic activity measured in this study. Raine et al. used PET scans to compare activity between groups."},{"text":"EEG recordings.","correct":false,"explanation":"EEG records electrical activity from the scalp and was not the scanning method used by Raine et al. Their study used PET scans to measure brain activity."},{"text":"fMRI scans.","correct":false,"explanation":"fMRI measures changes in blood oxygenation, but Raine et al. used PET scans to investigate differences in brain activity in the groups studied."}]},{"id":"fd44d3f0-4d15-4c0a-94a5-6f8de396f923","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What prefrontal finding did Raine et al. report in murderers pleading NGRI?","back":"Reduced prefrontal cortex activity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Reduced prefrontal cortex activity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Raine et al. found reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex of murderers pleading NGRI, a region involved in inhibition, decision-making and impulse control."},{"text":"Increased prefrontal cortex activity.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study reported reduced rather than increased prefrontal activity. Lower activity in this region was interpreted as potentially contributing to poorer impulse control."},{"text":"Reduced amygdala activity.","correct":false,"explanation":"The key finding concerned reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex, not reduced activity in the amygdala. The prefrontal region is linked to behavioural control."},{"text":"Increased hippocampal activity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Raine et al. did not report increased hippocampal activity as the relevant finding. Their finding was reduced prefrontal cortex activity in the NGRI group."}]},{"id":"027f6fe0-115f-4778-bdb0-c604f1e6ec43","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does Raine et al. not prove brain differences caused the murders?","back":"Other factors, such as trauma or substance use, may contribute.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Other factors, such as trauma or substance use, may contribute.","correct":true,"explanation":"The finding is correlational: trauma, substance use and other experiences could influence both brain activity and violent behaviour, so causation cannot be established."},{"text":"The sample size, rather than other factors, explains the findings.","correct":false,"explanation":"A random sample would improve generalisability but would not remove alternative explanations for the brain differences. Other factors, such as trauma or substance use, may contribute."},{"text":"PET scans cannot measure brain activity accurately.","correct":false,"explanation":"PET scans can identify activity differences, but they cannot show that those differences caused the murders. Other factors, such as trauma or substance use, may contribute."},{"text":"The diagnosis completely explains the murders.","correct":false,"explanation":"The murderers’ diagnosis does not itself establish causation. The main limitation is that other factors, such as trauma or substance use, may contribute to the findings."}]},{"id":"8d0d3078-8ef6-49aa-b654-ac79cef2efe8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] carries signals across the gap between neurons called a [ ].","back":"A neurotransmitter carries signals across the gap between neurons called a synapse.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A neurotransmitter carries signals across the gap between neurons called a synapse.","correct":true,"explanation":"A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that crosses the synapse, the gap between neighbouring neurons, allowing neural communication to occur."},{"text":"A hormone carries signals across the gap between neurons called a synapse.","correct":false,"explanation":"A hormone can act as a chemical messenger but is not the usual term for a signal crossing a neuronal synapse. The correct terms are neurotransmitter and synapse."},{"text":"A receptor carries signals across the gap between neurons called a synapse.","correct":false,"explanation":"A receptor receives chemical signals on a neuron rather than carrying them across the gap. A neurotransmitter crosses the synapse between neurons."},{"text":"A synaptic cleft carries signals across the gap between neurons called a synapse.","correct":false,"explanation":"The synaptic cleft is the gap itself, not the chemical messenger that crosses it. The messenger is a neurotransmitter and the gap is called a synapse."}]},{"id":"09e82339-23a5-4e22-af89-2833b934c707","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is associated with reward and motivation; [ ] is associated with mood and impulse control.","back":"Dopamine is associated with reward and motivation; serotonin is associated with mood and impulse control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Dopamine is associated with reward and motivation; serotonin is associated with mood and impulse control.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dopamine is associated with reward and motivation, while serotonin contributes to mood regulation and impulse control."},{"text":"Serotonin is associated with reward and motivation; dopamine is associated with mood and impulse control.","correct":false,"explanation":"Serotonin is more closely associated with mood and impulse control, while dopamine is linked with reward and motivation. The option reverses the two neurotransmitters."},{"text":"GABA is associated with reward and motivation; serotonin is associated with mood and impulse control.","correct":false,"explanation":"GABA is mainly an inhibitory neurotransmitter and is not the standard pairing for reward and motivation. The relevant pair is dopamine for reward and serotonin for mood and impulse control."},{"text":"Acetylcholine is associated with reward and motivation; serotonin is associated with mood and impulse control.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acetylcholine is involved in learning, memory and muscle action, rather than being the key neurotransmitter associated with reward here. Dopamine and serotonin are the correct pair."}]},{"id":"cbc5c826-d1d4-4e0d-989d-fbc23e3a3733","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does an SSRI affect serotonin in the synapse?","back":"It blocks reuptake, leaving more serotonin available.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It blocks reuptake, leaving more serotonin available.","correct":true,"explanation":"SSRIs block the reuptake transporter, so serotonin remains in the synapse for longer and is available to bind with receptors."},{"text":"It increases reuptake, leaving less serotonin available.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing reuptake would remove serotonin from the synapse more quickly. SSRIs instead block reuptake, leaving more serotonin available for receptor binding."},{"text":"It blocks serotonin release, leaving less serotonin available.","correct":false,"explanation":"SSRIs do not primarily block serotonin release. They block reuptake after release, allowing more serotonin to remain available in the synapse."},{"text":"It increases serotonin breakdown, leaving less serotonin available.","correct":false,"explanation":"Breaking down serotonin would reduce its availability in the synapse. SSRIs block reuptake, which keeps more serotonin present for longer."}]},{"id":"2acd735a-c59b-49d1-9500-d62e7a02a9e8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Casey et al. (2011), what adult difficulty was shown by childhood low delayers?","back":"More difficulty resisting tempting cues.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"More difficulty resisting tempting cues.","correct":true,"explanation":"Childhood low delayers showed more difficulty resisting tempting cues as adults, suggesting that early delay-of-gratification ability relates to later self-control."},{"text":"Less difficulty resisting tempting cues.","correct":false,"explanation":"The finding was greater difficulty resisting tempting cues, not less difficulty. Low delay of gratification in childhood was associated with poorer later self-control."},{"text":"More difficulty remembering instructions.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study focused on resisting tempting cues, not remembering instructions. The reported adult difference was more difficulty resisting tempting cues among childhood low delayers."},{"text":"More difficulty regulating emotions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although emotional regulation is related to self-control, this was not the specific adult difficulty reported. The finding concerned more difficulty resisting tempting cues."}]},{"id":"1b8f2773-9cfc-4931-8cc0-7ed219115c31","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Which two brain areas showed activity differences in Casey et al. (2011)?","back":"

Inferior frontal gyrus
Ventral striatum

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Inferior frontal gyrus
Ventral striatum

","correct":true,"explanation":"Casey et al. (2011) found activity differences in these areas, which are associated with impulse control and reward processing during adolescent risk-taking."},{"text":"

Prefrontal cortex
Amygdala

","correct":false,"explanation":"These areas are linked to decision-making and emotional processing, making them tempting choices, but Casey et al. specifically identified the inferior frontal gyrus and ventral striatum."},{"text":"

Hippocampus
Hypothalamus

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both areas have important biological functions, including memory and homeostasis, but they were not the brain regions showing the activity differences reported by Casey et al."},{"text":"

Corpus callosum
Occipital lobe

","correct":false,"explanation":"These regions may be confused with general brain structures involved in development and perception, but the study’s reported differences were in the inferior frontal gyrus and ventral striatum."}]},{"id":"7399034d-c82f-4a4b-8235-9d276b2ba495","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the biological approach considered scientific and objective?","back":"It uses objective methods, e.g. brain scans and drug studies.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It uses objective methods, e.g. brain scans and drug studies.","correct":true,"explanation":"Brain scans and drug studies produce measurable data that can be replicated and analysed statistically, making the biological approach scientific and relatively objective."},{"text":"It uses subjective methods, e.g. interviews and dream analysis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Interviews and dream analysis rely more heavily on personal reports and interpretation, so they do not provide the objective biological evidence offered by brain scans and drug studies."},{"text":"It uses controlled environments, e.g. case studies and introspection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Controlled environments can improve scientific testing, but case studies and introspection are not the biological approach’s main objective methods; brain scans and drug studies provide the relevant evidence."},{"text":"It uses mathematical models, e.g. questionnaires and observations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Questionnaires and observations can generate useful data, but this combination does not explain the biological approach’s objectivity as directly as measurable brain scans and drug studies."}]},{"id":"c8912a67-d048-4f6e-ba74-839171cc072e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How have biological explanations produced real-world treatments?","back":"They support drug therapies that alter neurotransmitter activity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They support drug therapies that alter neurotransmitter activity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Biological explanations identify neurotransmitter imbalances and have therefore supported drug treatments designed to increase, reduce or otherwise alter neurotransmitter activity."},{"text":"They support talking therapies that alter neurotransmitter activity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Talking therapies aim to change thoughts, emotions or behaviour through psychological processes, whereas drug therapies alter neurotransmitter activity directly and are supported by biological explanations."},{"text":"They support behavioural therapies that alter neurotransmitter activity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Behavioural therapies target learned behaviour through conditioning and reinforcement; drug therapies, rather than behavioural treatments, directly alter neurotransmitter activity."},{"text":"They support social interventions that alter neurotransmitter activity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social interventions target environmental influences such as relationships or support networks, while biological explanations have most directly produced drug therapies affecting neurotransmitter activity."}]},{"id":"53438421-5d8f-4b08-a34f-b80731abc8d7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can reducing criminal behaviour to brain activity be criticised?","back":"It ignores social learning, poverty, trauma, culture or choice.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It ignores social learning, poverty, trauma, culture or choice.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reducing criminal behaviour to brain activity is biologically reductionist because it neglects environmental experiences, social influences, cultural context and the possibility of individual choice."},{"text":"It ignores personality, intelligence, upbringing, gender or age.","correct":false,"explanation":"These factors may influence behaviour, but the key criticism is that focusing only on brain activity overlooks social learning, poverty, trauma, culture and personal choice."},{"text":"It ignores emotion, memory, language, perception or attention.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are psychological processes rather than the main social and environmental influences in this criticism; the relevant omitted factors include social learning, poverty, trauma, culture and choice."},{"text":"It ignores hormones, neurotransmitters, genetics or brain structure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Those are biological influences, not factors ignored by a brain-based explanation; the criticism concerns its failure to consider social, environmental and personal influences on criminal behaviour."}]},{"id":"e97d0653-4bc8-46a0-b763-955d289de13f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If genes and brain chemistry control behaviour, what is challenged?","back":"A person’s free will.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A person’s free will.","correct":true,"explanation":"If genes and brain chemistry determine behaviour, actions may not result from genuine choice, challenging the belief that people have free will."},{"text":"A person’s moral responsibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Moral responsibility may be debated as a consequence, but the assumption that biology controls behaviour most directly challenges whether people possess free will."},{"text":"A person’s conscious awareness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biological control could influence conscious experience, but the central philosophical issue is whether behaviour is freely chosen or determined by genes and brain chemistry."},{"text":"A person’s personal identity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Personal identity concerns what makes someone the same individual over time; genetic and chemical determinism primarily challenges the idea that behaviour is governed by free will."}]},{"id":"06d51099-74e0-428d-9498-981276dfbbdc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What stigma risk can brain-scan studies of violence create?","back":"People may be labelled dangerous due to brain differences.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"People may be labelled dangerous due to brain differences.","correct":true,"explanation":"Brain-scan findings can be overinterpreted, causing others to assume that people with certain differences are inherently dangerous even when they have not committed violence."},{"text":"People may be labelled mentally ill due to brain differences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Brain differences might be wrongly associated with mental illness, but the specific stigma risk in violence research is that people are viewed as dangerous."},{"text":"People may be labelled unpredictable due to brain differences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unpredictability is a related possible stereotype, but the highlighted concern is stronger: brain-scan findings may lead others to label individuals as dangerous."},{"text":"People may be labelled genetically abnormal due to brain differences.","correct":false,"explanation":"This wording confuses brain findings with genetic abnormalities; the key stigma risk is that individuals may be treated as dangerous because of observed brain differences."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Component 1"},"heading":"Biological approach: assumptions","title":"Biological approach: assumptions Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/psychology/eduqas/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"0123d26b-67e4-5137-9564-367666304e83","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]