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susceptibility to obedience and prejudice, even when they encounter similar social situations."},{"text":"Intelligence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Intelligence is an individual difference, but it is not the explanation examined here. The topic uses personality, particularly the authoritarian personality, to explain obedience and prejudice."},{"text":"Social class.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social class may influence people’s experiences, but it is not the individual difference specified in this topic. The relevant individual difference is personality."},{"text":"Physical appearance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical appearance is not the individual-differences explanation applied to both behaviours here. Personality is used to explain variation in obedience and prejudice."}]},{"id":"a10cbf68-5f8e-4c50-ba13-38fe0dce647e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A personality explanation is a [ ] because it focuses on [ ].","back":"A personality explanation is a dispositional explanation because it focuses on internal characteristics.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A personality explanation is a dispositional explanation because it focuses on internal characteristics.","correct":true,"explanation":"A dispositional explanation attributes behaviour to factors within the person. Personality consists of internal characteristics, so it provides a dispositional rather than situational explanation."},{"text":"A personality explanation is a situational explanation because it focuses on external circumstances.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses dispositional and situational explanations. Personality is a dispositional explanation because it focuses on internal characteristics rather than external circumstances."},{"text":"A personality explanation is a social explanation because it focuses on group pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Group pressure is a social influence operating outside the individual, not a defining focus of personality. Personality is a dispositional explanation concerned with internal characteristics."},{"text":"A personality explanation is an environmental explanation because it focuses on external influences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Environmental explanations emphasise outside conditions rather than enduring qualities within a person. A personality explanation is dispositional because it focuses on internal characteristics."}]},{"id":"a4cbb52d-54d2-44d0-b9b1-3e6eabd20498","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Obedience means following a [ ] from an [ ].","back":"Obedience means following a direct order from an authority figure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Obedience means following a direct order from an authority figure.","correct":true,"explanation":"Obedience occurs when a person complies with a direct order issued by someone perceived to possess authority, distinguishing it from conformity or compliance with a request."},{"text":"Obedience means following a polite request from an authority figure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Responding to a polite request is compliance rather than obedience, even when the requester has authority. Obedience specifically means following a direct order from an authority figure."},{"text":"Obedience means following a helpful suggestion from an equal-status peer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Following a suggestion from an equal-status peer does not involve an authority relationship and is not obedience. Obedience requires a direct order from an authority figure."},{"text":"Obedience means following a copied behaviour from an ordinary bystander.","correct":false,"explanation":"Imitating an ordinary bystander is social learning or copying, not obedience. Obedience is defined as following a direct order from an authority figure."}]},{"id":"773ff77a-fcdf-452f-bb38-feca2fce1d0f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Prejudice is a [ ] based on [ ].","back":"Prejudice is a negative attitude or judgement based on social group membership.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Prejudice is a negative attitude or judgement based on social group membership.","correct":true,"explanation":"Prejudice is an unfavourable attitude or judgement directed at someone because they belong, or are perceived to belong, to a particular social group."},{"text":"Prejudice is a negative action or behaviour based on social group membership.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses prejudice with discrimination. Prejudice is a negative attitude or judgement based on social group membership, whereas discriminatory behaviour is an action."},{"text":"Prejudice is a reasoned attitude or judgement based on reliable evidence.","correct":false,"explanation":"A judgement grounded in reliable evidence about individual conduct is not prejudice. Prejudice is a negative attitude or judgement based on social group membership."},{"text":"Prejudice is a negative attitude or judgement based on individual personal conduct.","correct":false,"explanation":"An unfavourable judgement based on a person’s individual actions is not necessarily prejudice. Prejudice specifically bases a negative attitude or judgement on social group membership."}]},{"id":"bab4b1b5-9537-4d53-aafa-012bc8227d0b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If obedience is explained by an authority figure's uniform or legitimacy, what type of explanation is this?","back":"A situational explanation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A situational explanation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Uniform and legitimacy are features of the external context surrounding an order. Explanations based on such environmental influences are therefore situational explanations."},{"text":"A dispositional explanation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A dispositional explanation locates the cause within the individual, such as their personality. Uniform and legitimacy are external features, so they provide a situational explanation."},{"text":"A biological explanation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A biological explanation would emphasise inherited, neurological or physiological factors. An authority figure’s uniform or legitimacy belongs to the social situation, making this situational."},{"text":"A cognitive explanation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cognitive explanation concentrates on mental processes such as perception or reasoning. Uniform and legitimacy are external contextual factors, so the explanation is situational."}]},{"id":"0e7acbc2-2b01-4e12-b065-406c5c8bf3c3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What do individual-differences explanations add to situational explanations?","back":"The same situation may affect people differently because personalities differ.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The same situation may affect people differently because personalities differ.","correct":true,"explanation":"Individual-differences explanations show that external circumstances do not affect everyone identically. Personality differences can produce different responses among people facing the same situation."},{"text":"The same situation must affect everyone identically regardless of personality.","correct":false,"explanation":"This removes the individual variation that personality explanations are intended to identify. The same situation may affect people differently because their personalities differ."},{"text":"The external situation completely determines behaviour regardless of personality.","correct":false,"explanation":"This gives the situation exclusive explanatory power and overlooks personal characteristics. Individual-differences explanations propose that the same situation can affect people differently because personalities differ."},{"text":"The individual personality completely determines behaviour regardless of situation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Personality can influence responses, but individual-differences explanations do not imply that situations are irrelevant. They show that the same situation may affect different personalities differently."}]},{"id":"128a6605-a85a-428b-8555-7d170c71a6f2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which personality explanation did Adorno et al. (1950) link to obedience and prejudice?","back":"The authoritarian personality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The authoritarian personality.","correct":true,"explanation":"Adorno and colleagues proposed the authoritarian personality, characterised by submission to authority, conventional values and hostility towards lower-status groups, as an explanation of obedience and prejudice."},{"text":"The agentic personality.","correct":false,"explanation":"The agentic state is Milgram’s situational account of obedience, not the personality explanation proposed by Adorno and colleagues. Their explanation was the authoritarian personality."},{"text":"The independent personality.","correct":false,"explanation":"An internal locus of control is generally associated with greater independence and resistance to social influence. Adorno and colleagues instead identified the authoritarian personality."},{"text":"The conformist personality.","correct":false,"explanation":"A conformist personality is not Adorno and colleagues’ named explanation. They linked obedience and prejudice specifically to the authoritarian personality."}]},{"id":"23950e98-7030-48ce-ac19-7d484daca710","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An authoritarian personality involves strong respect for authority, commitment to traditional values, and [ ] towards people seen as [ ].","back":"An authoritarian personality involves strong respect for authority, commitment to traditional values, and hostility towards people seen as weaker, lower status or different.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An authoritarian personality involves strong respect for authority, commitment to traditional values, and hostility towards people seen as weaker, lower status or different.","correct":true,"explanation":"The authoritarian personality combines submission to recognised authority with hostility towards people perceived as weaker, lower status or outside accepted conventional groups."},{"text":"An authoritarian personality involves strong respect for authority, commitment to traditional values, and tolerance towards people seen as weaker, lower status or different.","correct":false,"explanation":"Authoritarian individuals are characterised by hostility, not tolerance, towards those perceived as weak, lower status or different. This hostility helps explain their susceptibility to prejudice."},{"text":"An authoritarian personality involves strong respect for authority, commitment to traditional values, and hostility towards people seen as stronger, higher status or powerful.","correct":false,"explanation":"Authoritarianism involves submission towards powerful authorities but hostility towards weaker or lower-status targets. It does not primarily involve hostility towards people seen as stronger or higher status."},{"text":"An authoritarian personality involves strong respect for authority, commitment to traditional values, and compassion towards people seen as weaker, lower status or different.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compassion for disadvantaged or different groups is inconsistent with the prejudiced orientation described by Adorno. The authoritarian personality instead involves hostility towards such groups."}]},{"id":"e65800c6-9194-433a-aaa5-c7712e21bc75","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Do authoritarian traits guarantee obedience and prejudice, or increase their likelihood?","back":"They increase likelihood, not guarantee outcomes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They increase likelihood, not guarantee outcomes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Authoritarian traits are dispositional risk factors that make obedience and prejudice more likely, but situational influences and other individual differences mean they do not determine behaviour."},{"text":"They guarantee obedience, but not prejudice.","correct":false,"explanation":"Personality traits cannot guarantee obedience, because situational factors such as proximity and authority setting also affect behaviour. Authoritarian traits increase the likelihood of both obedience and prejudice."},{"text":"They guarantee both outcomes in every situation.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is a deterministic interpretation that ignores situational and social influences on behaviour. Authoritarian traits increase the likelihood of obedience and prejudice rather than guaranteeing either outcome."},{"text":"They decrease likelihood, rather than guarantee outcomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the proposed relationship. Greater authoritarianism is associated with an increased likelihood of obedience and prejudice, although it does not make these behaviours inevitable."}]},{"id":"084c7af3-af32-4abd-b847-ba308e6dc33d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What kind of parenting did Adorno et al. suggest can develop authoritarian personality?","back":"Strict, punitive parenting.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Strict, punitive parenting.","correct":true,"explanation":"Adorno et al. argued that harsh discipline and conditional affection encourage children to suppress hostility towards their parents, contributing to the development of an authoritarian personality."},{"text":"Permissive, indulgent parenting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Permissive parenting involves few demands or punishments, so it does not match Adorno’s proposed cause. The theory emphasises strict, punitive parenting and conditional affection."},{"text":"Warm, democratic parenting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Warm, democratic parenting encourages open communication rather than suppressed hostility and rigid submission. Adorno et al. specifically linked authoritarian personality to strict, punitive parenting."},{"text":"Inconsistent, neglectful parenting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although inconsistency or neglect may affect development, it was not Adorno et al.’s proposed explanation. They focused on strict, punitive parenting that demands obedience."}]},{"id":"67daeea0-ed0f-4e48-b893-f7271d10c56a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might a child raised by strict, punitive parents redirect anger?","back":"They cannot safely express anger towards their parents.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They cannot safely express anger towards their parents.","correct":true,"explanation":"A dependent child may fear punishment or rejection if they challenge strict parents, so hostility is suppressed and may later be displaced onto a safer target."},{"text":"They do not experience any anger towards their parents.","correct":false,"explanation":"Strict punishment may produce anger rather than eliminate it. The child redirects this hostility because they cannot safely express anger towards the powerful parents who caused it."},{"text":"They are encouraged to express anger towards their parents.","correct":false,"explanation":"This contradicts the proposed effects of punitive parenting, where open defiance risks punishment. The child cannot safely express anger towards the parents and may therefore displace it."},{"text":"They can only express affection towards their parents.","correct":false,"explanation":"Conditional affection may encourage outward compliance, but the key mechanism is suppressed hostility. The child cannot safely express anger towards strict parents, so it may be redirected."}]},{"id":"7931b87b-3c3e-419a-b92c-97ef6ba81a9d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In displacement, feelings towards one target are [ ] onto a [ ].","back":"In displacement, feelings towards one target are redirected onto a safer or more available target.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In displacement, feelings towards one target are redirected onto a safer or more available target.","correct":true,"explanation":"Displacement is a defence mechanism in which emotions that cannot safely be expressed towards their original source are redirected towards a less threatening or more accessible target."},{"text":"In displacement, feelings towards one target are suppressed onto a safer or more available target.","correct":false,"explanation":"Suppression means holding feelings back, not transferring them onto somebody else. In displacement, feelings are redirected from their original source onto a safer or more available target."},{"text":"In displacement, feelings towards one target are redirected onto a more powerful and threatening target.","correct":false,"explanation":"Displaced feelings are usually aimed at a less threatening target because confronting the original or more powerful target feels unsafe. The target is safer or more available."},{"text":"In displacement, feelings towards one target are projected onto a person believed to share those feelings.","correct":false,"explanation":"Projection involves attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings to somebody else. Displacement instead redirects feelings from their original source onto a safer or more available target."}]},{"id":"a4ec1c99-d2d0-4c21-9d39-063b46d55e94","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Adorno's explanation, anger at strict parents may be displaced onto whom?","back":"Minority or lower-status groups.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Minority or lower-status groups.","correct":true,"explanation":"Adorno proposed that hostility towards powerful parents may be redirected onto minority or lower-status groups because they are perceived as safer, less powerful targets."},{"text":"Powerful or higher-status authorities.","correct":false,"explanation":"Authoritarian individuals tend to submit to powerful authorities rather than direct hostility towards them. Suppressed anger is displaced onto minority or lower-status groups perceived as safer targets."},{"text":"Supportive or permissive parents.","correct":false,"explanation":"The original hostility is generated by strict, punitive parenting, and confronting parents may feel unsafe. Adorno argued that it is displaced onto minority or lower-status groups."},{"text":"Equal or same-status peers.","correct":false,"explanation":"This misses the power imbalance central to Adorno’s account. Anger is directed towards minority or lower-status groups because they offer safer targets than parents or authorities."}]},{"id":"90eec958-2d2e-4c14-a072-9dcdb8125c35","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How may authoritarian personality increase obedience?","back":"

Sees authority as legitimate.
Values hierarchy and rule-following.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Sees authority as legitimate.
Values hierarchy and rule-following.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Authoritarian individuals are predisposed to accept established authority and favour rigid social hierarchies. These attitudes make compliance with legitimate-seeming commands more likely."},{"text":"

Sees authority as illegitimate.
Values equality and independence.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These attitudes would encourage questioning or resisting commands rather than obedience. Authoritarian personality involves accepting authority as legitimate and valuing hierarchy and rule-following."},{"text":"

Sees peers as legitimate.
Values flexibility and creativity.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Respect for peers and flexibility do not explain increased submission to authority. Authoritarian individuals are more obedient because they legitimise authority and value hierarchy and rule-following."},{"text":"

Sees rules as optional.
Values autonomy and nonconformity.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating rules as optional and valuing nonconformity would make obedience less likely. Authoritarian personality instead involves viewing authority as legitimate and favouring hierarchy and rule-following."}]},{"id":"496cd50e-c2a8-4e10-97d4-ce26183bb21d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did Elms and Milgram (1966) find about obedient participants?","back":"More obedient participants scored higher on authoritarianism than defiant participants.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"More obedient participants scored higher on authoritarianism than defiant participants.","correct":true,"explanation":"Elms and Milgram found an association between obedience and authoritarian personality: participants who had obeyed in Milgram’s study tended to obtain higher authoritarianism scores than defiant participants."},{"text":"More defiant participants scored higher on authoritarianism than obedient participants.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the reported relationship. Elms and Milgram found that obedient participants, not defiant participants, tended to score higher on measures of authoritarianism."},{"text":"More obedient participants scored lower on authoritarianism than defiant participants.","correct":false,"explanation":"The direction of the score difference is reversed here. Participants who obeyed tended to score higher, rather than lower, on authoritarianism than those who defied the experimenter."},{"text":"More obedient participants scored equally on authoritarianism to defiant participants.","correct":false,"explanation":"Elms and Milgram did not report equal authoritarianism across the two groups. Obedient participants scored higher on authoritarianism than participants who had defied the experimenter."}]},{"id":"25f4df39-ec49-4427-80d9-deafc1154975","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Obeying because a manager's authority is accepted as legitimate shows [ ].","back":"Obeying because a manager's authority is accepted as legitimate shows authoritarian submission.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"authoritarian submission","correct":true,"explanation":"Authoritarian submission is an uncritical willingness to obey established authorities viewed as legitimate, so it explains compliance with a manager whose authority is accepted."},{"text":"authoritarian aggression","correct":false,"explanation":"Authoritarian aggression is hostility towards people who violate conventional values, not obedience to legitimate authority. Accepting a manager’s right to command demonstrates authoritarian submission."},{"text":"conventionalism","correct":false,"explanation":"Conventionalism means strong adherence to traditional social norms and values. Obedience arising from acceptance of a manager’s legitimate authority specifically demonstrates authoritarian submission."},{"text":"displaced aggression","correct":false,"explanation":"Displaced aggression redirects hostility from its original source towards a safer target. Compliance based on accepting a manager’s legitimate authority instead shows authoritarian submission."}]},{"id":"4fde4673-365d-4daa-b234-181116b4dde0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which groups are likely targets of prejudice for someone high in authoritarian traits?","back":"Groups seen as threatening traditional values or social order.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Groups seen as threatening traditional values or social order.","correct":true,"explanation":"Authoritarian personalities tend to be hostile towards groups perceived as challenging established norms, traditions, authority, or the stability of the existing social order."},{"text":"Groups seen as supporting traditional values or social order.","correct":false,"explanation":"Supporting established values would make a group less likely to attract authoritarian hostility. The likely targets are groups seen as threatening traditional values or social order."},{"text":"Groups seen as competing for scarce resources or employment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Competition for scarce resources predicts prejudice under realistic conflict theory. Authoritarian prejudice is instead directed towards groups perceived as threatening traditional values or social order."},{"text":"Groups seen as representing accepted values or social stability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Authoritarian individuals generally identify with socially accepted groups rather than targeting them. Their prejudice is more likely to focus on groups threatening traditional values or social order."}]},{"id":"3ed14ec2-9fa8-48c9-8f03-56d53a27f2fa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a prejudice scenario, what authoritarian feature is suggested by "traditional values"?","back":"Conventionalism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Conventionalism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Conventionalism involves rigid adherence to traditional, socially accepted values. A strong emphasis on maintaining “traditional values” therefore indicates this feature of authoritarianism."},{"text":"Authoritarian aggression.","correct":false,"explanation":"Authoritarian aggression is hostility towards people who violate accepted norms, not the commitment to traditional values itself. That commitment is called conventionalism."},{"text":"Authoritarian submission.","correct":false,"explanation":"Authoritarian submission means uncritical obedience to recognised authorities. An emphasis on following traditional values specifically demonstrates conventionalism instead."},{"text":"Acquiescence bias.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acquiescence is a questionnaire response bias involving habitual agreement. The authoritarian feature involving rigid support for traditional values is conventionalism."}]},{"id":"d0f4202c-3e1e-4dfc-a5b0-d2e6c1570458","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If a researcher used Adorno et al.'s F-scale, what were they trying to measure?","back":"Authoritarian tendencies.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Authoritarian tendencies.","correct":true,"explanation":"Adorno et al. designed the F-scale to assess susceptibility to the authoritarian personality, including conventionalism, authoritarian submission, and authoritarian aggression."},{"text":"Acquiescence bias.","correct":false,"explanation":"The F-scale may be affected by acquiescence bias because its items point in one direction, but measuring that bias was not its purpose. It was designed to measure authoritarian tendencies."},{"text":"Prejudice levels.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although authoritarianism may correlate with prejudice, the F-scale does not directly measure prejudice against particular groups. Its intended construct is authoritarian tendencies."},{"text":"Social conformity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social conformity can involve following group norms, but it is not the construct assessed by Adorno et al.’s F-scale. The scale was intended to measure authoritarian tendencies."}]},{"id":"e2ee9aae-47ad-4121-8e39-db1424005fda","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Acquiescence bias is the tendency to [ ] with questionnaire items regardless of [ ].","back":"Acquiescence bias is the tendency to agree with questionnaire items regardless of actual beliefs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Acquiescence bias is the tendency to agree with questionnaire items regardless of actual beliefs.","correct":true,"explanation":"Acquiescence bias occurs when respondents habitually agree with statements rather than answering according to what they genuinely think or believe."},{"text":"Acquiescence bias is the tendency to disagree with questionnaire items regardless of actual beliefs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Habitually disagreeing is not acquiescence, which specifically means a tendency to agree. Acquiescent respondents endorse items regardless of their actual beliefs."},{"text":"Acquiescence bias is the tendency to agree with questionnaire items regardless of social approval.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acquiescence is defined by responding without reference to actual beliefs, not by ignoring social approval. It involves agreeing with questionnaire items regardless of genuine views."},{"text":"Acquiescence bias is the tendency to disagree with questionnaire items regardless of social approval.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses acquiescence with a general pattern of negative responding and social desirability concerns. Acquiescence means agreeing with items regardless of actual beliefs."}]},{"id":"2bbf7d44-cb81-4c6d-b85c-43853b2085e1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do same-direction F-scale items reduce validity?","back":"They may measure agreement tendency, not genuine authoritarianism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They may measure agreement tendency, not genuine authoritarianism.","correct":true,"explanation":"When all items point in the same direction, habitual agreement produces a high score even without authoritarian beliefs. The scale may therefore measure acquiescence rather than its intended construct."},{"text":"They may measure disagreement tendency, not genuine authoritarianism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Same-direction items encourage habitual agreement, not habitual disagreement. Consequently, high scores may reflect agreement tendency rather than genuine authoritarianism."},{"text":"They may measure reading ability, not genuine authoritarianism.","correct":false,"explanation":"The direction in which items are worded does not turn the scale into a test of reading ability. Its validity is reduced because scores may reflect agreement tendency."},{"text":"They may measure memory ability, not genuine authoritarianism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Answering similarly worded items does not assess how well respondents remember information. The specific validity problem is that same-direction items may measure agreement tendency."}]},{"id":"bbc9372d-77ed-4959-9d7f-1e283cbd19e2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does a correlation between authoritarianism and prejudice not prove causation?","back":"Other variables may influence both personality and prejudice.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Other variables may influence both personality and prejudice.","correct":true,"explanation":"A third variable, such as upbringing or education, could contribute to both authoritarian personality traits and prejudice. Correlation alone cannot isolate a direct causal effect."},{"text":"Correlation coefficients cannot show any relationship between variables.","correct":false,"explanation":"Correlation coefficients quantify the strength and direction of an association, so they do show a relationship. Causation remains uncertain because other variables may influence both measures."},{"text":"Personality and prejudice are the same psychological variable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Personality and prejudice are distinct constructs, even if they are statistically associated. The causal conclusion is uncertain because other variables may affect both."},{"text":"A positive correlation proves prejudice causes authoritarianism instead.","correct":false,"explanation":"A positive correlation does not establish which variable causes the other, so prejudice cannot automatically be identified as the cause. Other variables may also influence both."}]},{"id":"f592944e-4871-44eb-9df2-b65a3fb9e62d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which explanation fits prejudice caused by groups competing for resources?","back":"Realistic conflict theory.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Realistic conflict theory.","correct":true,"explanation":"Realistic conflict theory proposes that competition between groups for limited resources, such as jobs, territory, or money, creates hostility and prejudice."},{"text":"Social identity theory.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social identity theory explains prejudice through in-group identification and self-esteem, even without resource competition. Competition over limited resources is explained by realistic conflict theory."},{"text":"Authoritarian personality theory.","correct":false,"explanation":"Authoritarian personality theory explains prejudice through dispositional traits such as conventionalism and hostility towards norm violators. Resource competition is explained by realistic conflict theory."},{"text":"Social learning theory.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social learning theory focuses on prejudice acquired by observing and imitating influential models. Prejudice arising specifically from competition for resources fits realistic conflict theory."}]},{"id":"3752e3eb-2434-48ac-9214-d77ae8056a65","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does social identity theory explain prejudice?","back":"People favour their in-group to boost self-esteem.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"People favour their in-group to boost self-esteem.","correct":true,"explanation":"Social identity theory argues that people categorise themselves into groups and favour their own group, gaining positive distinctiveness and enhanced self-esteem through comparison with out-groups."},{"text":"People favour their out-group to boost self-esteem.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social identity theory predicts in-group favouritism rather than preferential treatment of an out-group. Positive comparisons with out-groups help enhance self-esteem."},{"text":"People favour their in-group to reduce self-esteem.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social identity theory proposes that favourable comparisons enhance rather than reduce self-esteem. People favour their in-group to achieve a positive social identity."},{"text":"People favour their authority figures to boost self-esteem.","correct":false,"explanation":"Favouring authority figures is associated more closely with authoritarian submission than social identity theory. Social identity theory focuses on favouring the in-group to boost self-esteem."}]},{"id":"fd206535-f832-4774-b9f2-9aa97ff01b03","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a personality-only explanation of prejudice be reductionist?","back":"It ignores media, institutions, family, peers and inequality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It ignores media, institutions, family, peers and inequality.","correct":true,"explanation":"A personality-only account reduces prejudice to individual traits while overlooking social influences and structural inequalities that can shape or reinforce prejudiced attitudes."},{"text":"It ignores genes, hormones, brain structures and neurotransmitters.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding biological factors would still focus mainly on the individual. The explanation is reductionist because it neglects wider influences such as media, institutions, family, peers and inequality."},{"text":"It ignores questionnaires, interviews, observations and experiments.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are research methods rather than causes of prejudice. Personality-only explanations are reductionist because they overlook media, institutions, family, peers and inequality."},{"text":"It ignores reliability, validity, objectivity and replicability.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are criteria for evaluating research quality, not alternative explanations of prejudice. Reductionism arises from ignoring media, institutions, family, peers and inequality."}]},{"id":"f545e020-9b1e-46a2-b309-88ba20e7709c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is confidentiality especially important in prejudice questionnaires?","back":"They involve sensitive attitudes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They involve sensitive attitudes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Prejudice questionnaires may reveal socially unacceptable or personally damaging beliefs. Confidentiality protects participants from identification, embarrassment, discrimination or other negative consequences."},{"text":"They involve large sample sizes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sample size does not itself create a special need for confidentiality. Protection is especially important because prejudice questionnaires investigate sensitive attitudes that could harm participants if disclosed."},{"text":"They involve standardised instructions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Standardised instructions improve consistency but do not explain the heightened confidentiality requirement. The key issue is that participants disclose sensitive attitudes about social groups."},{"text":"They involve objective numerical scores.","correct":false,"explanation":"Numerical scoring can aid analysis, but it does not make confidentiality especially important. The need arises because responses expose sensitive attitudes that participants may not express publicly."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Individual differences in obedience/prejudice","title":"Individual differences in obedience/prejudice Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/psychology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"497b020f-8a89-5193-8700-9f860f92ed35","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]