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rehabilitation and lower recidivism rather than simply imposing a penalty for past behaviour."},{"text":"Past offending, not just punishment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Past offending has already happened, so an intervention cannot reduce it. The treatment aim is to reduce future offending by changing factors that make reoffending more likely."},{"text":"Prison crowding, not just punishment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reducing prison crowding may be a policy goal, but it is not what makes an intervention a treatment. Treatment is defined by aiming to reduce future offending."},{"text":"Court delays, not just punishment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Court delays concern the justice process rather than offender change. A treatment intervention is one that aims to reduce future offending, not merely speed up punishment."}]},{"id":"0dbe7329-2d54-463c-91d3-36ad21530de9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Reoffending after punishment or rehabilitation is [ ].","back":"Reoffending after punishment or rehabilitation is recidivism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"recidivism","correct":true,"explanation":"Recidivism means reoffending after punishment, treatment or rehabilitation, so it is the key outcome used to judge whether an offender intervention has worked."},{"text":"rehabilitation","correct":false,"explanation":"Rehabilitation is the process of trying to reform an offender, not the return to offending afterwards. The term for reoffending after punishment or treatment is recidivism."},{"text":"deterrence","correct":false,"explanation":"Deterrence means discouraging crime through the threat or experience of punishment. Reoffending after punishment or rehabilitation is called recidivism."},{"text":"incarceration","correct":false,"explanation":"Incarceration means imprisonment, which may be part of punishment. The specific term for reoffending after punishment or rehabilitation is recidivism."}]},{"id":"7c94b3ec-68fc-424a-8176-683c6e3349f4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which body-level functioning does a biological treatment try to change or support?","back":"The body’s physiological functioning.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The body’s physiological functioning.","correct":true,"explanation":"Biological treatments focus on bodily processes such as nutrition, neurotransmitters and brain function, so they aim to change or support physiological functioning."},{"text":"The body’s moral functioning.","correct":false,"explanation":"Moral functioning refers to values and reasoning, which fits psychological or cognitive approaches more than biological treatment. Biological treatment targets physiological functioning in the body."},{"text":"The body’s legal functioning.","correct":false,"explanation":"Legal functioning is not a body-level process; it relates to rules, courts and responsibility. Biological treatments try to alter or support physiological functioning."},{"text":"The body’s social functioning.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social functioning concerns relationships and social behaviour, not direct body processes. A biological treatment is defined by its focus on physiological functioning."}]},{"id":"83034eb5-2c24-4f84-9790-8b96fe38d207","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Improved diet supports [ ] to reduce [ ].","back":"Improved diet supports brain functioning to reduce antisocial behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Improved diet supports brain functioning to reduce antisocial behaviour.","correct":true,"explanation":"The biological argument is that better nutrients support brain processes involved in mood, attention and impulse control, which may then reduce antisocial behaviour."},{"text":"Improved diet supports muscle growth to reduce antisocial behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Muscle growth is a physical effect of nutrition, but it is not the proposed route to behaviour change. The theory is that improved diet supports brain functioning to reduce antisocial behaviour."},{"text":"Improved diet supports brain functioning to reduce court sentencing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Court sentencing is decided by the legal system, not directly reduced by diet. Improved nutrition is proposed to support brain functioning and thereby reduce antisocial behaviour."},{"text":"Improved diet supports social status to reduce criminal responsibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses biological treatment with social and legal ideas. The diet explanation focuses on supporting brain functioning, with the intended behavioural outcome being reduced antisocial behaviour."}]},{"id":"78ec0e3b-85cb-455e-a67d-98f574a665c1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which neurotransmitter is often linked to aggression and impulse control?","back":"Serotonin.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Serotonin.","correct":true,"explanation":"Serotonin is commonly linked with mood regulation and impulse control, and low serotonergic activity is often associated with aggressive or impulsive behaviour."},{"text":"Dopamine.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dopamine is more strongly linked with reward and motivation, so it is a tempting confusion. In this context, aggression and impulse control are most often linked to serotonin."},{"text":"Adrenaline.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adrenaline is associated with arousal and the fight-or-flight response, but the neurotransmitter most often linked to aggression and impulse control is serotonin."},{"text":"Testosterone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Testosterone is a hormone often discussed in relation to aggression, which makes it tempting. The neurotransmitter usually linked to impulse control and aggression is serotonin."}]},{"id":"05c79660-c7fe-4ba9-b0cf-b4b8ea89b61b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Low [ ] activity has been associated with [ ].","back":"Low serotonin activity has been associated with impulsive aggression.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Low serotonin activity has been associated with impulsive aggression.","correct":true,"explanation":"Low serotonin activity is associated with poorer impulse control and emotional regulation, which can make impulsive aggression more likely."},{"text":"Low dopamine activity has been associated with impulsive aggression.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dopamine is often linked to reward and motivation, so it is a plausible mix-up. The association usually taught here is low serotonin activity with impulsive aggression."},{"text":"Low serotonin activity has been associated with improved self-control.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship: low serotonin is linked with poorer impulse control, not better regulation. The correct association is low serotonin activity with impulsive aggression."},{"text":"Low adrenaline activity has been associated with planned offending.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adrenaline concerns physiological arousal, and planned offending is not the classic association here. The standard link is low serotonin activity with impulsive aggression."}]},{"id":"2fb29ee5-a86b-4ae6-9b6f-78a7c0c1f76f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do vitamins/minerals and essential fatty acids support brain function?","back":"

Vitamins/minerals support metabolism and neurotransmitter production.
Essential fatty acids support membranes and brain communication.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Vitamins/minerals support metabolism and neurotransmitter production.
Essential fatty acids support membranes and brain communication.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Vitamins and minerals help biochemical processes needed for neurotransmitters, while essential fatty acids are important for cell membranes and signalling in the brain."},{"text":"

Vitamins/minerals block metabolism and neurotransmitter production.
Essential fatty acids support membranes and brain communication.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This makes vitamins and minerals sound harmful rather than supportive. The correct idea is that they support metabolism and neurotransmitter production, alongside fatty acids supporting membranes and communication."},{"text":"

Vitamins/minerals support metabolism and neurotransmitter production.
Essential fatty acids weaken membranes and brain communication.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Essential fatty acids do not weaken communication; they help maintain membranes involved in neural signalling. Vitamins and minerals also support metabolism and neurotransmitter production."},{"text":"

Vitamins/minerals support punishment and sentence length.
Essential fatty acids support courts and brain communication.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses biological mechanisms with criminal justice processes. Diet is proposed to affect brain function through metabolism, neurotransmitter production, membranes and neural communication."}]},{"id":"5df08d18-6a9f-4ab5-abfe-e412d7f51305","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is improved diet meant to reduce aggressive or antisocial behaviour?","back":"

Better nutrition improves brain functioning.
Impulse control improves, reducing aggression.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Better nutrition improves brain functioning.
Impulse control improves, reducing aggression.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The treatment logic is that better nutrition supports brain processes linked to attention and self-regulation, so improved impulse control should reduce aggressive behaviour."},{"text":"

Better nutrition improves muscle functioning.
Impulse control improves, reducing aggression.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Muscle functioning may change with diet, but it is not the proposed psychological route. The key claim is that better nutrition improves brain functioning, which supports impulse control."},{"text":"

Better nutrition improves brain functioning.
Impulse control worsens, reducing aggression.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Worsened impulse control would normally increase aggressive outbursts, not reduce them. The intended mechanism is improved brain functioning leading to better impulse control and less aggression."},{"text":"

Better nutrition improves legal reasoning.
Impulse control improves, reducing punishment.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This shifts the explanation towards legal judgement and punishment rather than biological behaviour change. Improved diet is meant to support brain functioning and reduce aggression through better impulse control."}]},{"id":"07b370bf-7ef1-45ac-ae80-b3534e7b900c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why are prisons or young offender institutions suitable for improved diet?","back":"Food can be controlled more easily than in the community.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Food can be controlled more easily than in the community.","correct":true,"explanation":"Prisons and young offender institutions provide centralised control over meals, so researchers can regulate what participants eat more easily than people living freely in the community."},{"text":"Food can be measured more accurately than in the community.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although food intake may be measured, the key advantage is control rather than accuracy of measurement. Prison catering allows researchers to control diets more easily than in the community."},{"text":"Food can be prepared more cheaply than in the community.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lower preparation costs are not the relevant methodological advantage. The important point is that prison meals can be controlled more easily than diets outside the institution."},{"text":"Food can be chosen more freely than in the community.","correct":false,"explanation":"Prisoners generally have less choice over meals, not more. This option reverses the relevant point: institutional settings make food easier to control than community settings."}]},{"id":"5e707e75-a732-4adc-8c0c-6b9342aa12ab","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a prison with impulsive fights, what behaviour is improved diet mainly targeting?","back":"Impulsive aggression.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Impulsive aggression.","correct":true,"explanation":"Improved diet is intended to reduce impulsive aggression, meaning sudden, poorly controlled aggressive behaviour such as fights that occur without careful planning."},{"text":"Planned aggression.","correct":false,"explanation":"Planned aggression is deliberate and organised, whereas the dietary intervention mainly targets sudden, poorly controlled aggressive behaviour. The correct target is impulsive aggression."},{"text":"Social anxiety.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social anxiety concerns fear or discomfort in social situations, not sudden fighting. Improved diet in this context is aimed at reducing impulsive aggression."},{"text":"Criminal motivation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Criminal motivation refers to reasons for offending and is not the specific behaviour measured in this intervention. The target behaviour was impulsive aggression."}]},{"id":"f3de208e-9b8d-4e5e-861e-131a075bf36a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Gesch et al. (2002) tested supplements using a [ ] with [ ].","back":"Gesch et al. (2002) tested supplements using a double-blind placebo-controlled trial with young adult prisoners.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Gesch et al. (2002) tested supplements using a double-blind placebo-controlled trial with young adult prisoners.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gesch et al. used a double-blind placebo-controlled trial, so neither participants nor researchers knew who received supplements, and the sample consisted of young adult prisoners."},{"text":"Gesch et al. (2002) tested supplements using a single-blind controlled trial with adult probationers.","correct":false,"explanation":"This changes both key details: the study was double-blind and involved young adult prisoners. A single-blind design with probationers does not describe Gesch et al.’s procedure."},{"text":"Gesch et al. (2002) tested supplements using a natural experiment with young adult prisoners.","correct":false,"explanation":"The participants were young adult prisoners, but the study was not a natural experiment. It was a double-blind placebo-controlled trial involving an administered supplement."},{"text":"Gesch et al. (2002) tested supplements using a double-blind placebo-controlled trial with juvenile offenders.","correct":false,"explanation":"The research used the correct double-blind placebo-controlled design, but its participants were young adult prisoners rather than juvenile offenders."}]},{"id":"88c86590-9f72-4686-96eb-e3f418eb63c1","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What nutrient types were in the active supplement in Gesch et al. (2002)?","back":"

Vitamins
Minerals
Essential fatty acids

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Vitamins
Minerals
Essential fatty acids

","correct":true,"explanation":"The active supplement combined vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids, providing several nutrients that could influence biological processes linked with behaviour."},{"text":"

Vitamins
Proteins
Simple carbohydrates

","correct":false,"explanation":"This option replaces the studied minerals and essential fatty acids with proteins and simple carbohydrates. Gesch et al.’s active supplement contained vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids."},{"text":"

Minerals
Antibiotics
Essential fatty acids

","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibiotics were not a nutrient component of the supplement. The three relevant categories were vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids."},{"text":"

Vitamins
Minerals
Amino acids

","correct":false,"explanation":"Amino acids are related to protein metabolism but were not one of the listed supplement categories. The final component was essential fatty acids, alongside vitamins and minerals."}]},{"id":"c5095c83-a617-405d-b45f-1123ad37e864","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Gesch et al. (2002), what did the placebo group receive?","back":"A fake capsule without the active supplement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A fake capsule without the active supplement.","correct":true,"explanation":"The placebo group received an inactive fake capsule without the vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids, allowing outcomes to be compared with the active supplement group."},{"text":"A real capsule containing only vitamins.","correct":false,"explanation":"The placebo group did not receive an active nutrient capsule. It received a fake capsule without the active supplement, so this option incorrectly adds vitamins."},{"text":"A fake capsule containing the active supplement.","correct":false,"explanation":"A placebo must lack the active ingredients; otherwise it would not provide a valid comparison. Gesch et al.’s placebo was a fake capsule without the active supplement."},{"text":"A sugar tablet with no capsule coating.","correct":false,"explanation":"The control treatment was designed as a fake capsule, not an uncoated sugar tablet. Its purpose was to resemble the active treatment while containing no active supplement."}]},{"id":"708821f7-d0d9-47ff-8d2d-53577cdd8634","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In Gesch et al. (2002), the supplement group had about [ ] and [ ].","back":"In Gesch et al. (2002), the supplement group had about 26% fewer disciplinary offences and 37% fewer serious offences.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In Gesch et al. (2002), the supplement group had about 26% fewer disciplinary offences and 37% fewer serious offences.","correct":true,"explanation":"Compared with the placebo group, prisoners receiving the supplement committed about 26% fewer disciplinary offences and 37% fewer serious offences."},{"text":"In Gesch et al. (2002), the supplement group had about 37% fewer disciplinary offences and 26% fewer serious offences.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two percentages have been reversed. The study reported about 26% fewer disciplinary offences and 37% fewer serious offences, with the larger reduction for serious offences."},{"text":"In Gesch et al. (2002), the supplement group had about 26% more disciplinary offences and 37% more serious offences.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the direction of the findings. The supplement group had fewer offences, not more: approximately 26% fewer disciplinary and 37% fewer serious offences."},{"text":"In Gesch et al. (2002), the supplement group had about 16% fewer disciplinary offences and 27% fewer serious offences.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are plausible but inaccurate reductions, likely caused by misremembering the figures. The reported values were about 26% fewer disciplinary offences and 37% fewer serious offences."}]},{"id":"0e82e7ff-8705-4be1-94d3-903d84156ef3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Gesch et al. use a double-blind procedure?","back":"

Reduces demand characteristics.
Reduces researcher bias.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Reduces demand characteristics.
Reduces researcher bias.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A double-blind procedure prevents participants from changing behaviour based on treatment expectations and prevents researchers’ expectations influencing treatment or assessment, reducing demand characteristics and researcher bias."},{"text":"

Reduces participant attrition.
Reduces sampling bias.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Blinding does not mainly prevent participants dropping out or correct how the sample was selected. It reduces demand characteristics and researcher bias by hiding treatment allocation."},{"text":"

Reduces social desirability.
Reduces observer effects.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These may be affected by research procedures, but they are not the specific reasons given for the double-blind design here. It reduces demand characteristics and researcher bias."},{"text":"

Reduces ethical concerns.
Reduces participant deception.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Blinding can involve deception and does not remove ethical concerns. Its methodological purpose in this study was to reduce demand characteristics and researcher bias."}]},{"id":"bda7fdb0-cc3c-4e2c-9f4a-dd4579c09626","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What makes improved diet easy to apply in prisons?","back":"It fits existing meal routines without specialist therapy rooms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It fits existing meal routines without specialist therapy rooms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Improved diet can be introduced through the prison’s established catering and meal schedule, so it does not require specialist therapy rooms or extensive additional facilities."},{"text":"It fits existing exercise routines without specialist therapy rooms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Exercise routines are not the practical feature that makes a dietary intervention easy to introduce. It fits existing meal routines without requiring specialist therapy rooms."},{"text":"It fits existing medical routines without specialist therapy rooms.","correct":false,"explanation":"The intervention is delivered through food rather than ordinary medical appointments. Its practical advantage is compatibility with existing meal routines."},{"text":"It replaces existing meal routines with specialist therapy rooms.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the implementation advantage. Improved diet works within existing meal routines and avoids the need for specialist therapy rooms."}]},{"id":"ff2636eb-9018-4759-8b01-5936a1fa3643","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Improved diet is usually less intrusive than [ ] or [ ].","back":"Improved diet is usually less intrusive than hormone treatment or medication.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Improved diet is usually less intrusive than hormone treatment or medication.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dietary changes do not directly alter hormone levels or require psychoactive drugs, so they generally involve less physical intervention and fewer treatment-related risks."},{"text":"Improved diet is usually less intrusive than nutritional advice or medication.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nutritional advice is part of dietary intervention rather than a more intrusive biological treatment. The intended comparison is with hormone treatment and medication, which directly affect bodily processes."},{"text":"Improved diet is usually less intrusive than hormone treatment or vitamin supplements.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vitamin supplements can form part of an improved diet, so they are not the contrasting intrusive treatment. The two more intrusive alternatives are hormone treatment and medication."},{"text":"Improved diet is usually less intrusive than anger management or restorative justice.","correct":false,"explanation":"Anger management and restorative justice are psychological or social approaches, not the more physically intrusive biological interventions being contrasted. The correct terms are hormone treatment and medication."}]},{"id":"82c0fc29-1ff3-4ee6-b919-43b02c230055","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can improved diet be criticised as reductionist?","back":"It reduces offending to biology, ignoring social and cognitive factors.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It reduces offending to biology, ignoring social and cognitive factors.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dietary explanations focus narrowly on nutrients and biological functioning. This may overlook how thoughts, learning, relationships and wider social circumstances also contribute to offending."},{"text":"It reduces offending to social pressure, ignoring biological and cognitive factors.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the criticism because improved diet is a biological intervention, not a social explanation. It is reductionist when it reduces offending to biology and neglects social and cognitive factors."},{"text":"It reduces offending to faulty thinking, ignoring social and biological factors.","correct":false,"explanation":"Faulty thinking belongs to a cognitive explanation of offending, whereas dietary treatment focuses on biological processes. The reductionist criticism is that it privileges biology over social and cognitive influences."},{"text":"It reduces offending to free choice, ignoring biological and social factors.","correct":false,"explanation":"Free choice is associated with explanations based on personal responsibility, not biological reductionism. Improved diet is criticised for reducing offending to biology while overlooking social and cognitive influences."}]},{"id":"49f36977-d3a3-4381-9dab-5530c4f69fee","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Improved diet is likely less useful for which kind of offending?","back":"Carefully planned crimes, such as fraud or organised crime.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Carefully planned crimes, such as fraud or organised crime.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dietary interventions are more likely to affect impulsivity or aggression than deliberate decision-making. Fraud and organised crime involve planning, so nutritional changes alone are unlikely to prevent them."},{"text":"Impulsive violent crimes, such as sudden assault or battery.","correct":false,"explanation":"Impulsive violence is precisely the kind of behaviour improved diet might reduce by affecting mood, aggression or self-control. It is less useful for carefully planned crimes such as fraud or organised crime."},{"text":"Reactive aggressive crimes, such as fighting or criminal damage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reactive aggression may be influenced by poor emotional regulation, which dietary improvements could potentially affect. Carefully planned crimes, including fraud and organised crime, are less likely to respond."},{"text":"Spontaneous disorder offences, such as rioting or public fighting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spontaneous disorder can involve impulsivity and aggression, making biological influences potentially relevant. Improved diet is less useful for carefully planned crimes such as fraud or organised crime."}]},{"id":"e5d6a5bd-5772-4feb-bc47-0d505b41f44a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is reduced prison rule-breaking not the same as reduced recidivism?","back":"Better prison behaviour may not mean no reoffending after release.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Better prison behaviour may not mean no reoffending after release.","correct":true,"explanation":"Following prison rules measures behaviour in a controlled institution, whereas recidivism concerns offending after release. Improvement in one setting does not prove that criminal behaviour will stop outside prison."},{"text":"Better prison behaviour may not mean no offending before imprisonment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Past offending has already occurred and cannot measure the treatment’s effect. Recidivism concerns whether prisoners offend again after release, which good behaviour inside prison cannot establish."},{"text":"Better prison behaviour may not mean no punishment during imprisonment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Receiving punishment in prison is not the definition of recidivism. The key issue is that rule-following inside prison may not translate into no reoffending after release."},{"text":"Better prison behaviour may not mean no rule-breaking by other prisoners.","correct":false,"explanation":"The behaviour of other prisoners is irrelevant to an individual’s recidivism. Reduced prison rule-breaking does not demonstrate that the treated prisoner will avoid reoffending after release."}]},{"id":"9ec721dd-5eea-4282-84b3-5e16352dacec","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is consent a special ethical issue in prisoner research?","back":"Prisoners may feel pressured to take part.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Prisoners may feel pressured to take part.","correct":true,"explanation":"The prison power imbalance can make participation seem linked to privileges, treatment or favourable decisions. Consent may therefore be coerced rather than genuinely informed and voluntary."},{"text":"Prisoners may feel unqualified to take part.","correct":false,"explanation":"Research participation does not generally require academic qualifications. The ethical concern is that institutional authority or hoped-for benefits may pressure prisoners, undermining voluntary consent."},{"text":"Prisoners may feel too informed to take part.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being well informed supports valid consent rather than threatening it. The special concern is that prisoners may feel pressured by authority or possible rewards to participate."},{"text":"Prisoners may feel anonymous to take part.","correct":false,"explanation":"Anonymity concerns privacy and confidentiality, not whether agreement is voluntary. Prisoners’ dependence on the institution may make them feel pressured to participate in research."}]},{"id":"1a2ad6b0-8469-426e-a31c-6d797f8ccf72","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Improved diet is strongest as an [ ], not a [ ] for crime.","back":"Improved diet is strongest as an additional support, not a stand-alone cure for crime.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Improved diet is strongest as an additional support, not a stand-alone cure for crime.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nutrition may reduce risk factors such as impulsivity or aggression, but offending has multiple biological, cognitive and social causes. Diet therefore works best alongside other interventions."},{"text":"Improved diet is strongest as an complete solution, not a supporting intervention for crime.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the appropriate conclusion by treating diet as sufficient on its own. Because offending has many causes, improved diet is additional support rather than a stand-alone cure."},{"text":"Improved diet is strongest as an additional support, not a biological influence for crime.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diet is itself a biological influence because nutrients can affect brain functioning and behaviour. The limitation is that it should be additional support, not a stand-alone cure."},{"text":"Improved diet is strongest as an stand-alone cure, not a preventative support for crime.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calling diet a stand-alone cure exaggerates its effectiveness and ignores the complexity of offending. It is strongest as additional support used alongside psychological and social approaches."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Biological treatment for offenders","title":"Biological treatment for offenders Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/psychology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"c4c5f1ae-9318-5377-a6fe-26e78a00d6a9","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]