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describes interaction conducted through digital technologies, such as messaging, email or social media, rather than through direct face-to-face contact."},{"text":"face-to-face communication (FtF)","correct":false,"explanation":"Face-to-face communication occurs through direct physical interaction, rather than through digital technology. The correct term for digitally mediated interaction is computer-mediated communication (CMC)."},{"text":"synchronous communication","correct":false,"explanation":"Synchronous communication specifically occurs in real time and can include video calls or live messaging. The broader term for interaction through digital technology is computer-mediated communication (CMC)."},{"text":"non-verbal communication","correct":false,"explanation":"Non-verbal communication involves cues such as facial expressions, posture and gestures. Communication conducted through digital technology is called computer-mediated communication (CMC)."}]},{"id":"b061a3ea-fc9d-44a9-8ec5-04d4b664d4e8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In text-based online communication, what usually happens to social cues?","back":"They are often reduced compared with face-to-face interaction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are often reduced compared with face-to-face interaction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Text-based communication removes or limits non-verbal information such as facial expressions, gestures and tone of voice, so social cues are often reduced."},{"text":"They are often amplified compared with face-to-face interaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Text does not usually amplify social cues because it removes much non-verbal information. Social cues are often reduced compared with face-to-face interaction."},{"text":"They are often unchanged compared with face-to-face interaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating social cues as unchanged overlooks the loss of facial expression, posture and vocal tone. They are often reduced in text-based online communication."},{"text":"They are often more accurate compared with face-to-face interaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Text-based cues are not necessarily more accurate, as tone and emotion can be difficult to interpret. Social cues are often reduced compared with face-to-face interaction."}]},{"id":"5efce2ea-5572-4321-8307-1c5dae112e7c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can asynchronous online communication increase self-presentation control?","back":"Users have time to edit responses before sending them.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Users have time to edit responses before sending them.","correct":true,"explanation":"Asynchronous communication delays the exchange, allowing users to revise wording and selectively present information before responding. This gives them greater control over self-presentation."},{"text":"Users have less time to plan responses before sending them.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the effect of asynchronous communication, which removes pressure to reply immediately. Users have time to edit responses before sending them."},{"text":"Users receive more social cues in responses before sending them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asynchronous text communication does not generally provide more social cues. Its self-presentation advantage comes from having time to edit responses before sending them."},{"text":"Users must give immediate spontaneous responses before sending them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Immediate, spontaneous responding is associated with synchronous or face-to-face interaction. Asynchronous communication instead gives users time to edit responses before sending them."}]},{"id":"239b223f-b1df-46c7-a276-74323c98b3ab","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In social penetration theory, [ ] is the range of topics; [ ] is how personal or emotional the information is.","back":"In social penetration theory, breadth is the range of topics; depth is how personal or emotional the information is.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In social penetration theory, breadth is the range of topics; depth is how personal or emotional the information is.","correct":true,"explanation":"Breadth concerns how many different topics are discussed, whereas depth concerns the intimacy and emotional significance of the information disclosed."},{"text":"In social penetration theory, depth is the range of topics; breadth is how personal or emotional the information is.","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the two dimensions of self-disclosure. Breadth is the range of topics discussed, while depth is how personal or emotional the disclosed information is."},{"text":"In social penetration theory, frequency is the range of topics; depth is how personal or emotional the information is.","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequency concerns how often communication occurs, not the variety of topics discussed. Breadth is the range of topics, while depth measures personal or emotional intimacy."},{"text":"In social penetration theory, breadth is the range of topics; frequency is how personal or emotional the information is.","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequency describes how often communication occurs, not how intimate its content is. Breadth is the range of topics, while depth is the information’s personal or emotional quality."}]},{"id":"1e8c633d-420a-4d3d-84b5-a6f6cee36684","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does self-disclosure help relationships develop?","back":"It builds intimacy through reciprocal personal disclosure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It builds intimacy through reciprocal personal disclosure.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reciprocal self-disclosure allows partners to share increasingly personal information, developing trust and intimacy as each responds to the other’s openness."},{"text":"It builds anonymity through reciprocal personal disclosure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sharing personal information reduces anonymity rather than building it. Self-disclosure helps relationships develop because reciprocal personal disclosure creates intimacy and trust."},{"text":"It builds competition through reciprocal personal disclosure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reciprocal disclosure is normally associated with mutual trust rather than competition. It supports relationship development by building intimacy through increasingly personal exchanges."},{"text":"It builds independence through reciprocal personal disclosure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Independence does not explain why exchanging personal information strengthens a relationship. Reciprocal self-disclosure promotes intimacy by creating mutual knowledge, openness and trust."}]},{"id":"1ff05d19-8ac7-4fb0-9218-bc4f6fa44151","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which effect explains disclosing more online because you feel safer and less judged?","back":"The virtual stranger effect.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The virtual stranger effect.","correct":true,"explanation":"The virtual stranger effect describes greater disclosure to someone online because distance and relative anonymity make the interaction feel safer and less judgmental."},{"text":"The reduced cues effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced cues refer to the limited non-verbal information available online, not specifically to feeling safe enough to disclose more. That pattern is the virtual stranger effect."},{"text":"The matching hypothesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"The matching hypothesis predicts attraction between people of similar physical attractiveness. Increased online disclosure caused by feeling safer and less judged is the virtual stranger effect."},{"text":"The absence of gating effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"Absence of gating concerns barriers such as appearance or social anxiety having less influence online. Safer disclosure to an unfamiliar online person is the virtual stranger effect."}]},{"id":"2795f72c-8f56-4e07-a136-8ac5f758110b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In Walther’s hyperpersonal model, how can the sender increase online intimacy?","back":"They can edit and carefully manage self-presentation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They can edit and carefully manage self-presentation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Online senders can selectively present themselves by editing messages and choosing which information to reveal, producing an enhanced impression that may increase intimacy."},{"text":"They can respond instantly and carefully manage self-presentation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Responding instantly reduces opportunities to control wording and presentation. Walther argues that senders can increase intimacy by editing messages and carefully managing self-presentation."},{"text":"They can reveal everything and carefully manage self-presentation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Revealing everything conflicts with selective self-presentation, which depends on controlling what is disclosed. Senders increase online intimacy by editing and carefully managing their presentation."},{"text":"They can avoid feedback and carefully manage self-presentation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoiding feedback is not the sender mechanism identified in the hyperpersonal model. Greater control comes from being able to edit messages and carefully manage self-presentation."}]},{"id":"6c334881-cc99-4d3c-bd26-2eef1bd054d4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In Walther’s hyperpersonal model, why may the receiver idealise the sender?","back":"There are fewer contradictory cues online.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"There are fewer contradictory cues online.","correct":true,"explanation":"Limited online cues make it harder to notice information that conflicts with the sender’s controlled presentation, so receivers may form an idealised impression."},{"text":"There are fewer shared interests online.","correct":false,"explanation":"Having fewer shared interests would not explain idealisation and might reduce attraction. Idealisation occurs because fewer contradictory cues challenge the sender’s selective presentation online."},{"text":"There are fewer editing opportunities online.","correct":false,"explanation":"Online communication often provides more editing opportunities, especially when it is asynchronous. Receivers may idealise senders because there are fewer contradictory cues online."},{"text":"There are fewer positive impressions online.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fewer positive impressions would make idealisation less likely, not more likely. The receiver idealises because fewer contradictory cues undermine the sender’s favourable presentation."}]},{"id":"2275f838-44e6-47af-af5c-4bab72a326b3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Joinson (2001) find about computer communication?","back":"It produced higher self-disclosure than face-to-face communication.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It produced higher self-disclosure than face-to-face communication.","correct":true,"explanation":"Joinson found that computer-mediated communication encouraged greater self-disclosure. Reduced social cues and increased anonymity can lower inhibition, making people more willing to reveal personal information."},{"text":"It produced lower self-disclosure than face-to-face communication.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Joinson’s finding. Computer-mediated communication produced higher self-disclosure than face-to-face interaction because reduced social cues can make users feel less inhibited."},{"text":"It produced higher social anxiety than face-to-face communication.","correct":false,"explanation":"Joinson investigated disclosure rather than finding increased social anxiety. Computer communication produced higher self-disclosure, as users often felt less constrained when sharing personal information online."},{"text":"It produced lower relationship satisfaction than face-to-face communication.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses self-disclosure with relationship satisfaction. Joinson found that computer communication produced higher self-disclosure than face-to-face communication, supporting the reduced-cues explanation."}]},{"id":"559b949c-468f-49f9-ac4a-b0ce6f357db7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Tidwell and Walther (2002) find about online questions?","back":"Online interactions used more direct and intimate questions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Online interactions used more direct and intimate questions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Tidwell and Walther found that online partners asked more direct and intimate questions. This active information seeking helps compensate for the absence of non-verbal social cues."},{"text":"Online interactions used more indirect and superficial questions.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both features of the finding. Online interactions involved more direct and intimate questions, allowing users to gather personal information despite reduced non-verbal cues."},{"text":"Online interactions used more formal and impersonal questions.","correct":false,"explanation":"It is tempting to assume online communication is impersonal, but participants used more direct and intimate questions. Such questioning can accelerate disclosure and relationship development."},{"text":"Online interactions used more ambiguous and cautious questions.","correct":false,"explanation":"This wrongly assumes reduced cues make users less direct. Tidwell and Walther found more direct and intimate questions, which helped online partners obtain relational information."}]},{"id":"5827c760-0fe8-4bb7-93cd-a8195f0496eb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why may early CMC research lack historical validity?","back":"Older CMC was often text-only and anonymous, unlike modern platforms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Older CMC was often text-only and anonymous, unlike modern platforms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Early studies examined forms of CMC that lacked many features of current platforms. Modern communication often includes profiles, images, video and identifiable social networks."},{"text":"Older CMC was often visual and identifiable, unlike modern platforms.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the historical difference. Older CMC was often text-only and anonymous, whereas modern platforms usually provide richer visual and identity cues."},{"text":"Older CMC was often mobile and multimedia, unlike modern platforms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mobile multimedia communication is characteristic of newer platforms, not early CMC. Older systems were commonly text-only and anonymous, limiting the historical validity of early findings."},{"text":"Older CMC was often public and video-based, unlike modern platforms.","correct":false,"explanation":"This projects modern video features onto early technology. Older CMC was often text-only and anonymous, so its findings may not generalise to present-day online interaction."}]},{"id":"cd9cf700-15d1-472c-961f-1a3f11065e48","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Selective self-presentation emphasises [ ], while deception gives [ ].","back":"Selective self-presentation emphasises best qualities, while deception gives false or misleading information.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Selective self-presentation emphasises best qualities, while deception gives false or misleading information.","correct":true,"explanation":"Selective self-presentation highlights genuine favourable characteristics, whereas deception involves information that is false or misleading. The distinction depends on whether the presented claims remain truthful."},{"text":"Selective self-presentation emphasises false qualities, while deception gives false or misleading information.","correct":false,"explanation":"Selective self-presentation does not require inventing qualities; it emphasises genuine best qualities. Deception differs because it supplies false or misleading information."},{"text":"Selective self-presentation emphasises best qualities, while deception gives accurate and balanced information.","correct":false,"explanation":"This correctly describes selective presentation but reverses deception. Deception gives false or misleading information, whereas accurate and balanced information would not be deceptive."},{"text":"Selective self-presentation emphasises worst qualities, while deception gives honest and complete information.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both completions are reversed. Selective self-presentation emphasises best qualities, while deception involves false or misleading information rather than a complete and honest account."}]},{"id":"4c4b8e87-40f3-4a2e-a99f-45f551478561","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can online communication make deception easier?","back":"Users can control what others see.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Users can control what others see.","correct":true,"explanation":"Online users can carefully select, edit or conceal information before presenting themselves. This control reduces opportunities for others to detect inconsistencies through spontaneous behaviour or non-verbal cues."},{"text":"Users can observe every non-verbal cue.","correct":false,"explanation":"Online communication often reduces rather than increases access to non-verbal cues. Deception is easier because users can control what others see and conceal contradictory information."},{"text":"Users must respond immediately without editing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Many online settings allow users time to plan and edit responses. This increased control over what others see can make deceptive self-presentation easier to maintain."},{"text":"Users must verify all personal information.","correct":false,"explanation":"Online platforms do not necessarily verify every personal claim. Deception can be easier because users control what others see, allowing selective omission or fabrication."}]},{"id":"6f455dbf-ae76-4b9a-8ecf-5015c97b6c3b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Creating a false identity to form a relationship online is [ ].","back":"Creating a false identity to form a relationship online is catfishing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"catfishing","correct":true,"explanation":"Catfishing means constructing a false online identity to deceive another person, often to begin or maintain an online relationship under fabricated personal details."},{"text":"ghosting","correct":false,"explanation":"Ghosting means suddenly ending communication without explanation, not creating a false identity. Creating a deceptive online identity to form a relationship is catfishing."},{"text":"cyberstalking","correct":false,"explanation":"Cyberstalking involves repeated online monitoring, harassment or unwanted contact. Creating a false identity specifically to form an online relationship is known as catfishing."},{"text":"trolling","correct":false,"explanation":"Trolling involves posting provocative or offensive material to trigger reactions. A fabricated identity used to form an online relationship is instead described as catfishing."}]},{"id":"85198ad2-163b-4c9e-a23d-c95d67031a0b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"According to Toma et al. (2008), how extreme were online dating lies?","back":"They were usually small.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They were usually small.","correct":true,"explanation":"Toma et al. found that online daters generally used small, strategic inaccuracies rather than extreme fabrications. Large lies risk being exposed during a later face-to-face meeting."},{"text":"They were usually extreme.","correct":false,"explanation":"This exaggerates the level of deception reported. Toma et al. found that lies were usually small, partly because extreme claims could be exposed in future meetings."},{"text":"They were usually non-existent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Participants did engage in deception, so it was not completely absent. Toma et al. found that online dating lies occurred but were usually small."},{"text":"They were usually unintentional.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study’s key conclusion concerned the limited size of misrepresentations, not that they were accidental. Online dating lies were usually small and strategically plausible."}]},{"id":"5374d673-96f1-459b-8eef-410f42f6e18c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Cornwell and Lundgren (2001) find about online romantic relationships?","back":"They showed greater misrepresentation than offline relationships.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They showed greater misrepresentation than offline relationships.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cornwell and Lundgren found greater misrepresentation in online romantic relationships. Reduced cues and greater control over self-presentation provide more opportunities to manage or distort information."},{"text":"They showed greater commitment than offline relationships.","correct":false,"explanation":"This substitutes a different relationship characteristic for the study’s finding. Cornwell and Lundgren reported greater misrepresentation online, where people have more control over presented information."},{"text":"They showed greater honesty than offline relationships.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the direction of the finding. Online romantic relationships showed greater misrepresentation than offline relationships because reduced cues made deceptive presentation easier."},{"text":"They showed greater stability than offline relationships.","correct":false,"explanation":"The finding concerned misrepresentation rather than relationship stability. Cornwell and Lundgren found greater misrepresentation online, reflecting increased control over self-presentation."}]},{"id":"b869addb-55a3-4529-94dd-065eb8377dff","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why may expecting to meet face-to-face limit extreme online lies?","back":"Obvious deception could later be discovered and damage trust.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Obvious deception could later be discovered and damage trust.","correct":true,"explanation":"Anticipating a face-to-face meeting makes extreme lies risky because observable characteristics can expose the deception, undermining credibility and damaging trust in the relationship."},{"text":"Obvious deception could later be forgotten and reduce attraction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Forgetting a lie is not the main constraint on online deception. The expectation of meeting limits extreme lies because they could be discovered face-to-face and damage trust."},{"text":"Obvious deception could later be repeated and improve intimacy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeating deception would not improve genuine intimacy and could create inconsistencies. Extreme lies are limited because a later face-to-face meeting may reveal them and damage trust."},{"text":"Obvious deception could later be accepted and increase disclosure.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes that deception will be tolerated, rather than exposed. Expecting an offline meeting discourages extreme lies because obvious falsehoods may be discovered and damage trust."}]},{"id":"9f1d0abd-8855-4391-add8-f2c835e90e92","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] are clues harder for users to manipulate, such as tagged photos, mutual friends or linked accounts.","back":"Warranting cues are clues harder for users to manipulate, such as tagged photos, mutual friends or linked accounts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Warranting cues","correct":true,"explanation":"Warranting cues are difficult for an individual to manipulate because they are supported or created by other sources, making an online identity appear more credible."},{"text":"Self-disclosure cues","correct":false,"explanation":"Self-disclosure involves revealing personal information and may be carefully controlled by the user. The harder-to-manipulate evidence provided by tagged photos or mutual friends is called warranting cues."},{"text":"Reduced cues","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced cues describe the limited non-verbal information available online, not evidence supported by external sources. Tagged photos, mutual friends and linked accounts are warranting cues."},{"text":"Gating cues","correct":false,"explanation":"Gates are obstacles such as appearance or social anxiety that can restrict relationship formation. Clues that others help verify and users cannot easily manipulate are warranting cues."}]},{"id":"c9dcfde0-86a2-4dcc-9964-5838732c1b0c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The absence of gating means online relationships can develop with fewer [ ], such as appearance, anxiety or distance.","back":"The absence of gating means online relationships can develop with fewer face-to-face barriers, such as appearance, anxiety or distance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"face-to-face barriers","correct":true,"explanation":"The absence of gating reduces face-to-face barriers that might normally prevent interaction, allowing factors such as appearance, social anxiety and geographical distance to have less initial influence."},{"text":"self-disclosure rewards","correct":false,"explanation":"Self-disclosure can benefit relationship development, but appearance, anxiety and distance are not disclosure rewards. They are face-to-face barriers whose reduced influence illustrates the absence of gating."},{"text":"warranting cues","correct":false,"explanation":"Warranting cues are externally supported clues about identity, such as tagged photographs. Appearance, anxiety and distance instead represent face-to-face barriers that may be reduced online."},{"text":"social penetration stages","correct":false,"explanation":"Social penetration stages describe the gradual growth of intimate disclosure, not obstacles to starting relationships. Appearance, anxiety and distance are face-to-face barriers weakened by absent gating."}]},{"id":"e6752c61-2ee0-4032-867f-47beb92b3631","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can online communication help a socially anxious person form relationships?","back":"They can take time to respond without immediate social pressure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They can take time to respond without immediate social pressure.","correct":true,"explanation":"Asynchronous online communication allows socially anxious people to compose and edit responses at their own pace, reducing immediate evaluation anxiety and making relationship formation easier."},{"text":"They can avoid personal disclosure without reducing emotional intimacy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoiding personal disclosure generally restricts the development of emotional intimacy rather than preserving it. Online communication helps because users can take time to respond without immediate social pressure."},{"text":"They can remove social anxiety without developing communication skills.","correct":false,"explanation":"Online interaction does not necessarily remove social anxiety altogether. Its benefit is that socially anxious users can take time to respond, reducing immediate pressure during communication."},{"text":"They can judge physical appearance without receiving profile information.","correct":false,"explanation":"Judging appearance is not the mechanism that supports socially anxious users and may act as a gate. Online communication helps by allowing time to respond without immediate social pressure."}]},{"id":"c1a2b1f6-0930-4e21-a312-b7ba19f7818d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"McKenna and Bargh (1999): what can the internet help people express?","back":"Hidden aspects of the self.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hidden aspects of the self.","correct":true,"explanation":"McKenna and Bargh argued that the internet helps people express concealed or marginalised aspects of identity, enabling them to connect with accepting others and form meaningful relationships."},{"text":"Observable features of appearance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Observable appearance is often already visible offline and can act as a gate. McKenna and Bargh found that the internet helps people express hidden aspects of the self."},{"text":"Non-verbal signs of attraction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Online interaction often reduces access to non-verbal signals rather than enhancing their expression. McKenna and Bargh focused on expressing hidden aspects of the self."},{"text":"Public expectations of behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Public expectations may suppress personal identity rather than reveal it. McKenna and Bargh proposed that online communication enables people to express hidden aspects of the self."}]},{"id":"dc800f1b-ce2b-4564-9baf-e7d728c040df","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Baker and Oswald (2010) find about shy individuals?","back":"They benefited from online communication for forming and maintaining relationships.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They benefited from online communication for forming and maintaining relationships.","correct":true,"explanation":"Baker and Oswald found that shy individuals particularly benefited from internet use because online communication supported both the creation of relationships and their continued maintenance."},{"text":"They benefited from online communication for avoiding and ending relationships.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study did not conclude that online communication helped shy people withdraw from relationships. It benefited them by supporting the formation and maintenance of relationships."},{"text":"They benefited from online communication for increasing and displaying physical attractiveness.","correct":false,"explanation":"The benefit was not an increase in physical attractiveness, which can itself operate as a gate. Online communication helped shy individuals form and maintain relationships."},{"text":"They benefited from online communication for reducing and preventing self-disclosure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Preventing self-disclosure would usually hinder relationship development. Baker and Oswald found that online communication benefited shy individuals in forming and maintaining relationships."}]},{"id":"b4bb9ec0-66c4-402f-9b17-134aaed08d35","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are gates not always absent on dating apps?","back":"They often prioritise appearance through profile photos.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They often prioritise appearance through profile photos.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dating apps commonly foreground profile photographs, so physical appearance continues to influence who receives attention. This means the gate of attractiveness has not been fully removed."},{"text":"They often prioritise personality through anonymous profiles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dating apps are generally not anonymous and frequently make photographs highly prominent. Consequently, appearance remains an important gate rather than being replaced entirely by personality."},{"text":"They often prioritise proximity through hidden locations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although distance settings can affect matching, hidden locations do not explain the continued gate highlighted here. Dating apps often prioritise appearance through visible profile photos."},{"text":"They often prioritise disclosure through private messages.","correct":false,"explanation":"Private messages may encourage disclosure after contact begins, but they do not explain why gates remain. Profile photos prioritise appearance and influence initial selection."}]},{"id":"86ec32ff-b7e0-463c-bbba-84ef0ba0e20a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can online communication delay rather than remove gates?","back":"Offline factors may matter again after face-to-face meetings.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Offline factors may matter again after face-to-face meetings.","correct":true,"explanation":"Online interaction can initially reduce gates such as appearance or social anxiety, but these factors may become influential again when partners eventually meet face-to-face."},{"text":"Offline factors may matter again after anonymous online messages.","correct":false,"explanation":"Anonymous messaging usually continues to reduce access to offline characteristics rather than restoring their influence. Gates may reappear after face-to-face meetings reveal those characteristics."},{"text":"Offline factors may matter again after mutual online disclosures.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutual disclosure can deepen online intimacy but does not necessarily restore offline gates. Appearance and other offline factors may become important again following face-to-face meetings."},{"text":"Offline factors may matter again after verified profile updates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Profile verification may provide warranting cues, but it does not fully recreate offline interaction. Traditional gates may regain influence when the individuals have face-to-face meetings."}]},{"id":"61bdfa19-8b40-4f12-8c86-aa98d33fe8f5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Online relationships balance [ ] with [ ]: more disclosure and access, but less reliable identity information.","back":"Online relationships balance freedom with uncertainty: more disclosure and access, but less reliable identity information.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Online relationships balance freedom with uncertainty: more disclosure and access, but less reliable identity information.","correct":true,"explanation":"Online communication offers freedom through easier access and greater self-disclosure, while creating uncertainty because reduced cues and anonymity make another person’s identity less reliable."},{"text":"Online relationships balance freedom with certainty: more disclosure and access, but less reliable identity information.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced identity cues do not create certainty; they make other users harder to verify. Online relationships therefore combine freedom from greater disclosure and access with uncertainty about identity."},{"text":"Online relationships balance restriction with uncertainty: more disclosure and access, but less reliable identity information.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater access and fewer social constraints are associated with freedom, not restriction. The trade-off is freedom to disclose and connect alongside uncertainty caused by unreliable identity information."},{"text":"Online relationships balance restriction with certainty: more disclosure and access, but less reliable identity information.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both features: online interaction can increase freedom rather than restriction, while limited identity cues increase uncertainty rather than certainty about who another person really is."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Online relationships","title":"Online relationships Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/psychology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"a603d265-f1a9-5dfc-a48a-03061267fad1","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]