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3c:T601,- Outlines Bowlby's Internal Working Model (IWM) as a template or schema, where secure early attachment creates a positive expectation of future relationships B1 - Describes the Continuity Hypothesis, showing that early attachment type predicts later socio-emotional competence and peer relationship quality B1 - Identifies childhood peer relationship outcomes for secure attachments, including higher-quality friendships, greater social competence, and less involvement in bullying B1 - Identifies peer relationship outcomes for insecure attachments, such as insecure-avoidant children withdrawing or being victims of bullying, and insecure-resistant children being clingy or aggressive B1 - Explains that Group A (secure) are likely to show constructive/cooperative strategies because their secure history fosters trust, communication, and compromise B1 - Explains that Group B (insecure) are likely to show uncooperative/destructive strategies, with avoidant teens withdrawing or refusing to engage and resistant teens showing hostility or anxiety B1 - Evaluates research in this area by noting methodological issues, such as reliance on retrospective self-reports which are vulnerable to memory bias or social desirability B1 - Evaluates the continuity hypothesis as overly deterministic, noting that temperament (Kagan) or positive later relationships ('earned security') can alter adult relationship patterns B13d:Tf33,- Defines Bowlby's Internal Working Model (IWM) as a cognitive framework/schema acting as a template for future relationships B1 - Explains how secure early attachment leads to expectations of secure, loving relationships in adulthood B1 - Explains how insecure attachment (avoidant or resistant) leads to difficulties with intimacy, trust, or emotional stability B1 - Mentions the continuity hypothesis which posits that early attachment style predicts later adult attachment style B1 - Describes Hazan and Shaver's (1987) 'Love Quiz' method (e.g., printed quiz in a newspaper measuring attachment style and love history) B1 - Outlines Hazan and Shaver's findings that secure adults had happy, trusting relationships, while avoidants feared intimacy, and resistants experienced emotional highs/lows B1 - Refers to supporting studies such as McCarthy (1999) showing women with secure infant attachments had superior adult friendships and romantic relationships B1 - Mentions alternative aspects of early experience, such as childhood peer relationships and their role in social development B1 - Identifies methodological limitations in Hazan and Shaver's research, specifically the reliance on retrospective self-reports M1 - Evaluates how retrospective data is prone to distortion, idealisation, or forgetting over time, which compromises internal validity A1 - Explains that the research is correlational, meaning a causal link between early attachment and adult relationships cannot be definitively established M1 - Suggests third-variable explanations like Kagan's temperament hypothesis, where innate infant personality influences both early attachment style and later adult relationship capability A1 - Criticises early attachment theories (like Bowlby's) for being overly deterministic (environmental determinism) by suggesting adult relationships are rigidly fixed by early childhood M1 - Counters determinism by highlighting individual plasticity and 'earned security', where individuals with insecure childhoods develop secure adult relationships A1 - Discusses longitudinal evidence (e.g., Simpson et al., 2007) that supports continuity but acknowledges attachment styles can be updated by adult experiences M1 - Evaluates the role of alternative influences, such as the quality of current adult life events, divorce, or financial stressors, on adult relationship quality A1 - Explains that peer relationships in later childhood and adolescence may act as a stronger mediator/modifier of adult relationship competence than infant-caregiver attachment alone M1 - Discusses cross-cultural generalisability, noting that models developed in Western cultures may not apply universally to collectivist cultures with different relational dynamics A1 - Evaluates the self-report nature of adult attachment measures, which are susceptible to social desirability bias M1 - Discusses the practical applications, such as early intervention programmes (e.g., Circle of Security) to support parents and prevent insecure attachments A1 - Structure of the response is logical, clear, and demonstrates a coherent flow from description of theories/studies to evaluation C1 - Uses precise psychological terminology (e.g., internal working model, continuity, temperament, determinism) accurately C1 - Answers the specific question directly, balancing both early attachment and childhood experiences in relation to adult relationships C1 - Concludes with a balanced summary of the nature-nurture or determinism debate in attachment theory C13e:T5dd,- Explains Bowlby’s internal working model (IWM), showing how early attachment acts as a schema or template for future relationship expectations B1 - Describes Hazan and Shaver’s ‘Love Quiz’ study, which demonstrated a strong link between childhood attachment history and adult romantic relationship styles B1 - Outlines research into childhood peer relations, such as Myron-Wilson and Smith's findings regarding attachment types and bullying behavior B1 - Applies research to Leo: his secure early attachment with a responsive caregiver led to a positive internal working model, enabling trust and stability in his adult relationship A1 - Applies research to Toby: his mother's coldness led to an insecure-avoidant attachment style, explaining his adult avoidance of intimacy and defense mechanism of extreme independence A1 - Evaluates methodological limitations of key studies, such as the reliance on retrospective self-report data which may suffer from memory decay or social desirability bias C1 - Critiques the correlational nature of the evidence, pointing out that infant temperament (Kagan) may act as a confounding variable influencing both early attachment and adult relationships C1 - Evaluates the highly deterministic nature of the internal working model, noting that individuals with insecure backgrounds can still form healthy, secure adult partnerships M125:["$","$L36",null,{"bundle":{"topicIds":["5e8648d9-3b9a-5340-a5a7-d333416d6d4b"],"paperIds":[],"stageIds":[],"stageTopicIds":[],"stageAssessmentIds":[],"topicNoteIds":["90facd55-d959-4f06-b480-782f03bf5110"]},"children":[["$","$L37",null,{"feature":"question-bank"}],"$L38",["$","$L39",null,{"subjectCode":"a_level_psychology__aqa","subjectName":"Psychology","topicSlug":"influence-of-early-attachment","topicTitle":"Influence of early attachment","sectionTitle":null,"activity":"worksheet","resourceTitle":"Influence of early attachment 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attachment\"},\"url\":\"https://mathsgenie.co.uk/a-level/psychology/aqa/influence-of-early-attachment/questions/q8\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"provider\":{\"@id\":\"https://mathsgenie.co.uk/#organization\"}}"}}],["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 w-full flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L3b",null,{"backHref":"/a-level/psychology/aqa/questions","basePath":"/a-level/psychology/aqa/influence-of-early-attachment/questions","formulaUrl":null,"initialIndex":7,"initialQuestionWindow":[{"id":"2e6166ec-87ae-4cc7-9fd4-b1ebdd368da2","revisionId":"dc70533b-8c1f-476c-a92f-3b8d2be39e61","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"### Influence of Early Attachment on Later Relationships\n\nResearchers investigated whether the ability to resolve conflict with peers is influenced by early attachment type. They interviewed teenagers about their childhood attachment experiences. Following the interviews, the teenagers were categorised into two groups based on their attachment history:\n\n* **Group A** – secure attachment in childhood\n* **Group B** – insecure attachment (insecure-avoidant or insecure-resistant) in childhood.\n\nDuring a collaborative peer task, the teenagers were observed and categorised as either:\n\n* demonstrating constructive/cooperative conflict-resolution strategies (e.g., compromise, active listening), or\n* demonstrating uncooperative/destructive conflict-resolution strategies (e.g., avoidance, hostility, withdrawal).","difficulty":4,"difficultyBand":"hard","totalMarks":8,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"isCalculation":false,"parts":[{"id":"c560c473-e6c1-4279-bafa-4507d458a4e8","label":null,"content":"Discuss the influence of early attachment on childhood and adolescent peer relationships. Refer to the likely results of the study described above in your answer.","markscheme":"$3c","marks":8,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"tableImages":[],"explanation":null,"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":null,"firstAttemptFullMarks":null,"walkthroughVideo":null},{"id":"351279bf-337c-44f2-92d3-302a13136e25","revisionId":"c5c3cd81-2dcc-4e17-b1bd-0ec391634be7","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"","difficulty":6,"difficultyBand":"hard","totalMarks":24,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"isCalculation":false,"parts":[{"id":"cdc87c4a-79a5-418e-97a4-7b9ad8ae36c7","label":null,"content":"Discuss the influence of early attachment and childhood experiences on adult relationships.","markscheme":"$3d","marks":24,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"tableImages":[],"explanation":null,"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":null,"firstAttemptFullMarks":null,"walkthroughVideo":null},{"id":"402da7e2-d4a7-4678-b869-cc3587fd5b6d","revisionId":"ddbc5c25-27af-491f-8ca0-e7cecd6d38c8","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"","difficulty":4,"difficultyBand":"hard","totalMarks":8,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"isCalculation":false,"parts":[{"id":"de49fb55-a0ab-414c-9462-7f2c7f678430","label":null,"content":"Leo was a very secure infant who had a warm, responsive relationship with his mother. 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Influence of early attachment

Question 6

Influence of early attachment Questions

Influence of early attachment

Question 6

Influence of early attachment Questions