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39:Tacc,- Defines **holism** as the view that behavior should be understood as a whole integrated experience, where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts (e.g., Gestalt or Humanistic psychology) B1 - Defines **reductionism** as the view that complex phenomena are best explained by breaking them down into simpler, more fundamental components based on the principle of parsimony B1 - Explains **levels of explanation** ranging from the highest socio-cultural level, down to psychological, and finally biological/neurochemical levels B1 - Explains **biological reductionism** as explaining behavior through physiological, neurochemical, or genetic factors (e.g., explaining OCD via neurotransmitter imbalances) B1 - Explains **environmental reductionism** as explaining behavior in terms of simple learned stimulus-response associations (e.g., classical/operant conditioning in attachment) B1 - Demonstrates comprehensive knowledge and understanding of both positions with appropriate examples B1 - Evaluates a **strength of holism** in providing a more complete and global understanding of behavior, such as group dynamics that cannot be understood by studying individuals in isolation A1 - Evaluates a **limitation of holism** in its lack of rigorous scientific testing and empirical support, making it subjective and hard to operationalise A1 - Explains how the subjective nature of holism makes it difficult to establish clear cause-and-effect relationships or targeted treatments A1 - Evaluates a **strength of reductionism** in aligning psychology with physical sciences through operationalised, objective variables in controlled experimental research A1 - Explains how reductionist methods allow for high internal validity and replication of research findings A1 - Discusses **practical applications of reductionism**, such as the development of successful biological therapies (e.g., SSRIs for OCD or depression) A1 - Evaluates a **limitation of reductionism** in causing a loss of validity by ignoring the broader social context or subjective meaning of behavior A1 - Illustrates this limitation by showing that treating a disorder purely biologically does not address the underlying psychological trigger A1 - Promotes **synthesis/interactionism** (e.g., Diathesis-Stress model) as a superior resolution that accounts for multiple levels of explanation A1 - Explains how interactionism shows different levels of explanation interacting, such as genetic vulnerability being triggered by an environmental stressor A13a:T661,- Defines holism as the belief that human behaviour should be viewed as a whole integrated experience, rather than the sum of its individual parts ("the whole is greater than the sum of its parts") B1 - Outlines an application of holism in psychology, such as Humanistic psychology focusing on the subjective experience of the whole person, or Gestalt psychology focusing on whole patterns of perception B1 - Outlines another application of holism, such as Social psychology focusing on system-level interactions like conformity or deindividuation in groups B1 - Evaluates a strength of holism in terms of high validity and completeness, as it reflects the true complexity of human experience (e.g., explaining depression through social, cognitive, and biological factors) C1 - Evaluates a strength regarding practical value, such as humanistic therapies treating patients as entire human beings to facilitate personal growth C1 - Evaluates a limitation of holism regarding the lack of scientific rigour, explaining that holistic theories are often vague, speculative, and difficult to operationalise C1 - Evaluates a limitation regarding empirical testability, explaining that because holism does not isolate variables, it is difficult to establish clear cause-and-effect relationships C1 - Evaluates a limitation regarding practical application, explaining that when multiple complex factors are considered, it is difficult for therapists to know 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or neurotransmitter targeting) B1\n- Fully elaborates on the value or practical implications of this strength (e.g., enabling experimental research to establish cause-and-effect, or development of effective drug treatments like SSRIs to improve quality of life) B1","marks":3,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"tableImages":[],"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"scientific_credibility","label":"Scientific credibility","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Choose one strength","content":"The command word **“Briefly discuss”** needs one developed strength, rather than a list. 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Controlling and manipulating a variable lets psychologists test whether it causes a change in behaviour, so reductionist explanations can produce objective, scientific evidence.\n\nThat clear practical value completes the third mark (B1). You could write: *A strength of reductionism is that it has scientific credibility. By reducing behaviour to simpler components, such as levels of neurotransmitters, these variables can be operationalised and investigated in controlled experiments. This allows cause-and-effect conclusions to be drawn, making psychological explanations more scientific.*","highlights":[{"text":"Briefly discuss at least one strength of reductionist explanations of human behaviour.","location":"specification"}]}]},{"id":"practical_applications","label":"Practical applications","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Choose an application","content":"A different valid strength is **practical applicability**. Reductionist explanations can identify a specific biological component involved in a behaviour or disorder, giving psychologists a precise target for treatment.\n\nIdentifying this strength earns the first mark (B1).","highlights":[{"text":"Briefly discuss at least one strength of reductionist explanations of human behaviour.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Link to treatment","content":"For example, a biological reductionist explanation may link depression to low serotonin activity. 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Holism and reductionism

Question 2

Holism and reductionism Questions

Holism and reductionism

Question 2

Holism and reductionism Questions