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3c:Tbfb,- Outlines the core behaviourist assumption that all behaviour is learned from the environment (tabula rasa) and that psychology should only study observable, measurable behaviour. M1 - Explains classical conditioning as learning through association, referencing Pavlov's research with dogs (stimulus-response association, UCS, UCR, NS, CS, CR). M1 - Explains operant conditioning as learning through consequences, referencing Skinner's research (positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment). M1 - Discusses the reliance on animal research (e.g., rats, pigeons) and the assumption that learning processes are generalisable across species. M1 - Emphasises the behaviourist commitment to scientific, objective, and highly controlled laboratory environments. A1 - Identifies how behaviourist concepts are applied practically to alter behaviour (e.g., token economy systems, systematic desensitisation). A1 - Compares the nature vs. nurture positions: contrasts the behaviourist view (extreme nurture, behaviour shaped by environmental stimulus-response associations) with the biological view (extreme nature, behaviour determined by genetics, neurochemistry, and evolutionary adaptation). M1 - Explores how the extreme stance of both approaches overlooks interactionist models, such as the diathesis-stress model. A1 - Compares determinism: notes that both approaches advocate hard determinism, but differ in its source—behaviourism asserts environmental determinism (behaviour controlled by external forces) whereas the biological approach asserts biological/genetic determinism (behaviour controlled by physiological and genetic blueprints). M1 - Evaluates the implications of hard determinism on legal and moral responsibility in both approaches. A1 - Compares reductionism: contrasts environmental reductionism (simplifying behaviour down to stimulus-response units) with biological/physiological reductionism (simplifying behaviour down to neurotransmitters, hormones, or genes). M1 - Discusses the limitations of both reductionist perspectives, such as ignoring cognitive and subjective emotional experiences. A1 - Identifies a similarity in scientific methodology: both approaches rely on highly objective, rigorous, and empirical laboratory research methods to establish cause-and-effect relationships. M1 - Discusses how this scientific rigor increases the credibility of psychology as a science, while pointing out potential issues with ecological validity and artificiality in both. A1 - Compares real-world therapies: contrasts behaviourist therapies (e.g., systematic desensitisation, flooding) with biological therapies (e.g., psychoactive drugs like SSRIs). M1 - Evaluates the comparative effectiveness, ease of administration, and potential ethical/side-effect profiles of these treatments. A13d:T716,- Identifies a valid first psychological approach (e.g., Behaviourist, Cognitive, Biological, Psychodynamic) and a relevant real-world application (e.g., token economies, CBT, drug therapy, psychoanalysis) B1 - Explains the theoretical basis of the first approach's application (e.g., classical/operant conditioning, cognitive schemas, neurochemical levels, the unconscious mind) B1 - Describes how the first application is implemented in practice using appropriate specialist terminology B1 - Identifies a valid second psychological approach (distinct from the first) and a relevant real-world application B1 - Explains the theoretical basis of the second approach's application accurately B1 - Describes how the second application is implemented in practice using appropriate specialist terminology B1 - Discusses the effectiveness of the first application, referencing supporting research evidence where appropriate C1 - Evaluates the appropriateness or accessibility of the first application (e.g., patient motivation, cognitive capacity, side effects) C1 - Critically discusses other implications of the first application, such as ethical issues (e.g., issues of control and consent) or cost/time requirements C1 - Discusses the effectiveness of the second application, referencing supporting research evidence where appropriate C1 - Evaluates the appropriateness or accessibility of the second application (e.g., patient motivation, cognitive capacity, side effects) C1 - Critically discusses other implications of the second application, such as ethical issues (e.g., issues of control and consent) or cost/time requirements C13e:Tabc,- States that mental processes (such as memory, perception, and thinking) should be studied scientifically, using inferences from observed behaviour B1 - Explains the use of theoretical models, such as information processing models (input, processing, and output) B1 - Outlines the computer analogy, which compares mental operations to computer hardware and software B1 - Defines schemas as cognitive frameworks of information and expectations built from prior experience B1 - Explains that schemas help interpret incoming sensory data quickly, but can also lead to perceptual errors or stereotyping B1 - Outlines the emergence of cognitive neuroscience, which uses neuroimaging (such as fMRI and PET scans) to locate specific cognitive functions in biological structures B1 - **Nature vs. Nurture:** Compares the interactionist stance of the cognitive approach (innate capacity shaped by schema development) with the biological approach's strong emphasis on nature (genes, neurochemistry, and evolution) B1 - Elaborates on how this difference in nature/nurture shapes their view of behaviour development B1 - **Determinism:** Compares the cognitive approach's stance on soft determinism (conscious, rational control within cognitive limits) with the biological approach's advocacy for hard physical determinism B1 - Elaborates on how this determines whether individuals have free will or are driven entirely by biological blueprints B1 - **Scientific Methodology:** Identifies the similarity that both approaches rely on highly controlled, rigorous, and scientific laboratory experiments to gather empirical data B1 - Mentions specific methods used by both (e.g., reaction times/recall tasks for cognitive vs. brain scans/genetic mapping for biological) to ensure high replicability B1 - **Reductionism:** Compares the cognitive approach's machine reductionism (oversimplifying human emotion/motivation using computer models) with the biological approach's physiological reductionism (reducing complex behaviours to single neurotransmitters/genes) B1 - Elaborates on the limitations of both types of reductionism in capturing the complexity of human experience B1 - **Practical Applications:** Identifies the similarity that both approaches have successfully developed highly effective real-world treatments B1 - Contrasts the cognitive application of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to restructure irrational thoughts with the biological application of drug therapies (e.g., SSRIs for OCD/depression) B125:["$","$L36",null,{"bundle":{"topicIds":["c6ec64fa-454b-5017-92f2-790ee392482d"],"paperIds":[],"stageIds":[],"stageTopicIds":[],"stageAssessmentIds":[],"topicNoteIds":["ca50e28c-5b20-4cfe-a75a-f975f61e89fc"]},"children":[["$","$L37",null,{"feature":"question-bank"}],"$L38",["$","$L39",null,{"subjectCode":"a_level_psychology__aqa","subjectName":"Psychology","topicSlug":"comparison-of-approaches","topicTitle":"Comparison of approaches (A-level only)","sectionTitle":null,"activity":"worksheet","resourceTitle":"Comparison of approaches (A-level only) Questions","resourceHref":"/a-level/psychology/aqa/comparison-of-approaches/questions/q1","saveTrail":false}],["$","$L3a",null,{"href":"/a-level/psychology/aqa/comparison-of-approaches/questions/q1","label":"Comparison of approaches (A-level only)","subjectCode":"a_level_psychology__aqa","surface":"questions"}],["$","script",null,{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"LearningResource\",\"name\":\"Question 10 – Comparison of approaches (A-level only) - 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Comparison of approaches (A-level only)

Question 6

Comparison of approaches (A-level only) Questions

Comparison of approaches (A-level only)

Question 6

Comparison of approaches (A-level only) Questions